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A 3D graphical representation of DNA sequences, which has no circuit or degeneracy, is derived for mathematical denotation of DNA sequence. Based on this graphical representation, we propose a new sequence distance measure. We make use of the corresponding similarity matrix to construct a phylogenic tree by virtue of the fuzzy theory. The examination of phylogenic tree belong to eight species illustrates the utility of our approach. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2006 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the stability criteria are used to graphically determine the startup of oscillation in a Smith chart. This approach is suitable for slightly unstable circuits near the resonated frequency. In practice, an available design of a microwave two-port oscillator is presented here. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 19: 144–149, 1998. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a graphical method that uses a statistical likelihood approach to summarize evidence and risk in fishery status evaluation. The graphical method is based on the surplus production model and shows the fishery status as regions and colors on graphs. Two fishery status graphs are used: one is based on the comparison between observed catch and catch at the fishing mortality level corresponding to maximum sustainable yield; the other one is based on the comparison between observed catch and catch at the surplus production level. The graphical statistical likelihood approach quantifies the strength of evidence in supporting different hypotheses of fishing status as regions in the status graphs. A simulated hypothetical fishery is given as an example. Results are graphically presented to show the exploitation status of the fishery, and they compare favorably with those from a composite risk assessment method. This graphical statistical likelihood approach may improve the communication of knowledge and evidence among scientists, fishery stakeholders, and management agencies and may provide a better understanding of current fishery status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Of all the graphic forms used today, the scatterplot is arguably the most versatile, polymorphic, and generally useful invention in the history of statistical graphics. Its use by Galton led to the discovery of correlation and regression, and ultimately to much of present multivariate statistics. So, it is perhaps surprising that there is no one widely credited with the invention of this idea. Even more surprising is that there are few contenders for this title, and this question seems not to have been raised before. This article traces some of the developments in the history of this graphical method, the origin of the term scatterplot, the role it has played in the history of science, and some of its modern descendants. We suggest that the origin of this method can be traced to its unique advantage: the possibility to discover regularity in empirical data by smoothing and other graphic annotations to enhance visual perception. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acceptance diagrams are a powerful graphical method of describing beam characteristic on neutron scattering instruments. Recent examples of the technique have used hypothetical rectangular-profile beam elements, not the conventional Gaussian profiles, to clarify the description. This article develops the method for Gaussian-profile beam elements and shows that it gives identical results to accepted techniques. Direct expressions are presented for scan profiles, their widths and intensities for both powder diffractometers and three-axis spectrometers. This work gives some necessary background and therefore forms the first part of a discussion of the resolution effects of the new reflecting Soller collimators for neutrons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A number of writers on political behavior have recently focused their attention on the degree of consensus necessary to the maintenance of a stable democratic system. As an indicator of consensus, professor Seymour Martin Lipset has suggested the extent to which all sections of the population react in the same direction to major stimuli. However, there are grounds for arguing that the notion of consensus is not quite so straightforward, or unidimensional, as this approach would suggest. The purpose of the article to clarify two different implications underlying the notion of consensus and to suggest a way of presenting cross-national comparisons based on voting statistics so as to bring out both of these implications. Data from Great Britain, Canada and Australia are used in order to illustrate the method. The graphical method which seems the clearest is put forward. The method is to plot a graph showing the proportion of manual and non-manual voters voted left or right in successive elections in different countries. Each election is represented by a single point on the graph, so that it becomes possible both to compare one country with another and to trace a trend in the voting behavior of a single country. The result of any given election cannot, of course, be deduced from the graph, but it is possible to trace both uniformity of swing to the left or right and also any trend towards or away from a situation of minimal class conflict.

Appreciation of the multivariate features of data from periodontal research studies is sometimes difficult. This appears to be due to the form of tables and graphs in which information is made available in published studies. A computerized graphical technique, which appears well suited to the multivariable situation, is described. It uses structural analogy between the measurement scales and the variables measured and provides what can be a compelling iconic description of multifaceted data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphs are an essential part of scientific communication. Complex datasets, of which meta-analyses are textbook examples, benefit the most from visualization. Although a number of graph options for meta-analyses exist, the extent to which these are used was hitherto unclear. A systematic review on graph use in meta-analyses in three disciplines (medicine, psychology, and business) and nine journals was conducted. Interdisciplinary differences, which are mirrored in the respective journals, were revealed, that is, graph use correlates with external factors rather than methodological considerations. There was only limited variation in graph types (with forest plots as the most important representatives), and diagnostic plots were very rare. Although an increase in graph use over time could be observed, it is unlikely that this phenomenon is specific to meta-analyses. There is a gaping discrepancy between available graphic methods and their application in meta-analyses. This may be rooted in a number of factors, namely, (i) insufficient dissemination of new developments, (ii) unsatisfactory implementation in software packages, and (iii) minor attention on graphics in meta-analysis reporting guidelines. Using visualization methods to their full capacity is a further step in using meta-analysis to its full potential. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The authors propose a graphical representation of the relation between the effect on the tumor and the damage effect on an organ at risk (OAR) against the irradiation dose, as an aid for choosing an appropriate fractionation regimen. Methods: The graphical relation is depicted by the radiation effect on the tumor E1 versus that on an OAR E0. By observing the features of the E1 vs E0 relation curve, i.e., convex or concave shape, one can judge whether multifractionation is better or not. This method is applied to the linear-quadratic model (with α and β parameters) as an example. Further, the method is extended to the general case for nonuniform dose distribution to the OAR, which is frequently seen in clinical situations. Results: The criterion for selecting multi- or hypofractionation is based on the relation between the dose for the OAR and the α/β ratio of the OAR to the tumor. It is also shown that the graphical relation enables us to estimate the final effect after multifractionated treatment by plotting a tangent line on the curve. Conclusions: The graphical representation method is of use for improving planning in radiotherapy by determining the effective fractionation scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a graphical approach for presenting results of a statistical test of average equivalence with process data. In addition, a graphical representation of process change in variance is presented. An example from the biopharmaceutical industry is provided to illustrate the information contained in the chart. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary objective of multivariate statistical process control is to monitor the related process quality characteristics over time and identify the assignable causes affecting the process using multivariate control charts. When an out-of-control signal is obtained from the chart, it is imperative to be able to detect the component variables that have gone out-of-control. In this paper we propose a new charting procedure for T2, multivariate exponentially weighted moving average and multivariate cumulative sum control charts. The proposed charts will facilitate in identification of the source of out-of-control signal and are simple, economical and easier to implement. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study that aims to model stream flow hydrographs through probability density functions (PDF) and develop a design flood hydrograph for each return periods. The study employs four continuous PDFs including parameter Beta, Weibull, Gamma, and Lognormal, all of which were subjected to frequency analysis. Results revealed that Weibull and Beta PDFs resulted to flexible shaped hydrographs while Lognormal and Gamma produced best results for positively skewed hydrographs.

This article discusses a process for designing a batch storage system that can deal with issues of uncertainty in operational scheduling due to supply chain variation and fluctuating demand. This process is explained in relation to the development of the periodic square wave mechanism for the optimal design of batch storage systems. A probability based model for the accommodation of uncertainties in industrial production is presented. Issues relating to waste treatment and materials recycling processes in batch processing are also dealt with in this model. Strategies for graphic representations of materials needs are considered.

On the basis of a class of 2D graphical representations of DNA sequences, sensitivity analysis has been performed, showing the high-capability of the proposed representations to take into account small modifications of the DNA sequences. And sensitivity analysis also indicates that the absolute differences of the leading eigenvalues of the L/L matrices associated with DNA increase with the increase of the number of the base mutations. Besides, we conclude that the similarity analysis method based on the correlation angles can better eliminate the effects of the lengths of DNA sequences if compared with the method using the Euclidean distances. As application, the examination of similarities/dissimilarities among the coding sequences of the first exon of β-globin gene of different species has been performed by our method, and the reasonable results verify the validity of our method. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 2008 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conventional method of teaching macroeconomics to undergraduates relies on static graphs, an approach with documented pedagogical problems. In contrast, the feedback method uses causal loop diagrams and interactive computer simulation models. This paper describes the feedback method and four experiments that tested its effectiveness. Two experiments examined student preferences for methods of learning macroeconomics (e.g., using static graphs or a causal loop diagram), and a significant majority preferred the feedback method. In the third experiment, students showed more understanding of GDP when they had access to a stock-and-flow feedback diagram of the economy. In the final experiment, students using causal loop diagrams displayed more understanding of business cycle dynamics than those with access to a conventional aggregate supply-and-demand graph. Searching for feedback structure in the economy and using computer simulation to connect structure with behavior appears to be a promising method for learning macroeconomics. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical representation of fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy data demonstrates that a mixture of two components with single exponential decays can be resolved by single frequency measurements. We derive a method based on linear fitting that allows the calculation of the fluorescence lifetimes of the two components. We show that introduction of proper error-weighting results in a non-linear method that is mathematically identical to a global analysis algorithm that was recently derived. The graphical approach was applied to cellular data obtained from a lifetime-based phosphorylation assay for the epidermal growth factor receptor and yielded results similar to those obtained by a global analysis algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper outlines a new technique of statistical process control which goes a considerable way to resolving several existing problems. The technique described may be of particular value to automated control, small batch control and control of gauged processes. A new charting technique is described and compared with traditional control charts. The operation of the balance chart is outlined for attribute and variable processes and in precontrol mode. A graphical system for determining estimated Cp, Cpk and process mean values from limited process data is also included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]