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The dual frequency Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) observations could determine the total electron content (TEC) in the ionosphere. In this study, GNSS TEC was applied to detect traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) after the eruption of Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha'apai (HTHH) on 15 January 2022. The eruption caused two types of tsunamis, first is tsunami generated by atmospheric wave (meteo‐tsunami) and second is caused by eruption induces water displacement or tsunami classic. At the same time with former tsunami, the atmospheric wave (shock and lamb waves) also caused TIDs at a speed of approximately ∼0.3 km/s. We found moderate correlation between this TIDs amplitude and the tsunami wave height model from tide gauge stations in New Zealand (0.64) and Australia (0.65). Further we attempted to reveal 3D structure of the TIDs in New Zealand, South Australia, and Philippines using 3D tomography. The tomography was set up > 1,170 blocks, as large as 1.0° (east–west) × 1.0° (north–south) × 100 km (vertical), up to 600 km altitude over selected regions. Tomogram shows beautiful concentric directivity of the first TIDs generated by atmospheric wave (AW). Key Points: 3D ionospheric disturbances during the 2022 Tonga eruption was investigated with spatial and temporal directionThe highest concentration of the electron disturbances was observed at an altitude of 200–300 km, which decreased at 500–600 kmA correlation between ionospheric disturbances and the height of tsunami associated with eruption was observed [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the oceanic and ionospheric response in New Caledonia‐New Zealand and Chile‐Argentina to the 15 January 2022 Hunga‐Tonga volcanic eruption. For the first time, we highlight a reversed response in the oceans and in the ionosphere in terms of the amplitudes. The sea‐surface fluctuations due to the passage of the atmospheric Lamb wave (i.e., air‐sea wave) were not remarkable while the related ionospheric perturbation was considerable. Reversely, the eruption‐induced tsunami ("regular" tsunami) caused major variations in sea‐surface heights (∼1 m near the volcano and ∼2 m along the Chilean coastline), whereas the associated ionospheric perturbation was quite small. The observed large‐amplitude ionospheric response due to Lamb waves propagation is difficult to explain, and the coupling between the Lamb wave and the ionosphere is not well‐understood yet. For the first time, we estimate the delay between the Lamb waves and their signatures in the ionosphere to be ∼12–20 min. Plain Language Summary: The eruption of Hunga‐Tonga volcano produced a variety of atmospheric and tsunami waves recorded all over the world. We study the impacts of the eruption together on the oceans and in the ionosphere in New Caledonia‐New Zealand (near the volcano) and Chile‐Argentina (far from the volcano). At the sea surface, we observe two phenomena causing sea‐height variations. The first is a small tsunami (air‐sea wave) created by the Lamb wave: the high‐pressure atmospheric wave triggered by the eruption. The second is the tsunami induced by the eruption itself. Spectacularly, at 300 km altitude, in the ionosphere, we observe perturbations in the electron content caused by the Lamb wave and by the regular tsunami. We are the first to report on the reversed amplitude of the two phenomena in the oceans and in the ionosphere. The sea‐surface perturbation caused by the Lamb wave was not significant, while ionospheric perturbation was considerable. In contrast, the regular tsunami wave produced major variations. For the first time, we estimate the time delay between the Lamb wave and its signature in the ionosphere. Key Points: Joint study of oceanic and ionospheric response in New Caledonia‐New Zealand and Chile‐Argentina to the 15 January 2022 volcanic eruptionNear‐surface propagating Lamb wave caused a small tsunami in the ocean (air‐sea wave) and unusually strong disturbances in the ionosphereInversely, the eruption‐generated tsunami showed significant wave heights in the ocean and much smaller response in the ionosphere [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On 15 January 2022, Tonga's Hunga Tonga‐Hunga Ha'apai (HTHH) volcano violently erupted, generating a tsunami that killed three people. Acoustic‐gravity waves propagated by the eruption and tsunami caused global complex ionospheric disturbances. In this paper, we study the nature of these perturbations from Global Navigation Satellite System observables over the southwestern Pacific. After processing data from 818 ground stations, we detect supersonic acoustic waves, Lamb waves, and tsunamis, with filtered magnitudes between 1 and 7 Total Electron Content units. Phase arrivals appear superpositioned up to ∼1,000 km from HTHH and are distinct by ∼2,200 km. Within ∼2,200 km, signals have an initial low‐frequency pulse that transitions to higher frequencies. We note the presence of a faster perturbation generated 1 hr post‐eruption which crosses the tsunami disturbance ∼3,000 km from HTHH, potentially contributing to premature land arrivals. Lastly, the arrival of tsunami‐generated disturbances coincides with deep‐ocean observations. Plain Language Summary: The 15 January 2022 volcanic eruption of Hunga Tonga‐Hunga Ha'apai and subsequent tsunamis sent powerful energy waves into the ionosphere (a layer of Earth's atmosphere that is deformed by energy emitted from events like volcanic eruptions, tsunamis, earthquakes, tornadoes, hurricanes, and large man‐made explosions). These waves can provide valuable information about different phases of the event, such as the powerful explosion, sound wave, and tsunami. Using Global Positioning Systems data, we measure these ionospheric signals over the southwestern Pacific Ocean to examine which phases of the event contributed to each ionospheric disturbance. We successfully detect all three event phases in the ionosphere and determine the distance at which these signals separate from one another. Furthermore, we validate our data by comparing tsunami signals in the ionosphere against direct ocean‐based observations of tsunami activity. Of particular note is our observation of a faster ionospheric signal that forms an hour after the eruption and catches up to the tsunami's disturbance. Our work supports the hypothesis that others have proposed in which high‐energy waves from the eruption escalated tsunami speeds and wave heights. This, in turn, supports the observation of early tsunami arrivals that were reported along many Pacific coastlines. Key Points: We see distinct phase arrivals in the ionosphere for a supersonic wave, Lamb wave, and tsunami (the latter is validated by ocean sensors)Phase arrivals begin to separate at ∼1,000 km from Tonga and are fully separated by ∼2,200 kmWe highlight a faster disturbance that propagates 1 hr post‐eruption and meets the tsunami perturbation ∼3,000 km from the volcano [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]