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Summary: The paper examines preferences for nutritional and health‐related food attributes, the importance placed on intrinsic and extrinsic characteristics of food and the individual, household and psychographic determinants when making choices. To address the lack of empirical studies, the paper estimates Poisson, negative binomial and linear regressions using data from 457 young Chinese adults between 18 and 30 years. The results show a strong preference for nutritional and health‐related food attributes. Gender and unemployment are associated with a decrease in the number of nutritional features valued in food choices. In contrast, a higher income and a positive perception of body shape are associated with an increase in the number of valued nutritional features. Also, older individuals assign lower importance to intrinsic and extrinsic characteristics in evaluating food, while larger household size, higher income, and positive body shape perception increase the importance placed on intrinsic and extrinsic characteristics in evaluating food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Migration‐information campaigns informing potential migrants about the risks of the journey and the harsh life conditions in the destination countries have emerged as prominent tools of migration management in the last decades. Despite their growing importance, little is known about their local implementation in countries of transit and origin as well as their influence on potential migrants' perceptions and experiences. The central objective of this paper is to understand how migration‐information campaigns are implemented on a local scale and how they shape the perception and discourses of migration in the region. We pursue a multi‐scalar analysis of international migration management policies and their outcomes in a specific place and link them with local migration aspirations. The paper is based on qualitative empirical research carried out in Harar, a medium‐sized city in the Harari regional state of Ethiopia. Drawing on interviews with government officials, NGOs, city dwellers, and return migrants, as well as the analysis of policy documents and scientific literature, we show how the local implementation of migration‐information campaigns shapes the local perceptions and discourses on migration within which migration aspirations are embedded. We found that information campaigns did not take into account the complexity and multifaceted nature of local socioeconomic and political conditions which reflects the discrepancy between policy discourses at large and people's perceptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the role of experience in determining the deterrent effect of criminal punishment. Economic models of crime typically assume potential offenders know the probability of apprehension. Thus, neither the individual's personal experience of being caught and punished nor the observation of someone else's punishment experience affects that individual's future behavior. This paper incorporates a role for experience in determining criminal activity, distinguishing between (1) how individuals form perceptions of the probability of punishment, including how those perceptions are influenced by what they experience or observe, and (2) how those perceptions, once formed, influence their decisions about criminal activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to contribute to a growing critical and reflexive awareness of the implications of gendered assumptions about ontology, epistemology, and ethics in academic research governance and practice. It provides a retrospective account of the authors' shared experiences of an autoethnographic study of lap dancing clubs, focusing on critical or "sticky moments" encountered, and considering the implications of these for research more widely. It does so by highlighting the gendered power relations shaping academic research, showing how Judith Butler's critique of the heterosexual matrix can be applied to a critical, reflexive understanding of the impact of binary, hierarchical gender power relations. The analysis provides insight into some of the ways in which autoethnographic research on sexualized work may become messy, dirty, and sticky in ways that accentuate power inequalities but also open up moments of opportunity for gender binaries and hierarchies to be revealed, challenged, and resisted. Using a Butlerian lens to reflect on our experiences, we contribute to understanding how heteronormative assumptions shape perceptions of what makes "good," "clean," and ethically (formally) approved research that conforms to the governmental norms of the heterosexual matrix and, by implication, those contaminating forms of research that disrupt or resist its disciplinary effects. As ethnographic research is often messy by its very nature, and particularly so when situated within sex/sexualized work, we aim to show how gendered assumptions can inhibit reflexivity in academic knowledge production, resulting in research processes that are (paradoxically) unethical. In response, we suggest three ways in which gender reflexive research might be pursued, by: (i) identifying gendered assumptions reflexively and dialogically, (ii) adopting an anti‐essentialist approach that foregrounds experiential, embodied knowledge, and (iii) developing an anti‐hierarchical methodology. We do so in the hope of opening up ways that might enable others to avoid heteronormative assumptions having potentially detrimental consequences for their research and to offer a starting point for developing gender reflexive knowledge production in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the economic confidence indicators' reaction to the environment surrounding the COVID‐19 pandemic. Using Eurostat's monthly data for the economic sentiment in European Union countries, we found that, in the COVID‐19 era, confidence and perceptions about the economy are strongly dominated by factors related to the pandemic, more so by policy measures and the vaccination process than by the direct health impact of the coronavirus. This is found to be prevalent across the multiple dimensions of economic sentiment. Moreover, standard macroeconomic variables seem to play a smaller and more marginal role during this period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper shows that perceptions of inequality matter for demand for redistribution and investigates how individuals form their perceptions. Using data from the ISSP, we present new evidence on the significant changes of perceptions of inequality for more than 20 countries during the last three decades and how these are not in synch with changes in objective inequality. Rather than indicating misperceptions, these discrepancies reflect a broader view of inequality that for most individuals encompasses poverty, insecurity in the labor markets, availability of public goods in addition to objective income disparities. We then show that these perceptions have much stronger correlation with demand for redistribution than objective inequality, or any of the mentioned contextual variables that mold perceptions. Ideology and self‐interest also contribute to demand for redistribution. Much more than those on the left, right‐leaning individuals adjust their demand for redistribution in line with their inequality perceptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: A commonly reported complaint in orthokeratology treatment is the disturbing glare whose mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we measured the changes in shape discrimination ability, with and without the presence of transient disability glare, during the first month in children who underwent orthokeratology treatment. Method: Forty‐nine eyes from 49 children (age: 11.49±2.02 years) with mean spherical equivalent refractive error ‐3.23±1.09D were included into this prospective study. Radial frequency (RF) patterns were used as the visual stimuli. Shape discrimination thresholds (SDT), with and without glare, were measured using a 2‐down‐1‐up staircase procedure. SDTglare was defined as the difference between the SDTs with and without the presence of glare. Measurements were done at baseline with frame spectacles, and days 7 and 30 of after treatment with naked eyes. Result: No statistically significant differences were observed between the SDTs without glare obtained at baseline and 1 week and 1 month after orthokeratology lens wear (P > 0.05). With transient glare, SDTs in all subjects were significantly higher than SDTs without glare (P < 0.05). SDTs with glare on day 7 and day 30 were significantly lower than baseline (P < 0.05). Compared with baseline, SDTglare significantly decreased at 1 week and 1 month after orthokeratology lens wear (P < 0.05). Conclusion: While SDT without glare was stable following orthokeratology treatment, SDT with glare decreased during the first month of treatment. This short‐term reduction in SDT may be the combined effect of spectacle removal, subtle changes in cornea optical quality, and the neural adaptation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many recent works have reconstructed distinctive 3D face shapes by aggregating shape parameters of the same identity and separating those of different people based on parametric models (e.g. 3D morphable models (3DMMs)). However, despite the high accuracy in the face recognition task using these shape parameters, the visual discrimination of face shapes reconstructed from those parameters remains unsatisfactory. Previous works have not answered the following research question: Do discriminative shape parameters guarantee visual discrimination in represented 3D face shapes? This paper analyses the relationship between shape parameters and reconstructed shape geometry, and proposes a novel shape identity‐aware regularization (SIR) loss for shape parameters, aiming at increasing discriminability in both the shape parameter and shape geometry domains. Moreover, to cope with the lack of training data containing both landmark and identity annotations, we propose a network structure and an associated training strategy to leverage mixed data containing either identity or landmark labels. In addition, since face recognition accuracy does not mean the recognizability of reconstructed face shapes from the shape parameters, we propose the SIR metric to measure the discriminability of face shapes. We compare our method with existing methods in terms of the reconstruction error, visual discriminability, and face recognition accuracy of the shape parameters and SIR metric. Experimental results show that our method outperforms the state‐of‐the‐art methods. The code will be released at https://github.com/a686432/SIR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why has China delayed commercialization of genetically modified (GM) crops over the last decade given its heavy public R&D investment in biotechnology and maturing GM capacity? Further, imports of GM products for consumption are allowed while similar domestic GM‐crops cannot be commercialized. The paper analyzes, from a political economy perspective, how the delay of commercialization arises from the government balancing interests and conflicts among vested interests to keep social stability based on comprehensive secondary data and unique primary survey data. Anti‐GMO activists have, over time, been able to shape the public perception of biotechnology. Their efforts have garnered widespread acceptance among interest groups and have been sufficient to raise the specter of underlying social instability, which is always near the top of mind for China's government. As a result, no movement on commercialization has been made since 2010—more than a decade ago. The failure to commercialize is important because food production would increase considerably if China were able to commercialize GM crops and the resolution of the biotechnology issue has broad implications for food security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consumers' decisions are intricately interwoven with their conversations. Whether it is an animated discussion with a trusted friend extolling the virtues of a newly acquired car (i.e., Word‐of‐Mouth), an engaging dialogue with a salesperson, or a clarifying call to a help center seeking guidance on a just‐purchased smartwatch, every exchange hinges on a pivotal factor: the quality of listening. Listening quality shapes perceptions, affects social influence, drives behavioral intentions, and, ultimately, determines purchase and post‐purchase outcomes. Yet, despite its importance to these consumer behavior outcomes, listening has received scant attention in consumer psychology. In this paper, we review the effects of listening on consumer behavior‐relevant outcomes and unpack the components of quality listening to reveal their independent mechanisms. We also point to new frontiers in listening research beyond the in‐person, dyadic interactions that have been the primary focus of listening research to date. By doing this, we elucidate how listening and consumer behavior are connected and encourage more research on listening in consumer psychology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Meaningful participation in science and engineering practices requires that students make their thinking visible to others and build on one another's ideas. But sharing ideas with others in small groups and classrooms carries social risk, particularly for students from nondominant groups and communities. In this paper, we explore how students' perceptions of classrooms shape their contributions to classroom knowledge building in science across a wide range of classrooms. We examine the claim that when students feel a sense of belonging in class, they contribute more and perceive their ideas to be more influential in knowledge building. Data comes from classroom exit tickets (n = 10,194) administered in 146 classrooms as part of a 10‐state field test of a new middle‐school science curriculum, OpenSciEd, which were analyzed using mixed effects models. We found that students' sense of belonging predicted the degree to which they contributed ideas out loud in class (Odds ratio = 1.57) as well as the degree to which they perceived their contributions as influencing others (Odds ratio = 1.53). These relationships were particularly strong for students who reported a lower a sense of belonging. We also found significant differences by both race and gender in whether students said they contributed and believed their ideas influenced those of others. These findings suggest that a learner's sense of belonging in class and willingness to contribute may be mutually reinforcing, highlighting the need to promote content‐specific strategies to foster belonging in ways that support collaborative knowledge building. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews the relationships between risk perception and structural measures in an Australian context in three respects: (i) opinions about authorities' ability to mitigate flood risks; (ii) the role of flood experience in shaping views on risk; and (iii) perspectives on the ways in which structural measures shape decision‐making pertaining to protective action. The main finding of this analysis is that the study participants do not suffer from the 'levee paradox'. Most take precautionary steps to guard against residual flood risk. Such actions, however, do not mean that there is a lack of trust in structural measures to reduce significant flood risk. The majority of the respondents agreed about the necessity of engineering structures to mitigate inherent flood risk. This support, though, does not extend to their management. Losses during major flooding in southeast Queensland, Australia, in 2010–11 were attributed primarily by residents to operational decisions concerning dam water releases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economists are increasingly interested in subjective well‐being, but the economic literature on perceptions of income adequacy, which is one of the factors that shape subjective well‐being, is little. Our paper fills this lacuna. We utilize nationally representative data on perceptions of amounts considered as remunerative earnings from self‐employment in India and examine how these are earnings shaped by social identity, namely, caste. We also investigate if institutional change such as the introduction of an employment guarantee scheme alters these perceptions. Finally, we examine the relationship between caste identity and actual earnings. We find that caste identity does shape both perceptions of income adequacy and actual earnings: lower‐ranked groups perceive lower amounts as being remunerative and also earn lower amounts. Further, the employment guarantee scheme alters self‐perceptions differentially for different caste groups, but in more nuanced ways than our ex‐ante beliefs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies exploring climate change adaptation in the private sector have seldom investigated the effect of business network interactions on climate vulnerability and adaptation outcomes. This paper proposes a novel theoretical framework to explore how business–network dynamics affect risk perceptions and adaptive behaviours in business firms. The framework is empirically grounded in a comparative analysis of business–network dynamics from three agricultural value chains in Jamaica that are vulnerable to climate change impacts. The results illustrate how the exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity of value chain actors are influenced by business interdependencies and interfirm relationships. We find that the level of formality of business exchanges (contractual or noncontractual), the level of resource interdependency, and the ability to diversify access channels to critical resources can influence the propagation of climate‐related risks and influence actors' exposure and sensitivity to those risks. The study also offers evidence of the role played by bonding and bridging relational ties on adaptive capacity. The framework and findings provide a foundation for a new research agenda exploring a relational view of firm adaptation strategy in response to climate risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study generates comparative insights into CSR approaches of owners and non‐kin professional executives in an emerging country context, Turkey. Drawing on 61 interviews, we found that ownership status of the executive is crucial in shaping their CSR perceptions and practices. Owner‐executives are empowered in pursuing CSR approaches based on their personal preferences and values; they have mostly societal aims. Professionals display tendency for company‐related CSR practice; they exhibit greater knowledge of CSR, and their CSR initiatives are the results of strategic choices to enhance their power within the corporation. Our paper contributes to the debate on the drivers for CSR by accounting for both societal and individual influences on the CSR agency of these two key groups of executives. First, we develop a typology of CSR approaches of owners and professionals. Second, we provide insights from an emerging country context. Third, we present empirically grounded practice implications for CSR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sentiment analysis, a form of data analytics, utilises information from online discussions, reviews, and social media posts to assess consumer sentiments. This study utilised data collected from social media using online listening procedures to assess online sentiments on oysters from January 2019 through December 2022. The analysis utilises machine learning algorithms to extract consumer sentiments, opinions, and demands from online chatter from different online domains. The online sentiments are determined as positive, negative, or neutral based on their word choice, tone, and context. The information provided gives insights into perception, which is valuable information for oyster producers, seafood industry stakeholders, and marketers to identify consumer preferences and formulate appropriate strategies accordingly. The results suggest that while farmed oysters are gaining popularity, there are still some concerns and criticisms around the industry. Positive words associated with mentions of oysters in general include 'great', 'love', 'delicious', 'enjoyed', and 'oyster bar', while negative words associated with oysters include 'water', 'raw oyster', 'bad', and 'not eat'. The overall percentage net sentiment associated with all oysters in the United States is positive at 63%. The net sentiment associated with wild oysters is positive, at 51%, and that of farmed oysters is 58%. The oyster industry could invest more in public education, sustainability, and water‐cleaning initiatives to improve its image. Utilising social media to monitor and shape public perception can help the industry address concerns and enhance oyster‐related sentiments, offering valuable insights for marketing and sales strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, there is a meteoric rise in the prevalence of electronic wearables, and flexible wearables have attracted tremendous attention in human–machine interfaces due to their high biocompatibility, functionality, conformability, and low‐cost. Flexible magnetic smart skin is part of this rapidly progressing field of flexible wearable electronics, which has paved the way for a new path for human perceptual development, as they may form a new perception, also known as magnetic sense, that is, the capacity to detect and interact with magnetic fields. In this review, the concept of the magnetic smart skin is defined: magnetoelastomers and flexible magnetic sensors. In magnetoelastomers, different sources of magnetic field, structures, and applications are summarized by recent and renowned research. In flexible magnetic sensors, different flexible substrates, sensor types, and applications are also summarized. This review further concludes by discussing the outlook and current challenges of magnetic smart skin in human–machine interfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a method which can be used to extract and correctly recognize patterns by moving the attention point, even if less than the whole pattern is projected on the retina at the start of recognition. In the proposed model, a temporary result of pattern recognition (hypothesis) is generated on the basis of the features which are not affected by the presented position. Then, using the features that depend on the presented position, the attention point is moved while verifying the obtained hypothesis. By repeating the above procedure, the pattern is adequately extracted and recognized. It is shown by computer simulation of the proposed model that adequate extraction and recognition of the pattern are actually realized from its partial presentation. It is also shown that adequate recognition is achieved even if recognition is begun from a situation in which multiple patterns are mixed and presented, or noise is present in the pattern. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 89(6): 44–54, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.20270 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The degree of economic inequality in a given time and place sets the context in which people understand how they measure up to others. Because of this, inequality does not just describe how outcomes are distributed. It also serves as a kind of input into people's thinking and decision making. In this paper, we provide an overview of our recent work examining the ways that inequality can function as a social context that shapes people's expectations, needs, desires, and attributions. We argue that people's positions in economic hierarchies can shape perceptions of what people believe to be fair and how much people need. Better understanding these psychological mechanisms may help to explain the associations between inequality and effects at the societal level, such as health outcomes and crime. When it comes to inequality, it may be intuitively appealing to emphasize fair processes over equitable outcomes, and having enough rather than some people having more. Yet, our research and others', suggest that inequality in the environment shapes what counts as "fair," and what counts as "enough." This article is part of a Research Dialogue: Shrum (2022): https://doi.org/10.1002/jcpy.1274 Hagerty et al. (2022): https://doi.org/10.1002/jcpy.1275 Ordabayeva & Lisjak (2022): https://doi.org/10.1002/jcpy.1276 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is growing evidence that interacting and connecting with nature are essential to maintain human health and well‐being. The benefits of specific nature experiences and the cultural ecosystem services they provide are increasingly being recognized, but many others remain to be discovered and explored.In this perspective piece, I argue that there is a need to better explore the pivotal role of nature experiences in shaping human time perception—our sense of time. Specifically, I outline the main elements of human time perception and the key factors that shape it, describe recent evidence showing that human time perception changes between urban and natural environments and discuss the potential societal gains from developing a better understanding of this relationship.Human time perception is complex and involves at least three key dimensions related to temporal succession, temporal duration and temporal perspective. Time perception is shaped by various contextual factors, including the contents of the time period and the cognitive, emotional and bodily characteristics of the experiencer.There is growing evidence that nature experiences can influence human sense of time by (i) extending human perception of temporal duration and (ii) shifting time perspectives. People who spend time in nature tend to overestimate the length of that experience and show a more positive outlook of the past, present and future, with less focus on a single‐time perspective.In the context of increasing time scarcity in modern urban societies with dire consequences for human health and well‐being, I argue we need a better understanding of how nature experiences shape our sense of time and suggest how future research can provide actionable insights to help restore a healthier and more balanced relationship with time and nature. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing electronic skins (e‐skins) that are comparable to or even beyond human tactile perception holds significant importance in advancing the process of intellectualization. In this context, a machine‐learning‐motivated micropyramid array bimodal (MAB) e‐skin based on capacitive sensing is reported, which enables spatial mapping applications based on bimodal sensing (proximity and pressure) implemented via fringing and iontronic effects, such as contactless measurement of 3D objects and contact recognition of Braille letters. Benefiting from the iontronic effect and single‐micropyramid structure, the MAB e‐skin in pressure mode yields impressive features: a maximum sensitivity of 655.3 kPa−1 (below 0.5 kPa), a linear sensitivity of 327.9 kPa−1 (0.5–15 kPa), and an ultralow limit of detection of 0.2 Pa. With the assistance of multilayer perceptron and convolutional neural network, the MAB e‐skin can accurately perceive 6 materials and 10 surface shapes based on the training and learning using the collected datasets from proximity and pressure modes, thus allowing it to achieve the precise perception of different objects within one proximity‐pressure cycle. The development of this MAB e‐skin opens a new avenue for robotic skin and the expansion of advanced applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objects in the plane with no obvious landmarks can be described by either vertex transformation vectors or edge transformation vectors. In this paper we provide the relation between the two transformation vectors. Grenander & Miller (1994) use a multivariate normal distribution with a block circulant covariance matrix to model the edge transformation vector. This type of model is also feasible for the vertex transformation vector and in certain cases the free parameters of the two models match up in a simple way. A vertex model and an edge model are applied to a data set of sand particles to explore shape variability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous work (Dziurawiec & Deregowski, 1992) has shown that children's distorted drawings of animal models may be explained by the child's tendency to depict typical contours, the outlines of the surfaces which undergo pronounced change. The present paper investigates whether the typical contours notion can be extended to purely geometric solids. Results from a drawing task by children aged nine and eleven years, using unfamiliar models of varying complexity, indicate that the tendency to draw in perspective increases with the increase in figure complexity for both age groups, but younger children show a greater reliance on typical contours than older children. Recasting the data from previous drawing experiments (Bartel, 1928/1958; Cox, 1986) further confirms the utility of the typical contours approach. Finally, the advantages of such an approach over that of canonicity (cf. Palmer, Rosch & Chase, 1981) for the representation of solids are elaborated.

As one of the psychological phenomena, where the brightness of the background changes by the existence of a figure, this paper describes a psychophysical measurement of O'Brien pattern with positive and negative polarities. The following results were obtained. (1) The O'Brien pattern with negative polarity has a stronger induction effect. (2) When the modulation index of the O'Brien pattern is increased, the background becomes dark by the existence of a pattern, except for the edge of the positive polarity pattern. The composed of positive and negative O'Brien patterns, was also examined. It is concluded from the observations that the positive polarity figure has a stronger lateral inhibition, but the negative polarity figure with larger modulation index has little lateral inhibition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on social cognitive theory and social information processing theory, this study investigated how organizations' efforts to embody environmental corporate social responsibility (ECSR) shape consumer perception of a green corporate image through employees' environmental passion and pro‐environmental behavior (PEB). To test our hypotheses, we collected multisource time‐lagged data from 214 employee–customer dyads from hotel and banking sector organizations in Pakistan. The findings show that organizations' green corporate image is a function of their efforts to engage in ECSR activities as demonstrated through employees' environmental passion and PEB. These findings have important implications in the environment and management domains because it can help organizations draft useful strategies to counter environmental degradation and generate a green corporate image in customers' minds through employees' green behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effective integration of the environmental with the economic and social dimensions of sustainability will only succeed when the core problem perceptions of professionals in these fields adjust as well. Yet, while sustainability integration in general has been thoroughly researched, few studies have analysed the specific role of subjective understandings among professionals. This article bridges this gap by asking how professionals understand and operationalise sustainability integration. Which factors shape their perceptions and practices? We present the results of an online survey that was circulated to a diverse sample of professionals and then analysed using statistical methods. Responses from 508 participants show that sustainability integration is mostly perceived as a balance across all three sustainability dimensions rather than a hierarchy with the environment at its basis. However, perceptions also vary significantly across professional and geographical contexts. This signifies the need to better account for how individual circumstances affect processes of integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

First, a concept of ambiguity function is devised as an analogue of membership function, which directly and intuitively represents the ambiguity as perceived by the agent corresponding to a membership function. The ambiguity function is then deployed to develop an adaptive fuzzy entropy function that gives the overall fuzzy entropy of a fuzzy system as perceived by the agent. The proposed function considers also the agent's specific attitude as well as the given context (e.g., collection of the membership grades with respect to an attribute/criterion or property), both of which inevitably shape our perception of uncertainty. The usefulness of the proposed fuzzy entropy function is shown in multicriteria decision aiding in identifying those criteria that are most effective in distinguishing among the alternatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Behavior at the workplace is one of the most important factors that distinguishes one organization from another. The current study attempts to test two pathways through which positive and negative behavior at the workplace can be predicted. The positive path leading to positive behavior (i.e., task performance, organizational citizenship behavior [OCB]) is shaped by positive perceptions (i.e., perceived organizational justice, perceived organizational support, perceived organizational identity) and positive attitudes (i.e., organizational commitment, work engagement), while the negative path leading to negative behavior (i.e., counterproductive work behavior [CWB], turnover intentions) is shaped by negative perceptions (i.e., perceived organizational politics, perceived abusive supervision, perceived overqualification) and negative attitudes (i.e., job stress, job burnout). Data were collected from 1344 individuals working in various companies in the public sector (e.g., industrial, service, health, education) in Iraq. To achieve the purpose of the study, 16 hypotheses were tested. The results of the study supported positive and negative pathways of perceptions, attitudes, and behavior. The results also indicated that positive perceptions and attitudes are good predictors of negative behavior, while negative perceptions and attitudes also predict positive behavior. This indicates that obtaining the best results of behavior in the workplace should be through strengthening the package of positive variables and reducing the package of negative variables. Based on the results, the study discussed a number of theoretical and practical implications and offered a set of recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Animals possess senses which gather information from their environment. They can tune into important aspects of this information and decide on the most appropriate response, requiring coordination of their sensory and motor systems. This interaction is bidirectional. Animals can actively shape their perception with self‐driven motion, altering sensory flow to maximise the environmental information they are able to extract. Mormyrid fish are excellent candidates for studying sensory‐motor interactions, because they possess a unique sensory system (the active electric sense) and exhibit notable behaviours that seem to be associated with electrosensing. This review will take a behavioural approach to unpicking this relationship, using active electrolocation as an example where body movements and sensing capabilities are highly related and can be assessed in tandem. Active electrolocation is the process where individuals will generate and detect low‐voltage electric fields to locate and recognise nearby objects. We will focus on research in the mormyrid Gnathonemus petersii (G. petersii), given the extensive study of this species, particularly its object recognition abilities. By studying object detection and recognition, we can assess the potential benefits of self‐driven movements to enhance selection of biologically relevant information. Finally, these findings are highly relevant to understanding the involvement of movement in shaping the sensory experience of animals that use other sensory modalities. Understanding the overlap between sensory and motor systems will give insight into how different species have become adapted to their environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We represent shape in both sight and touch, but how do these abilities relate to one another? This issue has been discussed in the context of Molyneux's question of whether someone born blind could, upon being granted sight, identify shapes visually. Some have suggested that we might look to real‐world cases of sight restoration to illuminate the relation between visual and tactual shape representations. Here, I argue that newly sighted perceivers should not be relied on in this way because they are unlikely to form the kinds of shape representations responsible for cross‐modal recognition in normally sighted perceivers. I then argue that the available evidence makes a compelling case for the type identity view, on which the visual and tactual representations responsible for cross‐modal recognition are type‐identical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compensation research has generally considered pay‐for‐performance (PFP) perceptions in terms of how people react to only a single PFP form or PFP systems as a whole, regardless of the complexity of the compensation system pertaining to the individual. Synthesizing construal level theory, expectancy theory, compensation activation theory, and Call and Ployhart's (2020) theory of firm value capture from employee job performance, we provide insights into how employees develop PFP perceptions when they are covered by a complex PFP system. We propose that (1) individuals shape PFP perceptions at different levels of mental construals, ranging from concrete to abstract; (2) concrete conceptualizations lead to specific, detailed, multidimensional perceptions of PFP system elements (i.e., expectancy, instrumentality, valence, and incentive‐intensity) while abstract conceptualizations lead to more general perceptions with fewer perceived dimensions; (3) an individual's construal level can change over time because of characteristics of the PFP system as well as external events, and (4) construal levels have different implications for PFP system effectiveness at the individual and organizational levels. We also discuss how this theoretical approach provides a structure for enhancing our understanding of modern pay practices that helps to close the gap that currently exists between compensation theory and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The past decades of research on color and light yielded vast knowledge supporting their informed use in architectural design. While there currently exists a rich body of knowledge and methods geared to affect the perception of depth and form in tiled, opaque architectural surfaces, not many such methods have been developed for double‐curved, transparent, in‐mass colored surfaces. The perception of depth and form in these surfaces relies on a complex blend of parameters, such as color combinations, illumination source, angle of viewing, location of shadows and reflections, material thickness and grade of transparency. To determine the visual effects caused by some of these parameters, experiments based on visual observations were carried out involving handcrafted, in‐mass colored, undulant architectural surfaces. The insights from the experiments then served to develop four color strategies for architectural surface design harnessing the discovered effects in diverse ways. Through this, the study has sought first to observe and understand the effects of color and light in perceiving undulant surfaces, and second to highlight the potentials of harnessing these effects in the design of expressive architectural elements. The main insight from the study is that informed and deliberate application of color and light yields a wide range of potentially interesting perceptual effects in double‐curved architectural surfaces, such as spatial filtering, gradient screening, vibrant massing and animate reshaping. Such effects, applied in an architectural context, can help to fulfill the demand for physical environmental enrichment in the digital era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Language experience, particularly from our native language (L1), shapes our perception of other languages around us. The present study examined how L1 experience moulds the initial processing of foreign (L2) tone during acquisition. In particular, we investigated whether learners were able to rapidly forge new neural memory traces for novel tonal words, which was tracked by recording learners' ERP responses during two word acquisition sessions. We manipulated the degree of L1–L2 familiarity by comparing learners with a nontonal L1 (German) and a tonal L1 (Swedish) and by using tones that were similar (fall) or dissimilar (high, low, rise) to those occurring in Swedish. Our results indicate that a rapid, pre‐attentive memory trace build‐up for tone manifests in an early ERP component at ~50 ms but only at particularly high levels of L1–L2 similarity. Specifically, early processing was facilitated for an L2 tone that had a familiar pitch shape (fall) and word‐level function (inflection). This underlines the importance of these L1 properties for the early processing of L2 tone. In comparison, a later anterior negativity related to the processing of the tones' grammatical content was unaffected by native language experience but was instead influenced by lexicality, pitch prominence, entrenchment, and successful learning. Behaviorally, learning effects emerged for all learners and tone types, regardless of L1–L2 familiarity or pitch prominence. Together, the findings suggest that while L1‐based facilitation effects occur, they mainly affect early processing stages and do not necessarily result in more successful L2 acquisition at behavioral level. Our findings add important evidence that contributes to answering the open question of how similarity between native and target language influences target language processing and acquisition. We found facilitative effects of similarity only at pre‐attentive levels and only when the degree of similarity was high. Late processing and successful acquisition, on the other hand, were unaffected by the target words' similarity to native language properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cultural differences in visual perceptual learning (VPL) could be attributed to differences in the way that people from individualistic and collectivistic cultures preferentially attend to local objects (analytic) or global contexts (holistic). Indeed, individuals from different cultural backgrounds can adopt distinct processing styles and learn to differentially construct meaning from the environment. Therefore, the present work investigates if cross‐cultural differences in VPL can vary as a function of holistic processing. A shape discrimination task was used to investigate whether the individualistic versus collectivistic backgrounds of individuals affected the detection of global shapes embedded in cluttered backgrounds. Seventy‐seven participants—including Asian (collectivistic background) and European (individualistic background) students—were trained to discriminate between radial and concentric patterns. Singelis's self‐construal scale was also used to assess whether differences in learning could be attributed to independent or interdependent self‐construal. Results showed that collectivists had faster learning rates and better accuracy performance than individualists following training—thereby reflecting their tendency to attend holistically when learning to extract global forms. Further, we observed a negative association between independent self‐construal—which has previously been linked to analytic processing—with performance. This study provides insight into how socio‐cultural backgrounds affect VPL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plastic scintillators (PS) allow design of portative lightweight devices for quantification of low‐activity radiation sources. We have recently suggested a new type of organic fluorophores based on triphenyl pyrazoline (PZ) derivatives with high fluorescence quantum yield showing high radioluminescence when combined with a polyvinyltoluene (PVT) matrix. In this publication we report on radioluminescence properties of the PZ−X family with various halogen substitution (X=F, Cl, Br, I), or having vinyl functional group (vPZ, X=vinyl). PS based on such fluorophores and PVT matrix can be prepared as bulk samples, micrometer size beads or cladding on optical fibers. Application of fluorophores with vinyl functional groups enabled their enhanced interaction with the matrix due to covalent bonding between the components. We demonstrate high performance of PZ−X fluorophores and especially vPZ fluorophore in fabrication of nanocomposites for detection of various types of radiation. Scintillators have enhanced gamma ray detection capabilities with an addition of triphenyl Bi, or Gd2O3 nanoparticles. High fluorescence quantum yield and luminosity of PZ fluorophores allows dramatical reduction of their content in PS systems. Mechanisms of energy transfer and conversion during scintillation process are discussed. Special consideration is given to enhancement of α/β and neutron/gamma (n/γ) pulse shape discrimination (PSD) function of the developed scintillators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite evidence that affect shapes perceptions of workplace relationships, the role of affect in the reciprocal exchange process of leader–member exchange (LMX) theory is often overlooked. We argue that this is likely due to a continued focus on global assessments of LMX quality, rather than examination of the reciprocal, interlocked actions and reactions that take place daily between members of the dyad. A leader's affective state may indeed spark this reciprocal exchange process on a daily level and ultimately shape the state of the leader–follower relationship. In this study, we integrate LMX theory and emotions‐as‐social‐information (EASI) theory to examine how the leader's negative and positive affective states uniquely contribute to the reciprocal exchange process. In doing so, we advance understanding of the distinction of state LMX as well as the unique process for leader's negative affective state within the reciprocal exchange process. Using a 15‐day experience sampling methodology study of 76 leader–follower dyads, we find that a leader's positive and negative affective states transmit effects along the affective and inferential paths posited in EASI theory to influence follower performance on a daily basis. Interestingly, a leader's positive affective state is stronger along the affective path and a leader's negative affective state is stronger along the inferential path. We also find that leaders reciprocate the daily shift in follower performance with OCBI directed toward the follower. Finally, as expected, the reciprocal exchange process alters state LMX (leader rated). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several studies have found that face recognition is disproportionately impaired by stimulus inversion when compated to recognition of other classes of visual stimuli. This effect has been interpreted as evidence that face recognition benefits from a 'special' process which is not engaged by an inverted face. This paper reviews studies of the effect of inversion on face recognition in recognition memory tasks, matching tasks and upon cerebral hemisphere asymmetries. Evidence is drawn from developmental studies and from studies of brain-injured and normal adult subjects. It is concluded that the evidence that inverted faces are processed differently from upright faces is far from compelling, and therefore the effect of inversion provides little or no evidence of a unique process in face recognition. The inversion effect is interpreted in terms of expertise in face processing and the highly homogeneous nature of faces as a stimulus class.

This paper examines some shortcomings in the design and validation of the Object Learning Test of the Kendrick Battery. Certain issues which are important to ensure standardized administration of the test have not been considered, and the scoring procedures penalize some correct responses. Line drawings on the cards are occasionally ambiguous, and some of the repeat drawings are reproduced with unnecessary alterations. The parallel forms of the test are not matched for word frequency of the names of the objects. Questions are raised concerning the cut-off point for ascribing dementia and the statements of confidence in test diagnosis.

The aim of this paper is to develop a theoretical model and a set of terms for understanding and discussing how we recognize familiar faces, and the relationship between recognition and other aspects of face processing. It is suggested that there are seven distinct types of information that we derive from seen faces; these are labelled pictorial, structural, visually derived semantic, identity-specific semantic, name, expression and facial speech codes. A functional model is proposed in which structural encoding processes provide descriptions suitable for the analysis of facial speech, for analysis of expression and for face recognition units. Recognition of familiar faces involves a match between the products of structural encoding and previously stored structural codes describing the appearance of familiar faces, held in face recognition units. Identity-specific semantic codes are then accessed from person identity nodes, and subsequently name codes are retrieved. It is also proposed that the cognitive system plays an active role in deciding whether or not the initial match is sufficiently close to indicate true recognition or merely a 'resemblance'; several factors are seen as influencing such decisions. This functional model is used to draw together data from diverse sources including laboratory experiments, studies of everyday errors, and studies of patients with different types of cerebral injury. It is also used to clarify similarities and differences between processes for object, word and face recognition.

Recent work in information processing points to two processes being active when a stimulus produces a short-term memory trace, the icon. Previous work in schizophrenia seems to have blurred this important distinction and as a result the processing of the icon has been confused with the strength of icon. The present paper reviews current work with this distinction in mind and presents data on the icon strength of acute paranoid and non-paranoid schizophrenics, chronic schizophrenics, and two control groups as determined by the method of stimulus exposure time. Results indicate no difference in temporal recognition thresholds between schizophrenics and controls, strongly suggesting that the schizophrenia deficit resides in the encoding process.

In this paper a model is presented in which face recognition is analysed into several stages, each of which may be independently lateralized. Evidence is reviewed which suggests that lateralization is important at all stages of processing a face. Early visuospatial processing, and the creation and comparison of facial representations, appear to be carried out more efficiently by the right hemisphere. Comparisons based on discrete, namable features of faces may yield a left hemisphere advantage. It is also proposed that faces may activate semantic information, including names, more efficiently in the left hemisphere. The model is useful in resolving inconsistencies in the degree and direction of asymmetries found in face-recognition tasks. Suggestions are also made for future research.

To estimate distribution from training samples, maximum likelihood estimation treats the unknown parameter of the distribution as a constant. On the other hand, Bayesian estimation treats the parameter as a random variable. In pattern recognition, Bayesian estimation has been known to improve recognition accuracy. However, it was pointed out that Bayesian estimation is not effective due to the bias of the likelihood when sample sizes of classes are not the same. In this paper, we show that recognition accuracy is improved by modifying the bias of the likelihood when sample sizes are not the same. This indicates that the cause of the ineffectiveness is the bias. We derive the formula of the bias of Geisser's predictive distribution without any approximation, and show a way of modification of the bias of the likelihood. We confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method in experiments. In addition, the derived formula gives the theoretical background of a known empirical knowledge. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 36(5): 45–54, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.20207 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I argue that Plato believes that the soul must be both the principle of motion and the subject of cognition because it moves things specifically by means of its thoughts. I begin by arguing that the soul moves things by means of such acts as examination and deliberation and that this view is developed in response to Anaxagoras. I then argue that every kind of soul enjoys a kind of cognition, with even plant souls having a form of Aristotelian discrimination (krisis), and that there is therefore no completely unintelligent, evil soul in the cosmos that can explain disorderly motions; as a result, the soul is not the principle of all motion but only motion in the cosmos after it has been ordered by the Demiurge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a method for cursive handwritten word recognition. In the traditional research, cursive handwritten word recognition used a single method for character recognition. Our research proposes a method that integrates multiple classifiers in order to improve the word recognition rate by combining their results. Our experiment demonstrates that two classifiers outperform the word recognition rate of any single character classifier. © 2000 Scripta Technica, Syst Comp Jpn, 31(12): 23–32, 2000 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

“What being walks sometimes on two feet, sometimes on three, and sometimes on four, and is weakest when it has the most?” —The Sphinx's Riddle Pattern recognition is one of the most important functionalities for intelligent behavior and is displayed by both biological and artificial systems. Pattern recognition systems have four major components: data acquisition and collection, feature extraction and representation, similarity detection and pattern classifier design, and performance evaluation. In addition, pattern recognition systems are successful to the extent that they can continuously adapt and learn from examples; the underlying framework for building such systems is predictive learning. The pattern recognition problem is a special case of the more general problem of statistical regression; it seeks an approximating function that minimizes the probability of misclassification. In this framework, data representation requires the specification of a basis set of approximating functions. Classification requires an inductive principle to design and model the classifier and an optimization or learning procedure for classifier parameter estimation. Pattern recognition also involves categorization: making sense of patterns not previously seen. The sections of this paper deal with the categorization and functional approximation problems; the four components of a pattern recognition system; and trends in predictive learning, feature selection using “natural” bases, and the use of mixtures of experts in classification. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol 11, 101–116, 2000 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Common everyday materials such as textiles, foodstuffs, soil or skin can have complex, mutable and varied appearances. Under typical viewing conditions, most observers can visually recognize materials effortlessly, and determine many of their properties without touching them. Visual material perception raises many fascinating questions for vision researchers, neuroscientists and philosophers, yet has received little attention compared to the perception of color or shape. Here we discuss some of the challenges that material perception raises and argue that further philosophical thought should be directed to how we see materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Haptic technology involves the use of electrical or mechanical means to stimulate afferent nerves or mechanoreceptors in the skin as the basis for creating sensations of physical touch that can qualitatively expand virtual or augmented reality experiences beyond those supported by visual and auditory cues alone. An emerging direction in this field involves the development of platforms that provide spatiotemporal patterns of sensation to the skin across not only the fingertips, but to any and all regions of the body, using thin, skin‐like technologies that impose negligible physical burden on the user. This review highlights the biological basis for skin interfaces of this type and the latest advances in haptics in the context of this ambitious goal, including electrotactile and vibrotactile devices that support perceptions of touch in form factors that have potential as skin‐integrated interfaces. The content includes a discussion of schemes for integrating these stimulators into programmable arrays, with an emphasis on scalable materials and designs that have the potential to support soft interfaces across large areas of the skin. A concluding section summarizes the potential consequences of successful research efforts in this area, along with key multidisciplinary challenges and associated research opportunities in materials science and engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Decision‐making about climate change is not only shaped by rational considerations, but also influenced by how communities define themselves, by historic or fictional narratives and collective memories. We add a historical perspective to this discussion and ask how regional collective identities and knowledge shape the perception of climate change. We look at coastal communities in northern Europe, which have lived with the threat from the sea for generations. "Deus mare, Frisia litora fecit."—God created the sea, the Frisians created the coast, a famous quote in Eastern Frisia, shows how important the landscape and the battle against the sea are for a collective identity. We argue that these perceptions can influence the adaptive capacity to climate change positively, if values and collective identities of people are taken into account, or negatively, if people see their values and collective identities not taken into consideration or even threatened. This article is categorized under:Climate, History, Society, Culture > Ideas and Knowledge [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motivated by recent findings in the field of visual perception, we present a novel approach for enhancing shape depiction and perception of surface details. We propose a shading‐based technique that relies on locally adjusting the direction of light to account for the different components of materials. Our approach ensures congruence between shape and shading flows, leading to an effective enhancement of the perception of shape and details while impairing neither the lighting nor the appearance of materials. It is formulated in a general way allowing its use for multiple scales enhancement in real‐time on the GPU, as well as in global illumination contexts. We also provide artists with fine control over the enhancement at each scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]