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This article uses survival analysis to investigate the duration of Spanish firms' trade relationships by destination over 1997-2006. Whereas firm export status is highly persistent, firms' destination portfolio is very dynamic: a typical firm-country exporting relationship has a median duration of 2 years. Yet, if a firm manages to export to a country beyond 2 years the risk of exiting that market sharply falls afterwards. The results indicate that not only firm heterogeneity but also destination heterogeneity are crucial to explain survival in export markets. In particular, country (political) risk heavily shapes the effect of firm, product, and other destination characteristics on the length of trade relationships. Whereas firm productivity, comparative advantage, partners' GDP, and proximity enhance duration of trade with low-risk countries, they have no effect on trade survival with high-risk countries. On the contrary, information spillovers are particularly relevant to enhance survival of trade relationships with high-risk countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors study the endogenous determination of financial and trade openness. They construct a theoretical framework leading to two-way feedbacks between financial and trade openness and identify these feedbacks empirically. They find that one standard deviation increase in commercial openness is associated with a 9.5% increase in de facto financial openness (% of GDP). Similarly, an increase in de facto financial openness has powerful effects on future trade openness. De jure restrictions on capital mobility have only a weak impact on de facto financial openness, while de jure restrictions on the current account have a large adverse effect on commercial openness. The authors investigate the relative magnitudes of these directions of causality using Geweke's (1982 ) decomposition methodology. They conclude that in an era of rapidly growing trade integration, countries cannot choose financial openness independently of their degree of openness to trade. Dealing with greater exposure to turbulence by imposing restrictions on financial flows is likely to be ineffectual. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the effects of Chinese monetary policy shocks on China's major trading partners in East and South-East Asia by estimating structural vector autoregressive (SVAR) models for six economies in the region. We find that a monetary expansion in Mainland China leads to an increase in real GDP (temporary) and the price level (permanent) in a number of economies in our sample, most notably in Hong Kong and the Philippines. The impact could result from intertemporal substitution present in a general equilibrium framework, which allows for positive domestic impacts of foreign monetary expansions. Our results emphasize the growing importance of China for its neighbouring economies and the significance of Chinese shocks for the design of monetary policy in Asian economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the concept of economics and economic growth. She cites the explanation of John Kenneth Galbraith, who says that economics remains an ideological defense of the capitalist system, or a resort and occupation of some of the most determined minds. She also mentions other propositions in economics, which all relates economics to the use of words, arithmetic, geometry, and algebra. In order to effectively analyze the global economic system, she further elaborates that the system of national income accounting is best to be considered. Growth, on the hand, is said to be the result of measuring the gross national product or gross domestic product of a country.