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The article provides information on the organizational structure and function of the United Nations (UN) Research Institute for Social Development. Established in 1963 through the help extended by the Secretary General of the Netherlands Government, the main task of the Institute is to conduct studies and identify factors affecting policies on social developments, relationships existing among various types of social developments, and economic development identified during different phases of growth in the economy of developing countries. The studies shall be identified on its urgency and importance to the work of the UN in relation to social policy, development and planning, and are independent from the UN activities which shall be under the supervision of a Board of Trustees.

The article focuses on the undertakings of the Research Institute of the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung in Germany. The Institute was established by Friedrich Ebert in 1958 and its research is focused on social science, economic and socio-history in relation to the advancement of democratic thought and political movement. It primarily identifies the effects of technological advancement in Europe and Germany, specifically on worker's movements. The Institute has also undertaken studies on adult education, cooperatives, trade unions, and bibliographical work on social, economic and political movement of Asia and Africa. Its major project is the completion of "Friedrich Ebert and His Time" that describes the social, economic and political movement during Ebert's time.

The search for uniformities in the growth patterns of individual industries rose to a peak some 30 years ago in the explorations of economists Simon S. Kuznets and in the subsequent comprehensive work of Arthur F. Burns. Partly because of the widespread acceptance of these results and attendant explanations of their inevitability, and partly because of the compelling attractions of other economic problems, little additional work was done in this area for an extended period. Recent portents of a revival of interest stem from three sources: the growing output of long-term forecasts for individual industries, which invites a search for generalizations and efforts to reinvigorate research and theory relating to economic growth by probing the behavior of disaggregated sectors. This paper will concentrate primarily on reviewing Burns's expectations and comparing them with actual results over the following 25 years as a basis for: suggesting revisions in the interpretation of his original findings; outlining needed modifications in the theory as well as the pattern of industrial growth paths; and exploring the possibility of developing patterned expectations for the growth of individual commodities and firms.

This article is based on an essay commended and awarded a prize in the Haldane Essay Competition 1963. Mr. Moynihan, now British Deputy High Commissioner in Trinidad, was formerly British Deputy High Commissioner in Kuala Lumpur. The sub-title of his essay was ‘A .Note on a Malaysian breakthrough with special reference to Rural and Regional Economic Development’. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the importance of the Value theory in interpretation of the development of economic thought. It has been suggested that a useful construct can be devised for the development of economic analysis on the basis of value theory itself. Just as economic theory can be said to have taken the value notion as the basic item which is traced through the economic process, likewise the study of the development of economic analysis can be better understood by analyzing how each author and school approached the three orders of value. The three-value concepts use, exchange, and money, are conceived as being different orders of analysis each with its own peculiar assumptions, emphases, and problems of analysis. To take an example from current controversy, "welfare" within the order of value-in-exchange is properly and narrowly conceived merely in terms of a greater "value" of goods and services as valued in the market place. This is the social "model" or context, social in the sense of pertaining to the process of co-operative production and functional distribution. In terms of aggregate want satisfaction, the welfare propositions must be related to the individual use and thus the order of value-in-use. The problems of measurement and thus of aggregation have proved difficult if not overwhelming. Probably the order of value-in-use cannot receive significant treatment save within the psychological concepts of personality, both individual and social.

In view of the attention given to economic development recently, it is appropriate to re-examine the works of an early pioneer in the field, economist John R. Commons. As an economist of the Institutionalist School, he insisted that cultural forces, legal institutions, religious influences, social customs, and many other ever-changing factors now considered by modern developmental economists, be included in the field of economics. Commons would have the State, play the role of the wise and kindly father. It would jealously guard the welfare of its citizens by maintaining a healthy economic climate. By monetary means, it would keep the economy on an even keel. Through all types of trouble, it would protect the workers by providing them with security of incomes by means of a comprehensive social security program. Yet, like the wise father, the State would limit its interference with the activities of its citizens. It would refrain from imposing such direct controls as would seriously reduce the area of the citizen's freedom.

Discusses aspects of the improvement of productivity in public works in African countries. Economic benefits; Case studies of productivity; Summary of the comments of experts.

Many problems arise in the equilibrium analysis of economic development, growth, and planning research which require the construction of a mathematical model to represent the operation of an economy or a part of that economy. The model may be useful as a possible descriptive or heuristic representation of the economy at a particular point in time, or it may be used for normative purposes to predict or forecast future growth and to help determine policy. The choice of a quantitative method to fit the needs of the economic problem is a major consideration in itself, and the discussion of the usefulness of such a model for studying problems of economic growth is one of the major purposes of this paper. The other purpose is to analyze briefly the findings from some particular implementations of factor analysis with the hope of discovering some advantages, disadvantages, and implications for the use of the method in economic growth analysis and planning for future growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides information about the Academy of Sciences' Institute of Economics at 66 Lenin Prospekt in Minsk, Belarus. The Institute of Economics was founded in 1931 as a special scientific establishment of the Academy of Sciences of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic. Its primary objective is to promote the general adoption of good management practices in the national economy and to make recommendations to governmental and economic bodies for the improvement of administration. The institute bases its research on the analysis derived from a large volume of government statistics and on surveys carried out in enterprises and institutes.

The article provides information about the Centre for the Study of Developing Societies in New Delhi, India. The institute was founded with the assistance from the Asia Foundation. It undertakes and promotes research in the political and social structure of India and other developing countries. Primarily, it focuses on the historical, social, and cultural conditions under which the process of development takes place in particular countries. All of its research studies and projects are based on the specialized projects in different fields, undertaken by scholars.

The article provides information about the Indian School of International Studies in New Delhi, India. The schools was founded on October 3, 1955 by vice president Dr. S. Radhakrishnan. It is renowned as the center for advanced studies of international affairs with special reference to political, economic, and social developments in the countries of Asia for Indian and foreign students. It offers training in international relations and area studies based on study of documents, language study, and field research. The author further gives details on the facilities found in the school.

SUMMARY This paper touches on three models of growth, viz: the F el'dman (Soviet) model, the H arrod-D omar model and the M ahalanobis (Indian) model. Of these three, the ancestry of the first is maintained in respect of both its contents and historical sequence. It is argued that the Soviet model is superior to the other two models because it recognizes the significance of a number of factors, viz: (a) the pattern of income distribution, (b) increase in the effective utilization of the existing capital stock, (c) distinction between degrees of effective utilization of the old and the new capital stocks, and lastly, (d) consideration of the rate of growth in terms of capital capacity as well as in terms of the absorption of a growing labour supply. In other respects, the model runs more or less parallel to the H arrod-D omar and M ahalanobis models. Some striking similarities between the Soviet and Indian models exist in spite of the differences in economic and political conditions of the two countries. These are: (a) the Marxian setting of two departments of a closed economy, (b) the aim of achieving a high rate of investment by expanding the capital goods sector and (c) a relative neglect of propensity to save as a crucial variable in the process of growth. The affinity between the Indian and the Soviet models is so strong that the former seems to answer the Soviet rather than the Indian conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some of the complexities of the assessment of educational needs, including their claim on financial resources, within the context of economic development planning, are explored. The problems arise from the difficulties experienced in co-ordinating the functions and the work of economists and social scientists; in matching the long-term nature of targets of educational and social development with plans for productivity growth often considered in the short term; in distinguishing between the needs dictated by demographic change and those relating to human resource development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A list of information resources from the United Nations and other specialized agencies worldwide are presented. They include the "United Nations Technical Conference on the International Map of the World on the Millionth Scale: Report and Proceedings," "Inquiry Among Governments on Problems Resulting From the Reciprocal Action of Economic Development and Population Changes," and "Social Development of Latin America in the Post-war Period."

SUMMARY Power spectra and cross-spectra of Japanese economic annual series since 1879 or 1887 are estimated. The power spectral estimates suggest that long swings and business cycles are meaningful phenomena in many of the time series. Reference cycles of long swings and business cycles are determined separately from the remodulated series of the rate of change of the individual annual series at the frequencies of 1/25 cycle per year and of 1/6.5 cycle per year. They provide valuable information on Japanese economic fluctuations since the 1880's. The Rostowian stages of growth are considered in terms of these reference cycles. The cross-spectral estimates clarify the lead-lag relationships among the series. We find three key factors, loans and discounts of all banks, exports, and government consumption leading the other series and driving the rapid growth. Mechanisms of growth processes are explained by our lead-lag relationships. The transfer of labour forces among the industries and some characteristics of investment and private consumption are also considered by means of the cross-spectral estimates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY As a measure of society's marginal rate of substitution between consumption in consecutive years, the STP rate is basic to evaluating public investment alternatives. This paper derives the STP rate as a function of two 'observable parameters' (the growth rates of population and consumption) and three 'policy parameters' (the 'pure' time-preference rate, the elasticity of the utility-consumption function, and a population parameter). The equality of the rate of growth and the STP rate is shown to be only a very special case. The STP rate is unaffected by the relative shares of different income groups as long as the distribution remains unchanged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Á goston, I stvÁn. Le Marché Commun Communiste - Principes etpratique du COMECON A lchian, A rmen A., and A llen, W illiam R. University Economics. A rndt, H. W., and C orden, W. W. (Eds.). The Australian Economy. B oarman, P atrick M. Union Monopolies and Antitrust Restraints. B raibanti, R., and S pengler, J. J. (Eds.). Administration and Economic Development in India B rehmer, E khard. Struktur und Funktionsweise des Geldmarktes der Bundesrepublik Deutschland seit 1948 D avidson, P aul, and S molensky, E ugen. Aggregate Supply and Demand Analysts F iacgadori, A ldo. Realtà Economica e Monopolio. H auser, A lbert. Schweizerische Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeschichte H odgkins, J ordan A. Soviet Power. Energy Resources, Production and Potentials. S himkin, D emitri B. The Soviet Mineral-Fuels Industries, 1928-1958: A Statistical Survey W u, Y uan-L i, with the assistance of H. C. L ing. Economic Development and the Use of Energy Resources in Communist China N ational P etroleum C ouncil. Impact of Oil Exports from the Soviet Bloc. J acot, S imon-P ierre. Stratégie et concurrence i K olbinger, J osef. Elemente der Bankwirtschaftslehre. K Önig, R enÉ, und W inckelmann, J ohannes (Hrsg.). Max Weber zum Gedächtnis M eyers, F rederic. Ownership of Jobs N ove, A lec. Was Stalin really necessary ? O lson, M ancur J r. The Economics of the Wartime Shortage O tt, A lfred E. Einführung in die dynamische Wirtschqftstheorie P arillo, F rancesco. Lo Sviluppo Economico Italiano P atrick, H ugh T. Monetary Policy and Central Banking in Contemporary Japan R aupach, H ans. Geschichte der Sowjetwirtschaft R undblad, B engt G. Arbetskraftens rörlighet S ingh, M anmohan. India's Export Trends and the Prospects for Self-sustained Growth. S Ödersten, B o. A Study of Economic Growth and International Trade S pergel, I rving. Racketville, Slumtown, Haulburg T inbergen, J an. International Economic Integration. T riffin, R obert. The Evolution of the International Monetary System: Historical Reappraisal and Future Perspectives V anek, J aroslav. The Natural Resource Content of United States Foreign Trade W ildavsky, A aron. Leadership in a Small Town. Z ollsghan, G eorge K., and H irsch, W alter (Eds.). Explorations in Social Change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The causes of economic growth, no doubt, lie beyond the power of economists to explain. It is, however, beyond dispute that the rate at which an economy will grow is affected by the extent to which its resources are employed. The level of employment is sensitive to the economic decisions of the government. To abstract the effects of economic policy from all other determinants of growth is therefore both meaningful and useful. Such abstraction is performed in this article for the postwar Canadian economy. It may be argued that much of Canada's recent difficulty has its origins in structural maladjustments of many decades' antiquity. Be that as it may, the prolonged lapse from full employment between 1957 and 1968 was largely avoidable. Part II examines the record of growth since 1945. The remaining sections analyse a sharp decline in growth-rates from about the middle of the postwar period, and investigate the effects of policy decisions—or their lack —upon this decline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A list of articles related to marketing that were published in several journals is presented. The articles include "They Love Hollywood!," by Stanley Lichtenstein, "10 Ways to Succeed in Exhibits Abroad," by Peter Corn, and "Marketing in Economic Development," by Reed Moyer.

Provides information on a study that investigated the relationship between the evolution of wage structure and economic expansion within a planned socialist economy such as the Polish People's Republic. Purpose of the study; Conclusion.

The article discusses the factors that contributed to the economic growth experienced by Greece after the war in 1949. The rate of growth implications of the national income estimates for the years 1950-61 suggest a continuous increase in real terms, except for 1952, when there was a decrease. After 1953 the Greek economy appears to have grown again at a fluctuating annual rate due mainly to sharp fluctuations in agricultural output. Since 1950, the economy has grown very fast. Agriculture ranks second in terms of growth, with an average percentage growth of 5.65 percent for the twelve years. By the year 1955 the agricultural output had reached a level from which further increases were not easy. The rise in income and productivity in the country was made possible by the investment which took place during the period 1950-61. The rate of capital formation expressed as a percentage of GNP was high compared with levels in some other underdeveloped countries. It is evident that increase in the urban population should have been an additional factor in promoting economic development in Greece.

The article discusses the causes of the high rate of economic growth and national income in postwar Japan. There has been an upsurge in the fixed investment of private enterprise, the extent of which Japan never experienced before. According to official national income statistics, private fixed investment (excluding residential construction) increased from 7774 billion yen to 4,0504 billion yen for 1955-61, about a five-fold increase in only six years. Such an unprecedented increase in fixed investment brought about an annual real GNP growth rate of about ten per cent. A glance at the estimates for consumption expenditure in the official national income statistics gives rise to the doubt that the proportion of clothing expenditures to total consumption is too low. According to data analyzed by the authors, in 1955, inter-industry table, clothing expenditure amounted to 776.4 billion yen.

The article presents a list of papers presented to the 1963 Conference of the International Association for Research in Income and Wealth. The conference was held during June 23-28, 1963. There were five sessions, which covered topics like national incomes, growth rates, economic growth, etc. Some of the papers were "Rates of Growth in Israel's Economy," by A.L. Gaathon; "A Statistical Evaluation of the Rate of Growth of National Income in Postwar Japan," by M. Shinohara; "Reliability and Usefulness of Short-Term National Accounts: Australia," by Don Youngman; and "New Evidence on Demand Elasticities," by H.S. Houthakker.

The article analyses selected evidence on the relationship between economic conditions and art content in a wide range of cultures. A continuation of the inquiry into the nature of the relationship between economic processes and art trends is of interest both to the sociologist concerned with the social functions of art and the economist interested in the cultural consequences of economic developments. It also provides a partial test of the Marxist conception of art as an element of the cultural superstructure determined, in the long run, by the presumably more basic substructure of productive forces and relations of production. Specifically economic content seems to have been generally a minor category in visual art. This would imply relative insignificance of economic conditions as a determinant of art content. However, economic developments are also indirectly reflected in art content. Thus, using categories of content that are not specifically linked with economic factors, sociologist Piritim A. Sorokin has demonstrated that animal motifs decline and still-life paintings increase in frequency with the development of an urban-commercial economy.

The article provides information on the causes of the industrial revolution in medieval England. It also presents information on the consequences of the industrial revolution and the problem of determining the reason for the occurrence of the revolution. The twentieth century has been remarkable for historical productivity, for the increasing quantity and range of source materials available, for the growing sophistication of techniques, and for the large-scale growth in numbers of professional economic historians, with their own societies, journals, university departments and degrees, but there still is relative ignorance about many major problems of the industrial revolution, and in lieu of detailed investigation into their solutions, inevitably much speculation. On any historical accounting, the industrial revolution is one of the great discontinuities of history; it would not be implausible indeed, to claim that it has been the greatest. Economic history has always been concerned largely with the documentation, description and explanation of what the economists call economic growth, and with so much empirical and theoretical literature on growth by the economists now available, some historians are turning towards the economists for guidance.

The object of this article was not to demonstrate that income differentials are necessarily wholly or partly equalising--that is an empirical matter--but that they may be so, and that any comparison of income over space, time, social groups, industries or regions does not represent a comparison of productivities or of real incomes unless the possibility that the observed differentials are equalising can somehow be ruled out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the principle of growth instability based on the proposition of economist Roy Harrod. Several versions now exist of Harrod's proposition that the warranted rate of growth is unstable. The formal correctness of demonstrations of the instability property contained in some well-known formulations of the Harrod thesis seems to have been generally accepted. The objectives of this article are twofold: first, the author formulates a version of the Harrod dynamics which shows clearly the role of expectations in a growth context, at the level of abstraction and aggregation which most analyses of the Harrod instability principle assume; second, it is shown that the seemingly stable cases are not capable of persisting through time and must become converted to unstable cases thus establishing eventual instability always. The conclusion stems from a Keynesian formulation of growth in period terms, where errors in expectations regarding demand turn out to be systematic in character. Formulae expressing expected demand will be revised over time, but any revisions that are a priori likely are just the opposite of what is required by stability. It appears justified, accordingly, to conceive of a growth process such that in each period of time, expectations determine actual output.

The major findings of an analysis of the foreign policy opinions of the leaders and general public of Canada are briefly summarized. Correlates and causes of attitudes about coexistence, the United Nations, foreign aid and the arms race are indicated. The results are presented so as to show similarities and differences among the groups in the study; some attention is given to the practical implications of the findings. Finally, a plea is made for comparative studies of attitudes about issues related to peace and war. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article features an independent body of an international organization, Development Centre of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. It aims to aid less developed countries in the implementation of its development policies by enforcing these nations with the learning and experiences acquired from industrialized countries. It is led by notable economists as vice president, associate members and involving the former French Minister, Robert Buron as its president. Its secondary function is to promote tasks which strengthens the link between institutes citing its program expansion which centers on the economic development research.

Information about several papers discussed at the conference "Economic Development of European Socialist Countries," which was held in Plovdiv, Bulgaria on November 30 to December 6, 1964 is presented. The various reports presented focused on the comprehension of the economic trends and problems in Eastern Europe. Such features and issues considered including balance of payments, labor skills, and technological innovations.

Information about several papers discussed at the conference "Intra-Country Discontinuities in the Process of Economic and Social Development in Latin America" which was held in Buenos Aires, Argentina on September 8-16, 1964 is presented. The various reports dealt with topics including international cooperation, methodology of comparative social research and socio-economic development. The convention featured several social scientists including Davis Kingsley, Bruce Russet and S. Gostkowsky.

The article presents abstracts of population, health and housing research. They include "Inquiry Among Governments on Problems Resulting From the Interaction of Economic Development and Population Changes," "The Staffing of Public Health and Out-Patient Services" and "Housing, Building and Planning. Implementation of Resolution 1917 (XVIII) of the General Assembly."

The article presents abstracts of social structures research. They include "Rapid Social Change and Juvenile Delinquency in Africa," the "State of Labour Force and Employment Statistics in Africa" and "The Quality of Labour and Economic Development in Certain Countries," by W. Galenson and Graham Pyatt.

This commentary focuses on J. L. Stein's review of the book, Economic Growth in the West, by Angus Maddison. In his review, Stein draws attention to a fallacious argument on page 52 of that book, where it is claimed that lowering the average age of the capital stock will raise the average aggregate rate of profit even if the return on individual assets is unchanged by giving a bigger weight to capital at the stage when it is yielding higher returns. Unfortunately Stein himself commits a fallacy in maintaining the contrary view that the average return per unit of capital must decline when a rise in the rate of investment reduces the average age of equipment. The purpose of this Note is to correct this error and to draw attention to the difficulties of making any interesting general statements at all about the effect of accelerated investment on the rate of profit. Stein's mistake is to infer the conclusion in the last sentence of the following passage from the statements which precede it. Nothing can be said about the average return per unit of capital merely by comparing the return on the newest with the return on the oldest machine. The average must be a weighted average. Here Maddison is quite right. The valid point in Stein's argument is that the return on each single machine of a given type will be lower than it was before. In other words, Maddison's assumption that the rate of return on individual assets remains unchanged cannot be admitted.

SUMMARY Malthus argued that maintenance of employment required maintenance of balance between those employed in 'services' and those employed in other lines of production. The former stimulated the latter to produce and provided a market for part of their outfit. Today we find some empirical support for Malthus's thesis in that the relative growth of employment in 'services' is playing an increasingly important role in the preservation of' full' employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY Prediction as a rejection test for theories is limited and unnecessarily severe. Useful knowledge frequently does not fall into this mold. Also the prediction test does not follow from the view that science provides coherent explanations of experience. The inapplicability of prediction as a sharp test is especially likely to be true for macro-economic development theories. Thus it may not be meaningful to say that a given theory is correct or incorrect in a strict sense. Where the phe-nomena that a theory covers is inseparable from a large system in which it is imbedded then it may be impossible in principle to discover the true relations between variables. Although no single simple test may exist for a class of theories there may be a number of considerations that help us judge the adequacy of some theories. Development theories may be looked upon as sets of partially connected sample relations that operate within a changing environment. Such relations should be credible. Sample relations based on hypotheses that constantly flout experience are likely to be poor samples. Thus the realism of assumptions matter. Theories of the type considered may be useful in that the sample relations are helpful in the discovery of specific relations in specific contexts that we hope will work frequently in a loose fitting servo-mechanistic type of arrangement so that (1) diagnoses of existing difficulties can be made, and (2) corrective policies fashioned which, while they cannot be expected to work universally, do work sufficiently frequently in terms of directional changes to be of interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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