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We analyze the impact of volatility per se on real exports for a small open economy concentrating on Irish trade with the United Kingdom and the United States. An important element is that we take account of the time lag between the trade decision and the actual trade or payments taking place by using a flexible lag approach. Rather than adopting a single measure of risk, we adopt a spectrum of risk measures and detail varied size characteristics and statistical properties. We find that the ambiguous results found to date may be due to not taking account of the timing effect, which varies substantially depending on which volatility measure is used. ( JEL C32, C51, F14, F31) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following key points are drawn from the body of this response: • CIWEM broadly supports the need for an overarching UK strategy for sustainable development. It should embrace a vision that includes equity, social justice, citizenship and biodiversity and should apply to all living things -- not just people. It must look long-term with a sense of vision and set long-term targets. • The leadership record of Government is sometimes compromised by its own conflicting actions, for example on aviation fuel and sustainable housing. Consistency and firm leadership by Government, and joined-up policy and thinking across Government departments (including the Treasury), its agencies and the regulators are essential. • The Government, including the Treasury, must recognise that not all economic growth is desirable. Growth should not just be measured against Gross Domestic Product (GDP): instead it should include whole-life assessments of economic costs and benefits of prosperity and quality of life, and should be linked to indicators of sustainable consumption and production. • The key to achieving the sustainable use of natural resources is behavioural change. A multi-faceted strategy is required to achieve this need, including education, regulation, economic incentives and green taxes. There are many different ways in which the Government can deliver inspirational messages to the public. • The environment and social justice must be a priority for the new strategy, and equity should be explicitly acknowledged as a principle of sustainable development. Unless social inequalities are addressed, environmental issues will not be a priority for the poor or socially excluded. • The contribution of business to sustainable development is vital. Government initiatives should promote the real benefits to all businesses, including SMEs, that can come from reviewing their environmental impacts. All 'large' companies should be legally required to provide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents forecasts on the economic recovery and growth in Great Britain through 2006. Performance of gross national product in the third quarter of 2003; Comparison of growth in the U.S. and in Britain in the 1990s; Level of demand for exports in continental Europe.

This article focuses on the struggle for a social Europe by examining social partnership developments in two western countries, Germany and Britain, and two eastern countries, Bulgaria and Poland. The resurgence of social partnership in the west, even in the weakest case (Britain), is paradoxically driven in part by neoliberal EU economic policies. In the east, post-communist tripartism helped preserve social peace with the coming of markets, while both international lending agencies and subsequent EU accession processes pushed domestic actors towards social dialogue. The coming or deepening of markets has therefore surprisingly promoted or reinforced relations of social partnership throughout Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider the political economy of exchange rate choice and its implications for economic growth from an historical perspective. Previous studies have tended to find only a weak association between the choice of exchange rate regime on the one hand and growth and cohesion on the other. Our findings confirm this negative result, but then go on to explain it by showing that the implications of the exchange rate regime for growth and cohesion are context-specific. They show that the choice of entry rate is important and that when the global monetary regime operates as an engine of deflation it is inadvisable for countries to link up to it. We draw out the implications of these findings for the debate over Britain and the euro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Economics is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The UK Sustainable Development Strategy requires that society strive to make prudent use of natural resources so as to protect the environment and maintain high and stable levels of economic growth and employment. The Waste Strategy for England and Wales emphasizes the need to reduce the amount of waste produced through the adoption of waste minimization methodology. Waste minimization clubs have been a key element in the UK programme to introduce more sustainable practice into industry and commerce. Northamptonshire, a county in the East Midlands of England, has benefited from 14 waste minimization/resource efficiency projects, within a county programme, that have run between 1998 and 2001. This is the largest number in any county in England. This has been possible because of the formation of a large and inclusive partnership that contains all the key local and regional players. Performance indicators have been developed to direct the county programme as it strives to introduce more sustainable waste management practice. The Northamptonshire model has led to a catalysed uptake of sustainable waste management practice and has resulted in greatly improved competitiveness in some 270 companies, thereby contributing to the maintenance of stable levels of economic activity. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on several books and articles, which addressed the history of Great Britain from 1200-1500. "The First English Empire: Power and Identity in the British Isles, 1093-1343," by R. R. Davies; "The Age of Edward III," by J. S. Bothwell; "The Reign of Richard II," by G. Dodd; "English University Benefactors in the Middle Ages," by A. B. Cobban, and published in the periodical "History"; "Modeling the Middle Ages: The History and Theory of England's Economic Development,: by J. Hatcher and M. Bailey.

Assesses the effects of military spending on investment and economic growth in small industrializing economies. Component of military spending; Depreciation of capital stock; Impact of military burden on human capital.

This article describes the structural changes in the services sector following the emergence of the business transaction revolution in Great Britain. The threat of shifting to the service economy and the relative decline of manufacturing can impact the rate of economic growth. Manufacturing, on the other hand, was seen as the prime generator of technological progress through its role in the conduction of private business research and development. While supply chain management has brought economies in certain areas, the role of services as intermediate suppliers has been expanded.

Much of the recent literature about local governance of Britain’s cities has examined the power of a newly evolving ‘business elite’. However, in trying to understand changing governance forms, these analyses have generally lacked sensitivity to the role of actors (businesspeople) and their representative organizations. Analytical categories drawn from social movement theory (SMT) are introduced to develop a more actor-centred approach to the role of business interests in urban management. While not attempting to claim that business represents a social movement within Britain’s cities, it does illuminate how effectively or otherwise businesspeople develop an identity based around their representative organizations and specific business agendas, define non-business actors as opponents, and deploy and implement the agendas they create. We then use these SMT categories to examine the creation of business agendas in three English towns – Barnsley, Mansfield and Accrington. Dernièrement, la plupart des textes parus sur la gouvernance locale des villes britanniques ont étudié le pouvoir d’une ‘élite économique’ qui s’est récemment dégagée. Cependant, dans leurs tentatives de comprendre les formes évolutives de gouvernance, ces analyses ont généralement ignoré le rôle des acteurs (dirigeants d’entreprise) et celui de leurs organismes représentatifs. Les catégories analytiques tirées de la théorie des mouvements sociaux sont appliquées ici afin d’aborder le rôle des intérêts économiques dans la gestion urbaine en s’attachant davantage aux acteurs. Sans conclure que les milieux d’affaires représentent un mouvement social au sein des villes de Grande-Bretagne, l’article explique à la fois comment les dirigeants d’entreprise mettent plus ou moins... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a study which developed tests for multiple forecast encompassing which are robust to properties expected in the forecast errors and applied the tests to forecasts of growth and inflation in Great Britain. Importance of forecast evaluation; Conclusion.

This article deals with endogenous development, social capital and social inclusion in relation to the perspectives from European Union's Liaisons Entre Actions de Développement de l'Economie Rurale (LEADER) program in Great Britain. The European Union objective for the program was to find innovative solutions to rural problems which could reflect what is best suited to specific areas and also serve as models for developing rural areas elsewhere. Allegedly, it is apparent that the disclosure of LEADER elides community with territory, as an unproblematic and homogenous community of place. Yet it has been established that communities of place are far from homogenous and include many communities of interest, with highly unequal capacities to act. In LEADER the concept relates to the capacity of the entire local population as distinct from individuals. The objective is to create public goods that will help to overcome the instances of market failure which characterize rural economies. Such can be achieved by improving skills, encouraging new forms of organization, stimulating new forms of linkages between groups and public agencies, and by enabling individuals and organizations to be increasingly flexible and adaptable to changing situations.

This article presents a study to determine cause and effect of sectoral employment change and to investigate the range of relationships that emerge. The three objectives are: firstly, to explore the diversification process in Britain from 1978 to 1991; secondly, to examine the relationship between diversification and growth in the context of the national economy; and thirdly, to examine specific places in the urban system to determine relationships between diversification and growth. These should provide useful insights into employment structures and the restructuring of the urban system from 1978 to 1991. In previous research on diversity and diversification there seems to have been a special emphasis on the relationship between growth and diversification. These phenomena have been associated because it was considered that as city size increased there should be greater degrees of diversity, thus diversification over time. There are no immediately obvious regional patterns of diversification when one examines the British urban system from 1978 to 1991. Upon closer inspection, however, one finds that most of the largest centres throughout the urban system have diversified at the greatest pace; this is in keeping with the expectation that large cities should be becoming more diverse.

Discusses the myth of industrial revolution in Great Britain. Axiom of the theory of economic development; Importance of the factory system in the course of industrial revolution; Propositions about discontinuity in the history of technical change; Degree of autonomy or distinctiveness in human society.

Copyright of Population & Development Review is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Population & Development Review is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Focuses on the impact of political planning on social and political consensus that may lead to economic growth in Great Britain. Failure of materialist policies and planning to enhance the quality of life as measured by indicators of crime, delinquency and psychiatric disorders; Details on the terms of inadequacies of statutory planning organization; Scope of participatory democracy and the promotion of openness in public policy processes.

This article presents the Hudson report on economic condition of Great Britain. According to the standard economic indices, Britain's growth rate averaged a mere 2-8 per cent, over the last eighteen years, comparable with that of the U.S., but well below that of France, Italy, Germany and Japan. If the problem is not solved, say the authors, Britain is headed for "a social and political upheaval". There is no shortage of explanations for Britain's relative decline, though it is hard to tell from the writing which is cause and which is effect.

This article offers information regarding new manufacturing firms in the U.K. regions. There has been a considerable growth of interest in the role of entirely new businesses in regional economic development. As the opportunities for drawing mobile plants to the depressed regions have declined, attention has been focused on the potential for indigenous industrial growth within these regions. Data from the Department of Industry reveal that formation activity in manufacturing differs considerably across U.K regions.

Sterling has now appreciated by over 25% since the second half of 1996. A key issue affecting the UK economy is the extent to which this will reduce growth this year and in 1999. When can we expect to see the net trade position deteriorate and to what extent? In this article, Paul Robson and James Nixon argue that business survey evidence implies that the current strength of Sterling is likely to lead to falling manufacturing exports over the course of this year. This combined with increased import penetration should be sufficient to cool the economy and remove the need for a further interest rate rise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This report evaluates research in development studies in the United Kingdom, primarily over the period 1980 to the present. It focuses on the content, quality, relevance and impact of both economic and non-economic research studies. On the basis of these considerations, it offers numerous recommendations for improving future performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the campaign for companies in Great Britain to adopt employee participation schemes to gain a competitive edge. The establishment of an environment of mutual trust can secure loyalty and commitment to the goals of the organization. The Trades Union Congress has stated that securing the motivation of employees as a requirement for economic success does not provide a framework.

This article focuses on the impact of economic conditions on the industrial relations in Great Britain. The year 1988 was a year of strong economic growth. Most macroeconomic forecasts at the end of 1987, including those of the Treasury. had been anticipating a significant slowdown of economic expansion in the year to come. Outside the labour market, inflation began to rise somewhat by the mid-year and the current account of the balance of payments went steadily deeper into deficit. Most of the labour market indicators in 1988 show a continuation of trends that started earlier and accelerated in 1987. The rate of decline in unemployment seems to have peaked in the second half of 1987 but was still high in 1988, unemployment is estimated to have fallen by almost 360,000, nearly 12 per cent of the total, in the first ten months of 1988. Firm official estimates for the number of self-employed go upto June 1987. Estimates for more recent periods are based on the assumption that the average rate of increase between 1981 and 1987 has continued.

Over the past four decades, spending on health care in the United Kingdom has accounted for a rising share, both of total public spending and of the total output of the economy. Other industrial economies hare had similar experiences, although the peculiar nature of the UK health service makes the general explanations offered for such expenditure growth inappropriate. Health spending growth in the UK, for the period 1949-89, is found to be strongly associated with output growth, and reasons to explain this relationship are advanced. The relationship's continued stability, in the light of the 1989 health service reforms is questioned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Argues that the economic revolution of the 1980s, brought about the administration of Margaret Thatcher, represents a genuine structural improvement in the British economy. Fundamental structural improvement; Medium-term control of the budget deficit; Attitudes to trade unions; Reform of taxation and benefits; Overmanning in industry; Wider share-ownership.

Explores the implications of trade-unions for industrial operations and productivity in Great Britain. Monopoly power of trade-unions; Emphasis on the printing, railways, medicine and music industries; Allocative costs of unionism; Negative implications for economic growth.

The article reports that regional development policy has become an essential component of full employment and welfare policy in Great Britain. The established policy contributed to the spread of opportunities and facilities between regions. Moreover, the approaching completion of the traditional industries and inflation problems points to the need for a clearer investigation on regional issues.

Examines issues posed when designing a management program that attempts to incorporate sustainable development in Great Britain. Structure and process of a management program that meets the needs of contemporary managers; Complexity of designing a program that meets the functional needs of contemporary managers; Centrality of sustainability to the managers' work and the decisions they make.

This article explores why Great Britain became an industrialized and urbanized economy long before France. On the eve of the Great War, agriculture, according to official censuses of population, continued to provide employment for up to 41 per cent of the workforce in France and generated around 35 per cent of the country's national income. In Britain only 8 per cent of the workforce could be officially classified as employed on the land, and agriculture accounted for a mere 5 per cent of gross domestic product. Around 1911, 35 per cent of the population of France resided in towns containing populations of 3,000 and above, while the comparable proportion for Britain was 78 per cent. Structural change in France was in large measure predetermined by a combination of geographical endowments and a system of property rights inherited from its feudal past. Both constraints, operating within the context of pre-chemical and pre-mechanical agricultural systems, so limited the scale and scope of French endeavours to follow the path taken by Britain between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries, became almost irrelevant to conditions in France.

The article explores the historical origins of the depressed areas in Great Britain before 1914. The depressed areas are those regions of Britain whose persistent economic difficulties have, for most of this century, constituted the regional problem. This is examined through an analysis of alternative sources of early regional unemployment statistics. Patterns of unemployment in the pre-1914 period are then related to census-derived statistics of regional growth and employment structure. Before 1914, the north was the region of high growth, based on the prosperity of the export-oriented industries created by the industrial revolution, especially engineering, shipbuilding, textiles and mining. Unemployment was primarily a problem of the south, with its stagnant agricultural sector and of London, where the old handicraft industries were making their final stand. Following the war, shifts in world trade caused a sudden drop in export demand, mainly affecting the staple industries of the north. This shift in trade was a clear exogenous shock to the British regional economic system, causing a sudden drop in demand for labour in previously prosperous areas and a reversal in the pre-war pattern of unemployment.

The article focuses on the economic, social, and political changes that occurred as European societies ceased to be primarily agrarian in economic structure and devoted proportionately more of their resources and labor to the production of non-agricultural commodities and services. Industrialization is not identical either with economic growth or economic development, although it is closely associated with both. The process of economic growth, including in the modern era the special case of industrialization, involves the interaction of four broad classes or categories of factors--population, resources, technology, and institutions. In conclusion, there was not one model for industrialization in the nineteenth century. Coal and human capital were the two basic ingredients, but in combination with one another and with other elements they produced a variety of patterns of industrialization. The customary depiction of an industrial revolution in Great Britain and its repetition in continental Europe and elsewhere distorts the historical record.

The article focuses on the effect of rearmament policy on the economic condition of Great Britain in 1930s. The author remarks that the role of rearmament in the interwar economy has aroused little controversy. It was claimed that Britain's rearmament programme is the greatest public works programme ever devised in time of formal peace. Nevertheless, the rearmament boom is generally regarded as having had a beneficial effect on the level of economic activity, especially during the minor slump of 1937-8. According to the author, no great speed for the general tenor of the programme was gradual, limited by the belief of the government that financial and economic risks were more dangerous than military uncertainties, and were likely to be accentuated by increased public expenditure. The major advantage of rearmament over an alternative public works strategy based on the construction industry appears to have been its strong linkages to the staple industries and, through this, to the depressed regions.

The article discusses the total factor productivity growth in Great Britain after 1870. The confusion over which industries witnessed entrepreneurial shortcomings remained until the use by new economic historians of geometric and arithmetic total factor productivity indexes to test directly Aldcroft's hypothesis that Britain's rate of technical progress was inferior to that of America or Germany. Productivity indexes measure output per unit input. Unlike partial productivity indexes, principally the output-labor ratio, total factor productivity indexes measure the rate of growth of output not accounted for by the growth of all factor inputs. After subtracting the rate of growth of weighted factor inputs from the rate of growth of output, what is left unexplained is labelled technical change or productivity. In this case, the index is a residual and, more properly, has been called a measure of our ignorance. By comparing total factor productivity growth in Britain after 1870 with best practice American efficiency growth, both lagging British productivity and the entrepreneurial failure thesis were subjected to an unambiguous test.

The article outlines a transition from active intervention to a more passive response by the British Government in its grain market of the seventeenth century. It is often easier to assess the reasons for government action than for government inaction, since action is frequently accompanied by justifications whilst inaction is cloaked in documentary silence. Much has always had to be inferred, but some inferences are perhaps more soundly based than others. It is wrong to think that the Privy Council was losing faith in intervention before the end of the sixteenth century; the early 1630s saw the most intensive (and last) attempt to intervene comprehensively. Nor, possibly, can one argue that the subsequent disappearance of the old-style dearth program can be explained in terms of the disappearance of the Privy Council. An opportunity for the latter to intervene was presented in 1637/8, before its abolition, and small executive councils never totally disappeared. There is not very convincing evidence for the view that changes in London's needs and role influenced directly the timing of the policy changes.

The article focuses on typologies and evidence that serve as a guide to economic growth in Europe during the nineteenth century. There has also been increased reliance on comparative methods by historians seeking to achieve a cross-fertilization of explanatory ideas. For both purposes it is desirable, for the first purpose essential, that any historical generalizations called into aid should be not only true of several particular instances but also should be very widely applicable. It could be harmfully misleading if what looked to be proclamations of universal relationships turned out to be no more than accounts of one or two highly individual cases, disguised in the language of generality. All the chief schemes expounding alleged universalities in the history of economic growth have received plenty of criticism, both appreciative and hostile, but it is doubtful whether they have often been starkly confronted by the question whether the evidence they use is comprehensive enough to provide a secure foundation of genuine history for edifices as vast as they have grown to be. They have been challenged on grounds of unclarity or inappropriateness in their basic concepts, or because they have been inaccurate on some specific points, or because some particular case may be more convincingly interpreted by postulating a different chain of causation.

The article measures the effect of public finance during the period 1793-1815 on the rate and direction of Great Britain's economic development. It explores the country's involvement in war during the period. One aspect of the war which has intermittently attracted economists" attention from the time of the "bullionist" controversy is the effect of the expedients that were adopted in the field of public finance. The article describes the sources of data which economic historian can use to be able to fairly measure the effect of the country's finance on the rate and direction of economic growth. An analysis on the economic indicators during the period is presented.

The article offers information about the Overseas Development Institute in Great Britain. It was founded towards the end of 1960 by a group of people who consider that the economic development of the countries of Asia, Africa and South America, and their relations with the industrially developed areas of the world, are of material importance. Its funds were received from the Ford Foundation, from British industry and commerce, and from the Nuffield Foundation. The institute is non-profit-making and its policies are decided by a council which is independent and non-governmental.

This article discusses research as a social process in Great Britain. One of the central problems of British society is that of organizing its scientific and technically trained manpower in such a manner that the welfare and security needs are met. The present organization of British science does not contribute much to economic improvement. In the nineteenth century new developments were started because inventors with imagination and energy set about solving practical problems. The aims of contemporary research organization are generally stated in a qualitative fashion. The origins of each new product or process can usually be traced to a few key sources in widely separated areas of fundamental science. The foregoing description of the process by which science is put to use emphasizes the interrelationships which exist at the present stage in the evolution of social organization in research. A complete and balanced managerial set-up for translating fundamental research into new technology and social services can be conveniently sub-divided into a series of essential functions. Each of the functions of research organization requires a special combination of skills and differentiated emphasis in the training of technical workers. The exact relationship and emphasis applied to various functions of research and development varies from industry to industry but.

This article reviews the economic impact of England on Nigeria during the period in which Nigeria formed part of the British Empire. Observers differ sharply in their evaluation of this impact. A vigorous defense of Great Britain's role in terms of the economic welfare of Nigeria may be found in the writings of various historians, political observers, and economists. On the other hand, critical voices have been raised against the economic consequences of English rule-most significantly from within Great Britain and Nigeria and in recent years from behind the Iron Curtain. Observers who allege Nigeria's economic betterment under British rule tend to stress the commercialization and over-all economic growth, which took place. Their antagonists focus attention instead on alleged allocational injustices in Nigeria's terms of trade. Because the controversy is nourished in part by omissions of pertinent data, an attempt is made in the following pages to facilitate objective evaluation by providing a more complete statement of factual evidence than is usually available.

This article focuses on the social history of Great Britain. The author remarks that the second Boer war was a disaster for Great Britain. She might have recovered from its consequences if Campbell-Bannerman had been spared for a few more years. The last months of the British Queen Victoria's long reign were clouded and dreary. The change, in three or four years, from the rejoicings of 1897 was so startling that shrewd parliamentarians. It was then she realized, at first reluctantly, that her trade in the markets of the world was threatened by the growth of American and German industries. The cross purposes of the U.S., Germany and Great Britain for this period are so patent in the records that a reflective reader might ask if their spokesmen knew from one day to another what new shift would cancel out the aim of yesterday. While Great Britain was smarting under the affliction of the war in South Africa, the work of peaceful penetration was going on apace in Morocco. Both Great Britain and Germany maintained that their interests in Morocco were commercial only and, although English and German individuals were represented upon the directorates of the great concessionaire companies, they were in no way acting in the interests of their governments.

The object of this article is to demonstrate that economic analysis used in conjunction with the data employed by researcher R.B. Sheridan yields the conclusion that the possession of the British West Indies actually had the effect of retarding the growth of Great Britain. Sheridan contends that the West Indies in general, and Jamaica in particular, yielded an economic surplus, which contributed in no small way to the growth of the metropolitan economy. In the course of his argument, Sheridan constructs an estimate of the wealth of Jamaica during the 1770's and expands it to include all the British West India sugar colonies. Sheridan's argument contains two types of error that, when corrected, vitiate his conclusion. One type of error, an error of measurement, occurs both in his attempt to measure the wealth of Jamaica and in his acceptance of an estimate of income generated by this wealth. The more serious mistake, however, is an analytical error. Sheridan implicitly considers the extensive growth of the sugar colonies as a measure of their contribution to the economic growth of the mother country.

The article compares the responses of handloom weavers to Chartism in Great Britain. The response of the working classes to the Chartist Movement of the 1830's and 1840's has perhaps too often been seen in the light of revolt against economic distress. It has been assumed that poorly paid and ill-fed workers, struggling under the pressure of the new industrial capitalists or, in the handwork trades, against the competition of machinery, saw in Chartism the opportunity to improve their economic condition and therefore gave it their wholehearted support. To a large extent this is undoubtedly true, since there is considerable correlation, during the relevant period, between economic distress and radical activity. Certainly individual Chartists and neo-Chartists encouraged their listeners at public meetings by suggesting that the attainment of the "People's Charter" would revolutionize the existing society and ensure that the labouring man obtained his due. But this is not the whole story, for many groups in dire economic distress ignored the movement.

During the months of May, June and July, when the demand for tomatoes is at its highest, British consumers' needs are met by supplies coming from heated glasshouses in South Holland, in Guernsey, and in England and Scotland. The island of Jersey also sends a small amount of glasshouse tomatoes, but for all practical purposes Southern England and the two off-shore territories command the supply. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses Great Britain's Department of Economic Affairs (D.E.A.) and Economic Planning during the 1960s. The role that the D.E.A. plays in the British economic planning, including in regard to public expenditures and in relation to the control that the government has over the British economy, is discussed. An overview of the British government's efforts to enhance economic development, including its creation of the National Economic Development Council (N.E.D.C.), is provided. The D.E.A.'s relationship with British industries is also discussed.

While it is frequently asserted that British industry has earned an inadequate return on investment, there has been little agreement among economists as to what exactly this rate has been in recent years. This note provides striking new evidence that the profitability of British industry is currently much lower than anyone had previously supposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An introduction to the periodical is presented providing articles related to challenges to firms and economy development of Great Britain following the Brexit decision.

The article focuses on the life and works of Margaret Thatcher, a British Politician. It notes that one of her greatest success was destroying old labor policy in Great Britain and making a new one and has accelerated the destruction of the old manufacturing industries and several communities that have been the backbone of the labor movement in the country. She led the Country to war against Argentina and at the same time she is a leader of a communist group in Eastern Europe as well as encouraged the emergence of the country's economy.

The article reports on the study concerning the methods of investing large sum of public money in the capital developments by the Great Britain Select Committee on Nationalized Industries. The sum involved about £2,000 million a year, which is equivalent to that of a manufacturing industry. The Committee contends that the sum is not enough to ensure a rational allocation of national resources, and recommends corporate planning for an overall view of the organization as a whole.