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We develop a dynamic model to analyze the impact of input tariff liberalization on input prices, trading decisions, and productivity. Although input tariffs directly affect input price benefits of importing, their impact on trade participation generates indirect benefits through productivity improvements and complementarity between importing and exporting. To disentangle these effects, we separately measure importing's effect on input prices and productivity and examine Chinese paint manufacturers' reaction to input tariff liberalization. We find that a mild short‐term effect of tariff liberalization is amplified in the long run by induced trade participation, resulting in even higher productivity and lower input prices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rainfall is a complexity dynamics process. In this paper, our objective is to find the evidence of self-organized criticality (SOC) for rain datasets in China by employing the theory and method of SOC. For this reason, we analyzed the long-term rain records of five meteorological stations in Henan, a central province of China. Three concepts, that is, rain duration, drought duration, accumulated rain amount, are proposed to characterize these rain events processes. We investigate their dynamics property by using scale invariant and found that the long-term rain processes in central China indeed exhibit the feature of self-organized criticality. The proposed theory and method may be suitable to analyze other datasets from different climate zones in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND Icewine produced in China is becoming popular, but there is only limited knowledge available on the yeast population that occurs during fermentation and also on the selection of indigenous Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains for its production. In this work, we first investigated yeast species and the evolution of yeast population in spontaneous fermentations of icewine produced in the Qilian region of China and then analyzed the biodiversity and important enological properties of S. cerevisiae isolates. RESULTS: Seven species of five genera including S. cerevisiae, S. uvarum, Torulaspora delbrueckii, Hanseniaspora uvarum, Lachancea thermotolerans, Metschnikowia aff. fructicola and H. osmophila were identified by the colony morphology on Wallerstein Laboratory Nutrient medium and sequence analysis of the 26S rRNA gene D1/D2 domain. Saccharomyces cerevisiae, H. uvarum and L. thermotolerans were the dominant species, representing almost 87% of the total yeast isolates. Microvinification with seven preselected S. cerevisiae strains were performed on Vidal. All selected strains could complete fermentations, and the enochemical parameters were within the acceptable ranges of the wine industry. W5B3 produced higher amounts of ethyl hexanoate and ethyl octanoate than other strains. R3A10 was a low volatile acid producer and the corresponding icewine presented the highest values on some odorants including β‐damascenone, 1‐octen‐3‐ol, ethyl 2‐methylbutyrate, and isoamyl alcohol. Vidal icewines fermented with R3A10, R3A16 and W5B3 were well accepted by the judges because of superior sensory quality. CONCLUSION: Three indigenous strains (R3A10, R3A16 and W5B3) could be used as starters and could potentially improve the regional character of the icewine in Qilian. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Between January and May 2011, southern China suffered perhaps the most severe drought since 1954. This investigation was carried out based on OLR ( Outgoing Long-wave Radiation) data derived from NOAA/ AVHRR satellite observations, precipitation records at 753 meteorological stations in China and NCEP reanalysis data during 1990 and 2011. This was done by first calculating the January to May climate averages of all required atmospheric parameters during 1990 and 2011, and then calculating the January to May 2011 anomalies (the difference between the parameter value in January to May 2011 and its climate average), with the goal to understand the dynamic and thermal mechanisms behind the 2011 5 month drought. Results show that during the drought: (1) the large-scale circulations were abnormal with a strengthened Mongolian High, a weakened subtropical high and abnormal northerly winds prevailing over southern China and the South China Sea; (2) the air was drier due to the anomalous deep dry-cold air column at middle and lower levels over southern China (linked to the northerly wind from the Mongolian anticyclone and the northwesterly wind from the Yellow Sea cyclone); (3) the abnormal air temperature structure, i.e. warm at higher levels (due to the abnormal South Asian High) and cold at middle and lower levels (due to the anomalous deep dry-cold air column over southern China), and (4) a formation of an abnormal mesoscale circulation structure, with the cyclonic convergence at the mid-level low (due to the Yellow Sea cyclone), the anticyclonic divergence at the low-level small high (due to the Mongolian anticyclone) and the resulting abnormal vertical downward movement over southern China. All these factors contributed significantly to the January to May 2011 drought over southern China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work is devoted to the dynamics of labor market participation of Chinese rural households. Based on a theoretical farm household framework the choice between four distinct labor market participation states is empirically analyzed. Using household data over the period 1995–2002 from the province Zhejiang we apply a discrete time hazard approach to analyze households' labor market participation histories. In particular, we investigate the movements between autarky and participation in general and, more specifically, the shifts between part-time and full-time farming. Estimation results suggest significant duration dependence, more precisely, a decreasing risk of moving from one state to another with an increasing time a household occupies one of these states. Further, the likelihoods of starting any participation in labor markets and to start part-time farming are considerably higher than to end participation or to return to full-time farming. In addition, we find that labor market participation decisions are significantly related to several household and farm characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The magnitude of soil CO2 emission varying significantly among different vegetation types for plants could alter the microclimatic environment of soil. In a Pinus tabulaeformis plantation and an adjacent Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata shrub, which are located in a dry-hot valley region of Minjiang River in the Southwest of China, the daily soil CO2 emission dynamics was measured in August 2004 and in May, July, and October 2005. The results showed that the soil CO2 emission in the oak shrub was significantly higher than the pine plantation in each measurement period. Additionally, soil organic matter, microbial biomass carbon, and the leaf litter decomposition rate in the two vegetations differed significantly from each other. The variation of soil organic matter and microbial biomass carbon partially contributed to the evident difference in soil CO2 emission. Moreover, the correlations between soil CO2 emission, soil temperature, and soil water content were evaluated in this study. The soil temperature positively controlled soil CO2 emission in the pine plantation and the oak shrub, while the soil water content negatively influenced soil CO2 emission in the two vegetation types. However, the soil temperature and soil water content played varied roles in the different vegetation types. By the means of stepwise regression, the soil temperature more significantly influenced the dynamics of soil CO2 emission for the plantation than the soil water content; oppositely, the soil water content was the more significant controlling factor for the shrub. Based on the exponent model between the soil CO2 emission and soil temperature, the Q 10 values were estimated, which was 1.7 in the pine plantation and 3.0 in the oak shrub. The former was lower than the global average level of 2.0, whereas the latter was higher than the global average level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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