Search

This report describes the results of automatic processing of a large number of scientific papers according to a rigorously defined criterion of coupling. The population of papers under study was ordered into groups that satisfy the stated criterion of interrelation. An examination of the papers that constitute the groups shows a high degree of logical correlation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A detailed comparison of how 334 papers in Vol. 112 of Physical Review form related groups according to two criteria of relatedness. The criteria are: (1) the Analytic Subject Index as used by the editors of the Physical Review; and (2) the method of Bibliographic Coupling. The similarities and differences between the groups thus formed are illustrated and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a bibliography of publications that were used in the May 2001 issue of the Journal of Sociolinguistics. "The Handbook of Linguistics," edited by Mark Aronoff and Janie Rees-Miller; "Language and Nationalism in Europe," edited by Stephen Barbour and Cathie Carmichael; "Tense and Aspect in Second Language Acquisition: Form, Meaning, and Use by Kathleen Bardovi-Harlig; "The Routledge Language and Cultural Theory Reader," edited by Lucy Burke, Tony Crowley and Alan Girvin.

In this study scientists were asked about their own publication history and their citation counts. The study shows that the citation counts of the publications correspond reasonably well with the authors' own assessments of scientific contribution. Generally, citations proved to have the highest accuracy in identifying either major or minor contributions. Nevertheless, according to these judgments, citations are not a reliable indicator of scientific contribution at the level of the individual article. In the construction of relative citation indicators, the average citation rate of the subfield appears to be slightly more appropriate as a reference standard than the journal citation rate. The study confirms that review articles are cited more frequently than other publication types. Compared to the significance authors attach to these articles they appear to be considerably “overcited.” However, there were only marginal differences in the citation rates between empirical, methods, and theoretical contributions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Systematic reviews are considered the highest level of evidence that can help guide evidence‐informed decisions in nursing practice, education, and even health policy. Systematic review publications have increased from a sporadic few in 1980s to more than 10,000 systematic reviews published every year and around 30,000 registered in prospective registries. Methods: A cross‐sectional design and a variety of data sources were triangulated to identify the journals from which systematic reviews would be evaluated for adherence to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 reporting guidelines and scope. Specifically, this study used the PRISMA 2020 reporting guidelines to assess the reporting of the introduction, methods, information sources and search strategy, study selection process, quality/bias assessments, and results and discussion aspects of the included systematic reviews. Results: Upon review of the 215 systematic reviews published in 10 top‐tier journals in the field of nursing in 2019 and 2020, this study identified several opportunities to improve the reporting of systematic reviews in the context of the 2020 PRISMA statement. Areas of priority for reporting include the following key areas: (1) information sources, (2) search strategies, (3) study selection process, (4) bias reporting, (5) explicit discussion of the implications to policy, and lastly, the need for (6) prospective protocol registration. Discussion: The use of the PRISMA 2020 guidelines by authors, peer reviewers, and editors can help to ensure the transparent and detailed reporting of systematic reviews published in the nursing literature. Clinical Relevance: Systematic reviews are considered strong research evidence that can guide evidence‐based practice and even clinical decision‐making. This paper addresses some common methodological and process issues among systematic reviews that can guide clinicians and practitioners to be more critical in appraising research evidence that can shape nursing practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Citation analysis can go beyond its present preoccupations and explore new areas if it follows several rules of research design-some of them known and generally accepted, others specific to this discipline: (a) a rigorous definition of the research objectives is essential in deciding on its design, including the selection and definition of variables and the measurement of their effects; (b) the ascertainment of content-related variables enhances the theoretical interest and practical usefulness of citation analysis, although it may entail the use of smaller samples; (c) the set of papers to be compared with respect to citation frequency should be stratified in order to make them as similar as possible to each other; (d) the dependent variable, citation frequency, may comprise more than one kind of citation; (e) the elementary methods of analysis based on stratification (or matching) and adjustment should be complemented by model-based methods which could accomodate larger numbers of variables and would take into account the skewness of citation count distributions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shares insights on the importance of a reference list. Common problems with reference lists; Fundamental law of good reference practice; Aspects of reference lists that are rarely commented upon.

This section presents a bibliography of papers on economic relations published in 1965.

‘Scraps’: hidden nursing information and its influence on the delivery of care What nurses commonly describe as ‘scraps’ are defined as the personalized recordings of information that is routinely made on any available piece of paper (hence scraps) or in small notebooks. The use of scraps is common in practice and has been noted in research from across the globe. Drawing on an empirical study it is argued that scraps are a unique combination of personal and professional knowledge that informs the delivery of care. The overall aim of the study was to discover how nurses define and communicate information about patients and the delivery of care to each other on an elderly care unit. The processes by which information was constructed and the organizational structure and interactions that influenced this were also identified. The research design was an ethnographic one that involved: observations of formal nursing end of shift reports (23 handovers) and informal interactions between nurses (146 hours); interviews (n + 34) with registered nurses, student nurses and nursing auxiliaries; and analysis of written records. Data were collected from five acute elderly care wards at a district general hospital in the south of England. A grounded theory analysis was undertaken which revealed that scraps may have a significant role in the communication of information and the delivery of care. Therefore a categorization of scraps within three main themes was undertaken. First, the analysis revealed the processes involved in the construction of scraps. Second, the content and role of scraps in influencing the delivery of care was exposed. Finally, the potentially confidential nature of scraps and consequent problems of storage and disposal was recognized. The findings are discussed in relation to a suggested model of the interrelationship between paperwork, scraps, handovers and the delivery of nursing care. It is concluded that scraps are significant... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study in which the coverage by bibliographic tools of conference material cited in journal articles was investigated for each of six fields: mathematics, physics, chemistry, chemical engineering, electrical and electronic engineering, and mechanical engineering. In general, the rates of coverage of conference material by general bibliographic tools are markedly lower than those of journal articles. However, general tools list a high percentage of conference material in mathematics and a low percentage of journal articles in mechanical engineering; in these two fields general tools exhibit no difference between their rates of coverage of the two kinds of material.

This study addressed certain aspects of citation behavior: How many of the sources cited has the author really consulted? How many did the author consult specifically for the preparation of the citing paper? How many of the sources cited does the author consider essential to the development of his own theme? Nineteen members of the faculty from the Department of Business Administration, College of Commerce, University of Illinois, each of whom had published at least one periodical article in the preceding two years, were subjects of the study. Each was given a self-administered questionnaire, along with the bibliography from one of his articles, and each participated in a follow up interview. Ninety-six percent of the sources cited had been consulted by the authors, which indicates little evidence of secondhand citation. However, just 63% were consulted specifically in the preparation of the article; and only less than a third were judged essential raw material by those who cited them. If an item is of critical importance, it is likely to be owned by the author. Also, it is likely to have been consulted specifically in the preparation of the article, but criticality is no guarantee that it has been used heavily by the author. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the Biblio-Profile, which is a brief state-of-the-art report on a specific topic followed by a comprehensive bibliography. The Biblio-Profile was devised as a combination package to meet varying information needs. The profile part of the package provides a brief introduction to a field, a brief assessment of the state of research on a specific topic, and an indication where gaps in knowledge exist; the comprehensive bibliography may contain both current and older, classic citations. An information package of this type has other features as well. For example, with small modification, the profile can be recorded on audio-tape for use in a dial-access information system where message length is brief. The companion bibliography can be mailed to anyone who requests this supplementary information. Biblio-Profiles also have the added advantage of being separates so that they can be published quickly; they do not require page charges; and they provide recognition for authors. However, they require marketing and promotion since no encompassing medium, such as a journal, carries them. Publication of Biblio-Profiles in a journal is, however, certainty possible. The preparation, production, marketing and potential uses of this multi-purpose document are described in this article. The Information Center's experience in user acceptance and sales of this kind of document is discussed and compared with the Center's bibliographies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on several research papers which focus on characteristics of information resources. The paper "Documentation and Dissemination of Research and Development Results" deals with federal scientific and technical information programs, their efforts to achieve efficacy and timeliness, their present scope, prevailing practices, access to and utilization of foreign information, problems that face them, and proposals for dealing with them. Another paper is "Some Prerequisites to Cooperative Cataloging." There is an urgent need for a co-operative cataloguing centre to process current non-American materials. Two alternatives have been suggested: centralized cataloguing, in which libraries would forward acquisitions to the centre for cataloguing; and co-ordinated cataloguing, whereby the centre would act as a clearing-house receiving and distributing requests for cataloguing to be performed by the library first acquiring a given item.

The article presents a bibliography related to information science that appeared in the 1963 issue of the journal "American Documentation." It includes author and corporate source index, documentation, general reference works and sources of information. Some of the documentations include: "Concerning the Probability That a Given Paper Will Be Cited," by M.M. Kessler and F.E. Heart; "Action Plan for Improved Dissemination of Engineering Information," by Eugene Wall; "The Critical Problem of Biological Information," by B. Glass.

Purpose The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of Family History in the Electronic Health Record and to identify opportunities to advance the contributions of nurses in obtaining, updating and assessing family history in order to improve the health of all individuals and populations. Organizing Construct The article presents an overview of the obstacles to charting Family History within the Electronic Health Record and recommendations for using specific Family History tools and core Family History data sets. Methods Opportunities to advance nursing contributions in obtaining, updating, and assessing family history in order to improve the health of all individuals were identified. These opportunities are focused within the area of promoting the importance of communication within families and between healthcare providers to obtain, document, and update family histories. Findings Nurses can increase awareness of existing resources that can guide collection of a comprehensive and accurate family history and facilitate family discussions. In this paper, opportunities to advance nursing contributions in obtaining, updating, and assessing family history in order to improve the health of all individuals were identified. Conclusions Aligned with the clinical preparation of nurses, family health should be used routinely by nurses for risk assessment and to help inform patient and family members on screening, health promotion, and disease prevention. The quality of family health information is critical in order to leverage the use of genomic healthcare information and derive new knowledge about disease biology, treatment efficacy, and drug safety. These actionable steps need to be performed in the context of promoting evidence-based applications of family history that will be essential for implementing personalized genomic healthcare approaches and disease prevention efforts. Clinical Relevance Family health history is one of the most important tools for identifying the risk of developing rare and chronic conditions, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes, and represents an integration of disease risk from genetic, environmental, and behavioral/lifestyle factors. In fact, family history has long been recognized as a strong independent risk factor for disease and is the current best practice used in clinical practice to guide risk assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first part of this paper reports a comparative study of the document classifications produced by the use of the single linkage, complete linkage, group average, and Ward clustering methods. Studies of cluster membership and of the effectiveness of cluster searches support previous findings that suggest that the single linkage classifications are rather different from those produced by the other three methods. These latter methods all produce large numbers of small clusters containing just pairs of documents. This finding motivates the work reported in the second part of the paper, which considers the use of clusters consisting of a document together with that document with which it is most similar. A comparison of the use of such clusters with conventional best match searches using seven document test collections suggests that the two types of search are of comparable effectiveness, but they retrieve noticeably different sets of relevant documents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a new generalized model for information transfer that has at its heart a machine- readable record. The model points out how the core machine-readable record makes possible interfacing computer typesetting with advanced information technology, the interfacing of primary with secondary publications, and the interfacing of data with document information systems. The model also illustrates how modular information transfer systems can be incrementally enlarged. IMPRINT (IMbricated PRogram for INformation Transfer) is one system based on this modular imbricated (overlapping) model. Some of the modules in IMPRINT, which have been developed by Cognitive Systems Incorporated, are described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on reference tools related to documentation. The second edition of the Bureau of Ships "Thesaurus of Descriptive Terms and Code Book," developed for use in conjunction with Project SHARP, contains approximately 4,600 main terms, an increase of nearly 100 new terms. The books and papers listed in the bibliography "An Annotated Bibliography of Publications on Dependency Theory" have in common a concern with the notion that syntax is best described by specifying word-to-word connections, generally called "de pendencies," rather than by segmentations of sentences.

The scale of activity in Information Science and Retrieval, unique in the twentieth century, is plotted by surveying three areas of impingement between professional people and information systems. The first testimony cites the momentum in a major scientific society with respect to the reorganization and automation of publication and retrieval. The second projects the state of the art in the time-sharing of computer programs and files to the degree that the exchange of information is becoming a completely economic and critical tool for education, with man-machine interfaces provided for students and professors alike. The third deals with the rapid progress in the realization of man-interface conversation in nearly natural English format, made possible by sophisticated programs and hardware. The prognostication of the impact of these increasing capabilities on the deepest concerns and activities of mankind is sketched. The immediate availability throughout the world of all information files will engender continual review and evaluation in the scientific spirit that welcomes reexamination of any data without fear. In liberal education, there must be a responsibility to prepare minds for this regimen in the world of scholarship of the 1970's, but there must be a concomitant exhilaration of the young human spirit in the seeking of the total view and of a value system for the individuality in the universe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a bibliography of several publications related to the field of documentation. "Augmenting Human Intellect: A Conceptual Framework," by D.C. Engelbart is an initial summary report of a project which takes a new and systematic approach to improving the intellectual effectiveness of the individual human being. The publication "Agricultural Documentation: The Responsibilities of Libraries & Information Services" is a report of seven papers and a summary presented at a seminar arranged by the European Productivity Agency, during April 20-23, 1960. "Information Systems Workshop. The Designer's Responsibility and His Methodology" is a collection of 12 papers based on a conference sponsored by the American Documentation Institute and the University of California, at Los Angeles during May 29 to June 1, 1962.

This report describes a prototype information system being developed by the IBM Advanced Systems Development Division for the Central Intelligence Agency. Using conventional 35-millimeter film and IBM Descriptor Cards or Paper Tape as input, the system houses both the index and abstracts of documents as well as micro-images of the documents themselves. There are no plans to market this particular system commercially. Out of this effort, however, technology will emerge that will no doubt influence the design and fabrication of future IR Systems [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on several research papers which provide information related to documentation. Papers include: Sources of Chemical Marketing Research Data, by R.S. Aries; Catalogue des sources de documentation juridique dans la monde; Guide to the Literature of the Medical Sciences for Use in Connexion with Library Service 200B, by Thomas P. Fleming; Current Sources of Information for Market Research: a Selected and Annotated Bibliography, compiled by N.D. Frank; Sources of Information; and Synchronistic Table of Selected Journals in the Oak Ridge National Laboratory Libraries 1880-1950, by H.H. Mason.

Aim: The aim of this study was to gain insight into nurses' perspectives on the shift‐to‐shift handover in relation to providing Person‐centred care (PCC) in nursing homes. Background: PCC is perceived as the gold standard for nursing home care. To preserve the continuity of PCC, an adequate handover during the nurses' shift change is essential. There is, however, little empirical evidence for what constitutes best shift‐to‐shift nursing handover practices in nursing homes. Design: An exploratory qualitative descriptive study. Methods: Nine nurses were selected purposively and through snowball sampling from five Dutch nursing homes. Semi‐structured face‐to‐face and telephone interviews were conducted. Analysis relied on Braun and Clarke's thematic analysis. Results: Four main themes were identified related to enabling PCC informed handovers: (1) knowing the resident to be enable to provide PCC was key, (2) the actual handover, (3) additional ways of information transfer and (4) nurses' knowledge of the resident prior to start shift. Conclusion: The shift‐to‐shift handover is one way that nurses become informed about residents. Knowing the resident is essential to enable PCC. The fundamental underlying question is to what extent nurses have to know the resident in order to enable PCC. Once that level of detail has been established, in‐depth research is needed to determine the best method for conveying this information to all nurses. Only then can we start to rethink the role of the shift‐to‐shift handover in conveying PCC‐driven information. No Patient or Public Contribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides an overview of the design requirements for transparent information retrieval. The term "transparent information retrieval" implies that the user sees through the complexity of the sequence of retrieval activities. In a transparent system the user would supply to a retrieval system a query or problem for which the answer resides in stored information/data, he would then retrieve the information/data that contains the answer-or upon which the answer is based-without seeing the complexity of the intervening transactions that take place between the posing of the query and the provision of the final results. While the likelihood of developing a total transparent system for world knowledge is extremely remote, many partial solutions can be, and are being, developed under the names of front ends, interfaces, intermediaries, and gateways. These are aids that partially meet the need for transparent systems. This article discusses the need for transparent information retrieval systems and the history of research that has been directed toward meeting the need. As the term information is used in this paper it refers to information in all forms-numeric data, pictorial information, as well as textual or word-oriented information. A taxonomy of the functions involved in information retrieval is provided, together with an indication of what needs to be automated and how it can be, has been, or is being done. The functions are classified into four major groups-automated converters, routers, selectors, and evaluators!analyzers. Also discussed are issues that have an impact on the development and implementation of automated retrieval functions: transparency aids, centralization vs. decentralization, privacy and need to know, the position of players in the database-use chain and the implications for control, and vertical and horizontal gateways. The final section treats new technologies, such as CD-ROM, and the possible effect they may have on transparency aids such as gateways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents brief communication about research papers on information science. The first paper provides a checklist for information environment and the factors which must be considered in comparing information systems. Another paper highlights the technique for monitoring user behavior in any online indexing or retrieval system. According to the paper, it has long been useful for system designers to monitor user behavior automatically by retaining transcripts or user/system dialogs and also compiling statistics.

The article presents a collection of bibliographical notes on and abstracts of books and articles pertaining to various aspects of the organization of information is the sixth installment of the bibliography compiled cooperatively by the Committee on Organization of Information of the American Documentation Institute. "Abstracts of Corrosion Literature" published in the April 1951 issue of "Science," will be printed by the National Association of Corrosion Engineers on punch cards to reduce time needed to search literature for information. "The Association of Research Libraries Committee on National Needs," an article from the Library of Congress Information Bulletin, provides information on the committee, which was established recently to consider the adequacy of national resources of research materials in terms of the content, growth, organization and bibliographical control of library collections as those collections may be called upon to serve critical national needs in the present and in the future.

This paper concerns problems of redundancy and inaccuracy in the indexing of technical information, illustroted by the coordinate indexing scheme employed in the NASA lnformation System. A proposal is made for the elimination of `panacea' or "catch- all" terms, and a rule for uniform grammatical negation is given. The effects of synonyms, antonyms, and negations on the overall efficiency of the information system are illustrated. Merits are discussed and rules are given for indexing under acronyms whenever possible. Finally, the concept of a "pictorial thesaurus" is proposed to exhibit hierarchy and connectivity of terms as an aid to indexing and retrieving of information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a list of research papers describing characteristics of information resources. The report "Characteristics of Scientific Journals, 1949-1959: Report of a Survey Conducted by the Office of Science Information Service," of a survey on the characteristics of scientific journals, Nat'l Science Foundation, represents an attempt to collect certain pertinent data on the primary research journals of the United States. The report "A Model Information Retrieval Network for Government, Science and Industry: A Proposed Basic Configuration for a National System of Interlinking Information Retrieval Networks," describes the technical, organizational and financial aspects of a model Information Retrieval Network which could be made operational at the present time.

The article focuses on the contributions toward a bibliography of documentation have been prepared by the Committee on Bibliography. An experimental model of an electronic hardcopy output system for use with the other elements of a mechanized library system has been designed and constructed under contract between the Council on Library Resources, Inc. and the Avco Corp. Earlier reports have covered the design and construction of an information system consisting of a camera making high resolution microphotographic reproductions of original documents on a memory plane.

The problems of keeping abreast of currently published knowledge, and of locating previously published material of current interest harass industrialists, lawyers, military planners, scientists, and engineers. In recognition of the mounting quantity and increasing complexity of the literature of metallurgy, the American Society for Metals initiated, in January 1960, a mechanized searching service which is based on the positive results obtained in an experimental and pilot program conducted during the years 1955-1959. This new service offered by the American Society for Metals employs machine searching, in response to inquiries, of the core metallurgical literature published thoughout the world. The analysis, encoding, and machine searching of the metallurgical literature is conducted by the Center for Documentation and Communication Research at Western Reserve University under contract with the American Society for Metals. In order to ensure a more complete mechanized literature searching service, application was made to the National Science Foundation for a grant, for a two and one-half year period, which would augment substantially the subject areas included in the new service, and would permit the analysis and encoding of unpublished reports, in addition to literature published in the established periodicals. The National Science Foundation has provided funds for the first year of this expanded program, renewable through the two and one-half year period believed to be necessary to establish the service on a financially self-supporting basis. Two principal types of services are being offered by the American Society for Metals at the present stage of the program: (1) Current awareness searches, the results of which are transmitted to the subscribers every two weeks, providing prompt, current information on specific problems, in the form of pertinent abstracts. (2) Copies of encoded tapes of the year's literature, which may be purchased by those who wish to conduct searches with their own equipment. As a considerable quantity of encoded material is accumulated, a third service will be offered: Retrospective (bibliographic) searches conducted on demand for the total, or any portion, of the "machine library." An ad hoc committee is being appointed by the National Academy of Sciences -- National Research Council to participate in further planning of the test program, and in evaluating the results during the planned period of financial assistance to be given by the National Science Foundation. A committee of the American Society for Metals has been active for a number of years in discharging similar responsibilities on behalf of the Society. This first paper in the series describes the background, plans, initial stages, and problems of the operational mechanized searching service in metallurgy and allied subject fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This section presents a bibliography of papers on finance, accounting, and taxation published in 1965.

This section presents a bibliography of papers on industrial relations published in 1965.

This section presents a bibliography of papers on international business published in 1965.

This article presents information on the National Chemical Information System. Many witnesses of the chemical information scene agree that the Information System is doomed to a short life if the hard copy of all the literature must be stored in a geographically single, monolithic structure. The proposal that follows is an alternative. There should be a minimum of centralization of the document collections. The current university collections, supplemented by the Center for Research Libraries, the CAS library, and others, should be used.

This section presents a bibliography of papers on transportation and marine insurance published in 1965.

The article provides information for the contributors of the journal. It says that manuscripts should be doubled-spaced throughout with notes gathered at the end in the format found in any recent issue. To facilitate blind review, the contributor should remove author-identifying information from the text and notes and place them on a separate page. It says that the manuscripts will be sent to papa@princeton.edu by electronic mail attachments and one printed copy should be sent by mail. Furthermore, it states that the editors of the manuscripts should not consider any work that is under simultaneous consideration for publication elsewhere in any form.

Policy PointsPatients and families can identify clinically relevant errors, including "blindspots"—safety hazards that are difficult for clinicians or organizations to see.Health information transparency, including patient access to electronic visit notes, now federally mandated in the US and the subject of policy debate worldwide, creates a new opportunity to engage patients in diagnostic safety. However, not all patients access notes.Patient identification of blindspots in their notes underscores the need to systematically and equitably engage willing patients in safety, promote patient "good catches," and establish routine systems for patient feedback to help avoid preventable diagnostic errors and delays. Context: Policy shifts toward health information transparency provide a new opportunity for patients to contribute to diagnostic safety. We investigated whether sharing clinical notes with patients can support identification of "diagnostic safety blindspots"—potentially consequential breakdowns in the diagnostic process that may be difficult for clinical staff to observe. Method: We used mixed methods to analyze patient‐reported ambulatory documentation errors among 22,889 patients at three US health care centers who read ≥ 1 visit note(s). We identified blindspots by tailoring a previously established taxonomy. We used multiple regression analysis to identify factors associated with blindspot identification. Findings: 774 patients reported a total of 962 blindspots in 4 categories: (1) diagnostic misalignments (n = 421, 43.8%), including inaccurate symptoms or histories and failures or delay in diagnosis; (2) errors of omission (38.1%) including missed main concerns or next steps, and failure to listen to patients; (3) problems occurring outside visits (14.3%) such as tests, referrals, or appointment access; and (4) multiple low‐level problems (3.7%) cascading into diagnostic breakdowns. Many patients acted on the blindspots they identified, resulting in "good catches" that may prevent potential negative consequences. Older, female, sicker, unemployed or disabled patients, or those who work in health care were more likely to identify a blindspot. Individuals reporting less formal education; those self‐identifying as Black, Asian, other, or multiple races; and participants who deferred decision‐making to providers were less likely to report a blindspot. Conclusion: Patients who read notes have unique insight about potential errors in their medical records that could impact diagnostic reasoning but may not be known to clinicians—underscoring a critical role for patients in diagnostic safety and organizational learning. From a policy standpoint, organizations should encourage patient review of visit notes, build systems to track patient‐reported blindspots, and promote equity in note access and blindspot reporting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides information on Auxiliary Publication, which is now an accepted and useful adjunct to scientific and scholarly publishing. Auxiliary Publication was inaugurated under the auspices of Science Service as a part of the American Documentation Institute's Documentation Division. The plan was set forth in communications to journals on January 20, 1936, and shortly thereafter documents were received for deposit, the first document being 1001. Since its inauguration there have been 2, 148 documents deposited through April 30, 1951. The fact that a document is not ordered or is ordered only a small number of times is a compliment to the judgment of the cooperating editor and an assurance to the editor that by utilizing Auxiliary Publication and saving the cost of complete publication of the document in his journal, he is conserving the resources of scientific and scholarly publishing without dangering the free flow of scientific or scholarly information.

The article focuses on issues related to the use of documents. Author L.H. Mantell has provided reasonable and justifiable estimates of the amount of technical papers being produced. It would appear, from these estimates, that many people have been crying wolf. The information explosion is seen to be a rather small bang. The information specialists job is to match users to documents and vice versa. In a linearly organized file on a serial access machine or in most SDI systems all of the interactions between documents and users must be examined.

This article presents information related to the next special topic for the issue of the "Journal of the American Society for Information Science & Technology," (JASIST) that is scheduled to come out in early 2007. The topic is "Mining Web Resources for Enhancing Information Retrieval." The guest editors for this special issue will be Wai Lam and Christopher C. Yang. The amount of information on the Web has been expanding at an enormous pace. There are a variety of Web documents in different genres such as news, reports, reviews and so on. Traditionally, the information displayed on Web sites has been static. Recently, there are many Web sites offering content that is dynamically generated and frequently updated. It is also common for Web sites to contain information in different languages since many countries adopt more than one language. Moreover, content may exist in multimedia formats including text, images, video and audio. Although the Web contains a rich amount of valuable resources, raw Web pages are mainly designed for supporting information browsing. Intelligent text mining techniques have recently been applied to the Web environment to harvest or generate novel patterns or knowledge that can be useful in different information seeking situations.

Makerspaces are places for construction and creative expression using tools such as 3D printers, laser cutters, and sewing machines. In this study, we investigate how makers obtain information for their makerspace projects. The study focuses on four sources of information: people, documents, experimentation, and prior knowledge. On the basis of interviews with 13 makers, we analyze their use of these information sources in relation to different knowledge areas, creative‐process stages, and relevance criteria. Our main findings are that (a) experimentation is a prime source of information, (b) ease and pleasure are the dominant relevance criteria, (c) process and situation receive little attention, and (d) information sources vary across process stages. Specifically, experimentation is the dominant information source during the construction stage. In addition, the relevance criteria show that the makers turn to people because it is pleasurable, to documents because it is easy, and to experimentation because it results in quality products. These results emphasize the importance of experimentation and suggest that it warrants closer attention in studies of the information behavior of makers and, more broadly, creative professionals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A class of graduate students who were assigned the task of compiling bibliographies on research topics was divided into two groups. The first received help in the form of online bibliographic searches conducted by one of the authors. The second group received help for an equivalent amount of time with conventional use of standard bibliographic tools. The online group spent less time on searching, but few felt that the search techniques helped to facilitate knowledge. We raise the question of who will benefit most from online bibliographic searches, under what conditions, and what important difference it will make to them. It seems that it may not greatly affect the scholarship or productivity of most students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information about the paper "Bibliographical Documentation and Library Journals," that appeared in the November-December 1954 issue of the "Unesco Bulletin for Libraries." A list and description of journals published throughout the world that contain information on new developments and planning in the fields of bibliography and librarianship.

The article reports that over 80 per cent of all the technical reports issued by the various U.S. bureaus, offices, and laboratories engaged in government-supported research related to national defense come under the bibliographic control of four information agencies. These are the technical information services of the Atomic Energy Commission and the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics and the two Department of Defense information centers, the Central Air Documents Office and the Navy Research Section of the Library of Congress.

The article puts forward some points related to high-speed selection of information. The fallacy of confusing part of an operation with the whole operation is chronic and prevalent in discussions of mechanical devices. The "whole operation" starts with a more or less specific query in mind, to assemble from documentary sources the information necessary to answer that query. The first step to be taken is to name the subject of enquiry--a step which may not be so easy nor so automatic as is sometimes assumed. Having named a subject, the next step is to locate that name in an index. This second step may bring the information directly to the user. The next step is to search a second series of headings with this code number, which in this particular case is of course a page number. By this process a user can at last arrive at the terminus, the documentary authority from which the whole series takes its content and meaning.

The article presents various bibliographical notes and articles published in periodicals, related to documentation. The article, "Aids for Science: Information for Industry," published in the journal New Zealand Engineering in 1948, focuses on scientists who commence an investigation task which faces them by no means confined to hours of patient experiment at the bench or in the field. It is suggested that literature must be searched, vital reference works obtained, contact made with other workers in the same field, and when results have been accumulated, these have to be written up for publication. Another article, "Information Service As an Essential in the Progress of Science," by J.D. Bernal, discusses the aims that the modern information service should set for itself.

Twenty-six science and technology and chemistry libraries kept a record of unanswered science and technology reference questions received during a 1-month period. The 47 questions collected are listed and reasons why they were not answered are given. Unanswered questions and types of questions that are difficult or impossible to answer were collected to determine what improvements in the science and technology bibliographic apparatus appear desirable. In view of the small number of unanswered questions collected in this study, other techniques for determining desirable improvements in the bibliographic apparatus are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reports on mathematical theories of relevance with respect to the problems of indexing. A distinction is made between document retrieval systems and "fact retrieval" systems, and it is stipulated that for the former the index terms should be the names of the topics dealt with by the documents in the system collection. Emphasizing the importance of graphic techniques for information exchange in general, and for documentation in particular, the author of this article describes the preparation of terminology charts for a keyword thesaurus of documentation terms, and the use of arrowgraphs in the Euratom Thesaurus of nuclear energy.

The article presents a list of reports and documents related to documentation. Some of the reports included in the list are: "Mathematical Theories of Relevance with Respect to the Problems of Indexing," Report no. 1, "The Formal Basis of Relevance Judgements;" "The Information Explosion and the Science of Language;" "Computer Programming Techniques for Intelligence Analyst Application;" "Information Science Seminars;" "Probability and the Library Problem;" and , "Information Systems for City Management."