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This paper draws on ethnographic material to analyse how unemployed youth create work in the private educational sector. It shows how a set of educated young men, who moved from rural areas to a north Indian city to find work, are seeking to create jobs after an extended period of unemployment. Having attended coaching clinics and private tuition centres to prepare for white‐collar jobs, they draw on the experience, knowledge, and skills they have gained to create work in those same institutions. They do so by running errands and creating services for institutions, as well as undertaking administrative duties and teaching classes. Our main argument is that young men creatively engage with notions of enterprise to make an income and acquire a measure of respect. Studies of enterprise culture and neoliberal subjectivity formation often emphasise how individuals shore up their own value by competing with others and promoting their own interests. But we highlight how youth also maintain their value by making sense of their strategies in terms of assisting other young people. At the same time, however, their practises work to reproduce gender norms and class inequalities. This paper draws on ethnographic material to analyse how unemployed youth create work in the private educational sector in north India. Our main argument is that young men creatively engage with notions of enterprise to make an income and acquire a measure of respect. Studies of enterprise culture and neoliberal subjectivity formation often emphasise how individuals shore up their own value by competing with others and promoting their own interests, but we highlight how youth also maintain their value by making sense of their strategies in terms of assisting other young people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The linear economy model is being transformed into a circular model to positively impact the environment, society, business, and sustainable development goals. However, emerging economies such as India face many significant roadblocks adapting to a circular model. Therefore, this study attempts first to assess and visualize the roadblocks in circular economy adoption in Indian micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSME) and then identify and evaluate the solutions to overcome these roadblocks. This paper explores 31 critical roadblocks and proposes 14 solutions in the pathway of circular economy through extant literature and expert inputs. Graph theory matrix approach (GTMA) is applied to calculate the comprehensive circular economy roadblock index. This value signifies the intensity of roadblocks taken altogether in an industry under consideration. Furthermore, fuzzy stepwise weight assessment ratio analysis (fuzzy‐SWARA) is used to compute the weights of individual roadblocks. After that, fuzzy‐weighted aggregated sum product assessment (fuzzy‐WASPAS) is used to rank the identified solutions and efficiently implement a circular economy. Finally, the research presents sensitivity analysis and the theoretical and managerial implications of the findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strategically managing workforce diversity is a value-adding HR function that enhances organizational performance. Managing diversity is a complex and unique HR issue in India due to its religious and cultural diversity and the use of legislation by the Indian state to tackle societal inequities and complexities. This paper contributes to existing knowledge on diversity management and strategic HRM in the Indian context through an in-depth case study of 24 firms of different ownership forms in a number of industries in India. The main method of data collection was semi-structured interviews with 110 managers at various levels and 102 non-managerial employees. Each interview was conducted individually. This paper takes the U.S.-originated concept of diversity management in the HRM context as a starting point. It uses this as a guide to investigate how the concept is understood and operationalized in several leading business organizations across different ownership forms and industrial sectors in India. Results reveal the differences between Western MNCs and Eastern firms as well as the varying views of Indian managers and employees on issues related to diversity management. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowledge management (KM) research has focused more on large firms. Lately, there is increasing realization of need and significance of KM for sustainable competitiveness for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Potential competitive advantage of KM may be more profound in a small firm. Information Technology (IT) has a crucial role in KM. IT is the facilitator, the enabler. The IT requirements of SMEs are different from that of big firms. Most of the research on role of IT in KM has focused on big firms. The purpose of this research paper is to look at IT for KM in SMEs particularly, in Indian context. The paper consists of five sections of introduction, literature review, research methodology, research findings and conclusion. IT tools are more in use in international auto components manufacturers (ACMs) as compared to Indian ACMs. The major problems faced by ACM vary among international and Indian ACMs. Internet is used by every organization under study followed by intranet. IT has just grown over time in the organizations under study. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India is increasingly becoming a destination for organizations seeking to remain profitable in an intensely competitive international environment. This paper intermeshes the ancient Eastern Guru–Shishya or revered teacher-pupil process with communities of practice to radiate knowledge in organizations. This Eastern process, based on evidence from three labour intensive organizations in India, is described and analysed, along with the results. The paper contributes to knowledge and process management in organizations by tapping into ancient values as the source for embedding both knowledge sharing and knowledge production. In addition, this paper adds to the managerial discourse on developing countries, and is particularly useful for organizations wishing to engage with, or already doing business in India. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper estimates the effects of group incentives on productivity, pay and employment in a large unionized firm in India. Using plant-level monthly time-series data from the payroll office for the period 1985–95, and controlling for both (plant) fixed effects and (contract) time effects, the paper provides econometric evidence on the effectiveness of both the level and intensity of incentive pay on the outcome measures. In addition, the relative performance of two types of group incentives defined on the basis of group size is also analysed. The results generally confirm predictions from theory that productivity returns to incentives are non-linear and concave in shape and that the effectiveness of incentives is decreasing in group size. It is argued that the latter is most likely due to the lessening of the free-rider problem and the increased effectiveness of peer monitoring associated with smaller groups. The results also point to a negative relationship between the level of incentives and employment over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper compares the performance of India and China in attracting foreign direct investment (FDI). China ranks number one as the world's preferred foreign investment destination. FDI statistics suggest that India's performance has been significantly understated but India still lags absolutely for several reasons. These include a high tariff regime, poor physical infrastructure, a regulatory system that is too often not business friendly and a policy of reservation of many potentially export-oriented sectors for small businesses. The paper concludes that further liberalization of India's FDI regime is likely to be driven by external pressures and state-level initiatives. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reservation of goods to be produced in the micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSME) sector, in the early years after India's independence, addressed the dual needs of development of the industrial sector and production of goods. However, these industrial policies created an incentive for firms to remain small so that they can continue to avail of the benefits provided by the Government. On the positive side, the MSMEs typically employ more labor intensive production processes and consequently contribute significantly to the provision of employment opportunities, generation of income, and poverty reduction. But, on the negative side, the policies have also partly facilitated the creation of a divide in terms of productivity between the MSMEs and large sized firms. In particular the policy raises important questions for a firm auctioning supply contracts among suppliers with a significant cost differential. In this paper we propose an idea to allocate supply contracts wherein a manufacturing firm partitions the stochastic demand into mutually exclusive portions and awards each portion to a different supplier. We characterize such an optimal procurement mechanism when there are two types of suppliers and an arbitrary number of demand portions. We show that the optimal procurement may require the manufacturer to intentionally withhold some demand portion, and this arises when one type of supplier is considerably inefficient in serving a demand portion. We extend our analysis to the cases with multiple types with two suppliers and two types with multiple suppliers. The optimal partition is composed of at most six contiguous demand portions, and it may include a detrimental demand portion that only generates a negative expected payoff to both supplier types. Our demand partitioning mechanism leads to a strictly higher manufacturer's expected payoff than the conventional winner‐take‐all case unless one supplier type completely dominates the other. We present numerical experiments that indicate when such a mechanism holds the greatest advantage for the buyer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emerging countries are using privatization as a key strategy in their drive to become free market economies. Although these ownership changes are rapidly gaining prominence, the academic literature has been equivocal about the performance benefits of private vs. state ownership. The lack of clarity in findings can be largely traced to the underspecification of the models that prior studies have examined. Specifically, prior studies have mostly ignored the central role of competitive rivalry. This paper proposes a model that centers around the interactive, inseparable effects of ownership and competitive rivalry on firm performance. Results of the empirical examination set in India show that competitive intensity moderates the relationship between ownership and performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been shown that corruption has a negative effect on firm growth, but what about its impact on product innovation? I find that corruption, functioning as a bribe tax, diminishes the probability of new products being introduced. I use a World Bank Enterprise Survey conducted in India in 2005, with 1,600 firms answering both whether they introduced a new product to the firm, and whether and how much was paid in bribes. Controlling for innovation determinants and firm characteristics, sector-state bribery averages have a negative and significant impact on product innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trade accounts for a significant number of enterprises and contributes a large part to total employment and gross domestic product (GDP) in most developing countries. In India, trade now accounts for 38 percent of all enterprises and contributes about 14 percent to GDP. In real terms, gross value added in trade has been growing at around 8 percent per annum since 1999-2000, indicating that the trade industry is one of the key drivers of GDP growth in India. Since the retail trade industry in India is predominantly run by unincorporated enterprises, measuring the output of this industry and its contribution to the GDP is difficult. The problem is compounded by the fact that at present the periodic enterprises sample surveys carried out in India on the 'unorganized' sector do not cover trade. This paper explains how India has approached the problem of measuring the gross value added of the retail trade sector by an indirect method involving what is here described as a 'labor input method' and a benchmark-indicator approach using a special trade index. The paper also briefly reviews country practices in measuring the output of retail trade and presents the advantages and disadvantages of India's approach, particularly in the context of achieving GDP exhaustiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent spate of large cross-border acquisitions – for example, Tata Steel–Corus, Hindalco–Novelis, and Tata Motors–Jaguar/Land Rover – and greenfield investments by Indian companies have helped in focusing attention on the emergence of new corporate players on the global scene. India's emergence as a source of foreign direct investment outflows is impressive for its level of development. It is argued that the destinations, sectoral composition, motivations, and entry strategies of Indian investments have been changing with magnitudes. This paper examines the sources of Indian companies’ ownership advantages and trends, patterns, and implications. It has been argued that the source of their ownership or competitive advantage lies in their accumulation of skills for managing large multilocation operations across diverse cultures in India and in their ability to deliver value for money with their “frugal engineering skills” honed up while catering to the larger part of income pyramid in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to report on the existing corporate training and development (T&D) policies and practices in India and Britain. The data were collected from written questionnaires mailed to 252 Indian and 174 British companies. The results and discussions are based on the most prominent comparative and international dimensions of T&D such as key responsibility for T&D function, corporate commitment to T&D, major drivers and key result areas of T&D; purposes, levels, instruments, timing, and designs of evaluation; major perceived deficiencies and challenges of T&D function. The two-country comparisons revealed that while some of the findings related to corporate T&D policies and practices exhibited differences, others also reflected similarity. Compared with India, more training is done in Britain, more movement to delegating responsibilities or involving line managers in T&D in Britain, there seems also to be more focus on and involvement of individual employees in Britain. British organisations seem to be more concerned with business results from T&D. It may also be argued that the greater importance attached to business results brings about a growing involvement of employees and managers as opposed to HRD practitioners and that it is the greater movement in this direction in Britain compared with India that accounts for most if not all of the differences in the results of the two surveys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines whether India's recent economic liberalization policies have led to a shift away from the relatively R&D intensive new product enterprises (NPEs) and towards old product enterprises (OPEs). The former type of enterprises had begun production under the earlier protectionist regime and there has been concern whether they will do well under the more competitive liberalized environment. Empirical tests, covering two 6-year periods, 1985–90 and 1991–96, found only limited evidence that the growth in the number of the NPEs had been relatively lower in the post liberalisation period, compared to that of the OPEs. However the NPEs' contribution to the growth of industry output had not decreased in that period. Overall there has been no adverse effect on the NPEs. These results may well be showing that any unfavourable influence of trade liberalisation on the NPEs has been offset by the liberalisation of the imports of technology and also the de-licensing policy. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper extends the literature on finance and investment by examining the source of finance constraints on the firm's investment decisions. Using a panel of 714 Indian manufacturing firms for the period 1993–98, we find that the degree of ‘finance constraint’ differs significantly across external suppliers of funds with investments being most sensitive to borrowings from development finance institutions (DFIs) and considerably less sensitive to funds from capital markets and commercial banks. Capital markets and commercial banks seem to use outward orientation as a signal of the firm's ability to succeed whereas DFIs do not seem to have adopted such a criterion. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the key factors, which offer to explain the demand for credit in the micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in India. The study uses survey data of five industries such as apparel, footwear, textile, sports goods, and furniture with sample size 320 firms based on purposive sampling techniques. The probit regression model analyzed the factors of the demand for credit by MSMEs and found that exports and government scheme have positive impact on demand for credits, whereas high interest rate, high collateral rate, unfavorable terms, and conditions of bank loans and lengthy and intricate process in applying for bank loans have negative impact on the demand for credit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the impact of intangible capital, including human capital and organisational capabilities on productivity, using India as an illustrative example. The research breaks new ground in creating measures of intangible capital at a micro level. Measures of tangible and intangible capital are used to estimate a ‘new economy’ production function with panel data. Generalised method of moments techniques are used to account for unobserved firm heterogeneity and endogenous explanatory variables. The results indicate that intangible assets have a major impact on software sector output. This has important implications for public policy and corporate strategy towards the information technology industry, including for Australia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Small, informal enterprises play an important role in shaping the growth of a developing economy undergoing a process of structural reforms. The informal sector as defined in the resolution of the 15th International Conference of Labour Statisticians (ICLS), January 1993, consists of unincorporated household enterprises which differ from formal enterprises in terms of technology, economies of scale, use of labor intensive processes, and virtual absence of well maintained accounts. Although the informal sector has been characterized as above, no clear-cut operational definition of informal sector is available for the purpose of data collection. In India and in other developing countries in Asia and the Pacific, however, the 'unorganized' segment of the economy closely approximates the ICLS concept of the informal sector. The unorganized segment is labor intensive and provides employment to a sizable section of the population. This paper examines the problems of measuring the unorganized sector and explains the approach taken by the Indian Central Statistical Office. The size of the informal sector is examined in terms of the employment it generates and its contribution to value added. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we examine the differences in the measures of: (i) profits of an enterprise obtained from a detailed set of questions on incomes and expenses of the enterprise, versus profits obtained through a single direct question; and (ii) gross value added (GVA) obtained using the production approach as the difference between output and intermediate consumption from a detailed set of questions on incomes and expenses, versus GVA using the income approach by asking a few questions on factor incomes, and a single direct question on profits. We use data from the 56th round survey of unorganized manufacturing conducted by the National Sample Survey Organization of India during the period July 2000-June 2001. We also examine if the differences vary with the characteristics of the enterprises, and suggest further empirical research to develop suitable tools for providing accurate measurements of informal sector enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reports the results of an empirical investigation of the extent of voluntary disclosure by 38 listed banking companies in India. It also reports the results of the association between company specific characteristics and voluntary disclosure of the sample companies. The study reveals that Indian banks are disclosing a considerable amount of voluntary information. The findings also indicate that size and assets-in-place are significant and other variables such as age, diversification, board composition, multiple exchange listing and complexity of business are insignificant in explaining the level of disclosure. However, this paper has contributed to the academic literature that financial institutions provide voluntary corporate information including social information as discharging their social responsibility and corporate citizenship. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents an abstract of the study "Analysing Organizational Performance in Village Co-Operatives," by Dehi Prasad Mishra and Tushaar Shah.

Pledging of personally held common stock is widespread in India, where pledging often serves as lender collateral for large shareholder and promoter personal debt acquisitions. This practice is exacerbated by high ownership concentrations in India, as promoters, often firm founders, control, on average, 51% of their firms' equity. We examine promoter stock pledging impacts on stock volatility, capital investment decisions, and firm performance, using a sample of 1,452 Indian firms. We find that pledging relatively large proportions of outstanding shares and substantial proportions of shares held by promoters exacerbates stock volatility, fosters lower risk capital investments, adversely affects firm values, and impedes longer‐term performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diversified business groups dominate the private sectors of most of the world's economies. Several of these economies have undergone sudden policy changes that significantly increase domestic competitive intensity. We demonstrate how the changes in corporate scope that accompany such ‘competitive shocks’ can be used to weigh the importance of different explanations for the existence of diversified business groups. We illustrate our reasoning by studying the restructuring of two of India's largest business groups following a comprehensive post-1991 package of policy reforms. The case studies also elucidate aspects of the restructuring process that should inform larger-sample empirical analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the exporting behavior and the performance of firms in the Indian industry. Details on the profitibility of firms studied; Methodology used to conduct the study on 600 firms. Results of the study.

The article presents a case to measure labor productivity by considering some examples from Indian nitrogen fertilizer manufacture. In a manpower planning exercise carried out with reference to the Indian nitrogen fertilizer industry, a cross-sectional comparison of average productivity of labor (APL) is used by enterprise in the year 1965-66 as a basis for forecasting the future size of the labor force. As a wealth of data got accumulated it became obvious how many economic, statistical and technological snares had to be circumvented in order to make a significant comparison possible. Since the alternative measures of APL can all be quantified with great accuracy in this case, it was felt that the large differentials between them--and therefore the dangers inherent in using an unsophisticated measure--were of interest to a much wider circle than Indian industrial planners. The article presents the results of this exercise. There are six enterprises in this study: FACT, Sindri, Nangal, Ennore, Trombay and Neyveli. Between them they made up 82.6 per cent of nitrogen nutrient manufacturing capacity in India in 1966.

This study explores role of innovative capabilities in determining a manufacturing firm's response to stakeholder pressure for adopting sustainable practices. Drawing on the theory of conservatism, we delineate that the firm's response is idiosyncratic and undergirded in the nature of its innovative capabilities. Our empirical investigation reveals that the response to the stakeholder pressure is mediated by the nature of the firm's innovative capabilities. Indian manufacturing firms are identified as unit of analysis for this study. The individual manufacturing facilities implement the environmental practices. The findings suggest that the manufacturing firm's exposure to exploitative/exploratory innovative capabilities triggers sustainable behaviours with ephemeral focus and enduring focus. Further, the exploratory/exploitative innovation is capable of explaining idiosyncratic behaviour for the firms' sustainability practices adoption. The findings delineate, with analysis, that unlike China, regulatory stakeholder pressures in India inhibit the adoption of sustainable practices with enduring focus in manufacturing firms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I look at the impact of trade liberalization on sales growth volatility of firms. Exploiting India's externally imposed trade reform to identify trade liberalization effects, I find that while a fall in the tariff on the final product produced by the firm is associated with an increase in volatility in Indian manufacturing firms, a fall in the tariff on intermediate inputs is associated with a decrease in volatility, with the latter effect dominating the former. I hence propose an additional channel for gains from trade liberalization to the ones documented in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By drawing a theoretical distinction between the persistence of superior and poor performance, we reconcile the conflicting predictions of the 'revisionist' and accepted views on the persistence of firm performance in emerging economies. Using a sample of manufacturing firms in the United States and India, we show that superior firm performance in emerging economies persists only as much as developed economies in line with the revisionist argument. We also provide evidence consistent with the accepted view that poor firm performance persists longer in emerging economies compared to developed economies. Further exploration of the latter shows that, contrary to predictions of extant theories, firms in emerging economies that are affiliated with an MNC or a business group have a greater persistence of poor performance than firms that are unaffiliated with these intermediate governance structures, and hence would be better off operating at arm's length. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most privatization programs begin with a period of partial privatization in which only non-controlling shares of firms are sold on the stock market. Since management control is not transferred to private owners it is widely contended that partial privatization has little impact. This perspective ignores the role that the stock market can play in monitoring and rewarding managerial performance even when the government remains the controlling owner. Using data on Indian state-owned enterprises we find that partial privatization has a positive impact on profitability, productivity, and investment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Private foreign capital, whose presence in Indian industry was long regarded with concern and suspicion, is now presented as a panacea for India's poor industrial and export performance. This paper examines available evidence to compare the behaviour and performance of domestic and foreign-controlled firms in India over the last five decades. It discusses the contribution of foreign capital to aggregate investment, balance of payments and economic growth. We assess the effects of government policy towards foreign investment, review recent changes, and outline implications for the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates psychological contract contents and the effects of different types of psychological contracts on the work outcomes of employees in an Indian organization. Analysis of case study interviews and secondary data suggests that employee expectations can be categorized into relational and transactional psychological contracts. The contents of these contracts, while largely similar to those in the West, reflected certain aspects that are unique to the sociocultural context of employment relationships in India. Further, the fulfillment or breach of these psychological contracts led to different effects on work outcomes. Relational psychological contracts affected long‐term affective work outcomes, such as prosocial work behaviors, psychological ownership, and engagement. Transactional psychological contracts had stronger effects on turnover intentions and attitude to work. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate the extent and variety of voluntary intellectual capital disclosure (ICD) by listed private firms in India. It also compares the level of ICD of firms in the high‐IC‐intensive and low‐IC‐intensive industry sector. In addition, it evaluates the effect of firm size on ICD levels. Consistent with previous ICD research, the results show that relational capital (in particular about “brands and customers”) is the most frequently reported, followed by human capital, and lastly structural capital. In addition, the extent and variety of voluntary ICD by large firms is higher than that of small firms. Again, consistent with prior research, high‐IC‐intensive firms disclose significantly higher IC than low‐IC‐intensive firms. The findings of this study can have implications for regulators, who may want to be aware of how voluntary ICD influences and informs users. This study is one of the few that examines the extent of firms' voluntary ICD in India. It is the first to investigate the extent and variety of voluntary ICD by incorporating two different measures—count and presence—of each component of ICD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT As part of their business practices, the Indian government has made it mandatory for companies who have a turnover of 500 crores and above to spend 2 per cent of their net profits from the immediately preceding three financial years on corporate social responsibility (CSR). This article proposes to examine the issue of whether this enforced philanthropic responsibility of companies is helpful to both society and the organization. With the philanthropic approach it is not necessary for the organization to fulfill its responsibilities toward those who work in and for the organization, its customers and to the ecological system in general. Achieving both organizational growth and social development requires a shift from a philanthropic approach to a humanistic approach on the part of companies and the government, accommodating all its stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the relationships among business group affiliation, board quality and audit fees in an emerging market setting. Using data from Indian firms listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) over a nine-year period (2004-2012), our results indicate that firms affiliated with a business group pay higher audit fees than those without such affiliations. We also find that group-affiliated firms with higher-quality boards pay relatively higher audit fees compared to other counterparts. Further, our findings suggest that group-affiliated firms pay lower fee premiums when an audit is undertaken by a Big 4 firm or its affiliates, which implies that economies of scale may be a potential competitive advantage held by larger auditors. The results of the study have implications for the management of audit fees by group-affiliated firms through board structure and processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Technological or institutional change has proven to be a major cause of the failure of established firms, and history is full of examples. In a globalized world the capability of a firm to reconfigure existing competencies and create new knowledge for innovation has emerged as a dynamic capability to succeed. I examine the learning processes involved in the development of innovative R&D capabilities in Indian pharmaceutical firms as a response to the strengthening of patent law. The strong patent law represented a major institutional change for Indian firms which had grown in a weak patent era. The analysis shows that the development of new capabilities involved the removal of rigidities and the acquisition of new knowledge, and reveals that Indian firms are adopting strategies such as hiring of Indian scientists educated or working overseas in pharmaceutical R&D and collaborative R&D to acquire innovative R&D capabilities. It further points out the inter–intra firm heterogeneity in learning processes and suggests that the move from basic to advance level capabilities is neither linear nor automatic. It requires a deliberate effort and investment by firms in different mechanisms of learning. The Indian pharmaceutical firms' responses provide important insights for firms from other developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the leadership orientation of Indian managers operating in one of India's service sector, commercial banking. Western research literature shows that task and relationship orientation are the basic ingredients of leadership in organizations. Authoritarian versus democratic is the most common way to classify leaders. Early studies show that in India, authoritarian leadership was widely practiced in India because managers preferred to be authoritarian in their basic orientation and subordinates generally saw them as an icon of effective leadership.

Explores the interaction between Europeans and the Mappilas, the Muslims of Malabar in South India, and the influence of the contact on the literature, whether Arabic history, Malayan Text, Portuguese narrative or English fiction. Role of the Mappilas in the Indian enterprises before the arrival of Portuguese navigator Vasco da Gama in 1498; Contentious elements of European-Mappila relations; Causes of the tension for European traders in Malabar.

The article comments on asymmetric information, industrial policy and corporate investment in India. Recent research in empirical macroeconomics explores the relationship between internal funds and investment by firms in developed countries. If internal funds are important in countries where capital markets are well developed and highly competitive, then it is likely that firms in developing countries also rely on internal sources to finance investment. In developing countries, however, there often exist government-sponsored promotional programs that provide funds to firms otherwise denied access to capital markets. The pattern of reliance on internal funds observed in developing countries, therefore, may be jointly determined by asymmetric information and governmental programs. The basis of empirical investigation is a panel data set of Indian manufacturing firms. The authors focus on Indian firms because they operate in an environment where there exist active capital markets coupled with financial institutions that are heavily influenced by the government's industrial policy. The non-linear relationship between firm size and the internal funds sensitivity of investment suggests that the pattern of reliance on internal funds predicted by asymmetric information arguments, and observed in developed countries, may exist in India once people account for the government's policy of promoting small firms.

The article presents an empirical analysis of two questions relevant to the research and development of the contemporary newly industrializing countries (NIC), focusing on India. The first question pertains to the aim of self-reliance in technology. The second, and related, question is whether the expenditures on adaptive research and development are likely to differ between certain types of enterprises, large and small, indigenous and foreign-owned, private and public. The article also considers the notion of self-reliance in technology.

Presents a study which investigated how Indian firms have benefited indirectly from either of the means of technology transfer. Role of multinational corporations in international technology transfer; Model specification of the technology spillover; Comparative performance and behavior of domestic and foreign firms; Statistical results of the study; Conclusions.

Provides information on a study that examined the economic and institutional aspects of the Indian approach to the promotion of small enterprises and industrial subcontracting. Discussion on the role of small enterprises and subcontracting in increasing employment and economizing capital; Comparison to the capital/labor, capital/output and output/labor ratios noted in Japanese enterprises; Recommendations.

The article discusses the creation of by Portugal of an Indian company with the purpose of reviving the ailing Goa-Lisbon trade and scotching the force of English and Dutch competition. The creation by Portugal of an India Company with the purpose of reviving the ailing Goa-Lisbon trade and scotching the menace of English and Dutch competition constituted what was arguably the most drastic innovation in Portuguese commercial strategy on the Cape route since the pioneer voyage of Vasco da Gama to Calicut in 1497-9. The Portuguese naturally regarded the entry of the English and Dutch into the seaborne trade with Asia as unwarranted and illegal, and adopted a policy of uncompromising opposition to both nations whom they sought to expel from the region by every possible means. Thus the Portuguese India Company of the early 1630's was, if not exactly stillborn, born a weakling likely to succumb at an early age. It was a weakling largely because it failed to gain adequate financial backing from the crown and the municipal councils, or any backing at all from the private sector, and was therefore perilously undercapitalized from the start.

Examines the marketing research experience of Indian business firms and their perceptions about conducting formal marketing research. Key objectives attempted to be achieved in the study; Methodology applied by researchers for the survey; Highlights of the survey results; Discussion on the results; Analysis of the marketing research experience of business firms; Problems of marketing research in India.