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A study published in the journal Clinical & Translational Medicine presents a novel risk stratification model for detecting residual tumors in patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) after transurethral resection of bladder tumors (TURBT). The model is based on urinary DNA methylation and incorporates clinical features such as tumor grade, presence of multiple tumors, maximum tumor size, histologic variants, and lymphatic-vascular invasion. The study found that the model achieved high accuracy in detecting residual tumors, with a sensitivity of 95.83%. By accurately identifying high-risk patients, unnecessary re-TURBT procedures can be reduced, thereby reducing patient distress and associated costs. [Extracted from the article]

Due to the poor stability and adverse effects of chemotherapy drugs, such as gemcitabine, the current effectiveness of traditional chemotherapy is minimal. Some patients also show a low response rate to immunotherapy. Therefore, a novel material PD‐L1‐GEMs is designed and synthesized with targeted specificity. PD‐L1‐GEMs specifically bind to bladder cancer cells. Free gemcitabine cleaved by a phosphatase enters bladder cancer cells through the macropinocytosis pathway and induces cytotoxicity. PD‐L1‐GEMs show good stability, binding specificity, and significant inhibitory effects in vitro. Two bladder tumor models (subcutaneous model and in situ model) show inhibition of growth and progression in PD‐L1‐GEMs treatment, as well as good biosafety in vivo. The PD‐L1 aptamer blocks the binding of PD‐L1 on the tumor cell surface to PD‐1 on T lymphocytes, restoring their immune function, inducing cytokine production and aggregation, and exerting an immune killing role on bladder cancer cells. PD‐L1‐GEMs represent a successful chemotherapy–immunotherapy strategy for bladder cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]