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This paper explores the effective non-availability of disability/invalidity benefits to formal sector employees with HIV/AIDS in the United Republic of Tanzania. The legal difficulty of establishing a direct connection between HIV/AIDS and employment injury and occupational diseases present a challenge to social security institutions and schemes which are simultaneously trying to come to grips with the mounting problems of the shrinkage of the formal sector and low coverage. Remedial policy responses are proposed. These identify the statutory and legal adjustments needed both to ensure convergence of eligibility criteria for invalidity benefit claims among the concerned institutions, and to ensure that qualifying conditions are both consistent and in line with contemporary approaches to disbility. The suggested adjustments would simplify and clarify eligibility criteria in cases of invalidity involving existing scheme members, potentially also allowing for a future expansion of benefit coverage better to reflect labour market realities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Against a background of rising adult mortality and morbidity in the context of the HIV/AIDS pandemic in sub-Saharan Africa, this paper provides both quantitative and qualitative evidence for the existence of a largely neglected group of young people with increased responsibility for caregiving. Using questionnaire surveys, focus groups, storyboards and in-depth interviews in three studies across Southern and Eastern Africa some young people in Lesotho, Tanzania and Zimbabwe are found to devote considerable time and energy to caring for sick members of their households. Examination of the tasks carried out by these youngsters finds them to be burdened beyond usual familial and societal expectations of children's 'normal' contributions to the reproduction of households via domestic chores and suchlike. It is concluded that these young people can be described as 'young carers'. The three studies are presented to illuminate different socio-spatial aspects of caregiving by young people. First, using qualitative data from Lesotho the range of caring tasks young caregivers perform for care recipients — usually a grandmother, parent, or sibling — is identified. Second, the impact caregiving responsibilities have on children's primary school attendance is examined using survey data from Tanzania. Third, the wider negative and positive impacts of caregiving including loss of friends and gaining of emotional maturity for young carers and their households is explored with in-depth individual interviews from Zimbabwe. Finally, suggestions are made for further research to deepen understanding of the geographies of caring within the context of the population geographies of the HIV/AIDS pandemic in sub-Saharan Africa and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the ways that young people express their agency and negotiate complex lifecourse transitions according to gender, age and inter- and intra-generational norms in sibling-headed households affected by AIDS in East Africa. Based on findings from a qualitative and participatory pilot study in Tanzania and Uganda, I examine young people's socio-spatial and temporal experiences of heading the household and caring for their siblings following their parent's/relative's death. Key dimensions of young people's caring pathways and life transitions are discussed: transitions into sibling care; the ways young people manage changing roles within the family; and the ways that young people are positioned and seek to position themselves within the community. The research reveals the relational and embodied nature of young people's life transitions over time and space. By living together independently, young people constantly reproduce and reconfigure gendered, inter- and intra-generational norms of 'the family', transgressing the boundaries of 'childhood', 'youth' and 'adulthood'. Although young people take on 'adult' responsibilities and demonstrate their competencies in 'managing their own lives', this does not necessarily translate into more equal power relations with adults in the community. The research reveals the marginal 'in-between' place that young people occupy between local and global discourses of 'childhood' and 'youth' that construct them as 'deviant'. Although young people adopt a range of strategies to resist marginalisation and harassment, I argue that constraints of poverty, unequal gender and generational power relations and the emotional impacts of sibling care, stigmatisation and exclusion can undermine their ability to exert agency and control over their sexual relationships, schooling, livelihood strategies and future lifecourse transitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines household responses to death due to the ravages of human immunodeficiency virus or acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) in Tanzania. Impact of AIDS on household income; Increase evidence of private transfer with income; Reliance of resource-poor households on credit.

Copyright of Tropical Medicine & International Health is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Internationale Revue für Soziale Sicherheit is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article focuses on the life history of a single street boy in northwestern Tanzania, whom I name Juma. I suggest that Juma's experiences and the life trajectory of himself and of significant individuals around him (particularly his mother) were structured by everyday violence. I describe everyday violence in terms of a conjuncture between macrostructural forces in East Africa (including a history of failed development schemes and the contemporary political economy of neoliberalism) and the lived experience of individuals as they negotiate local, contextual factors (including land-tenure practices, the power dynamics between immediate and extended kin, life on the streets, and constructions of gender and sexuality). I suggest that AIDS and its many impacts on Juma's life course can only be understood in a broader context of everyday violence. From this basis, I draw several general conclusions regarding AIDS prevention and intervention strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most knowledge about health seeking behaviour during terminal illness among people with HIV/AIDS in Africa is derived from health facility based studies. This study uses data from a longitudinal community study in a rural area in north-west Tanzania, where interviews were conducted on health seeking behaviour and expenditure with relatives who lost an adult family member in recent months. HIV status and verbal autopsy were used to assess if service use differed by cause of death. During terminal illness, people with HIV/AIDS made extensive use of both traditional and modern health services, and more so than people who died from other causes. The main factor associated with this difference was the longer duration of illness. Expenses associated with HIV/AIDS terminal illness were higher than for other causes of death, largely because of the longer duration of illness. The direct medical costs were about 1.5 times higher than the funeral costs and the sum of the medical and funeral costs exceeded the estimated annual household income per capita in this population. In conclusion, the rapid increase in numbers of terminally ill adults as a result of HIV/AIDS is likely to lead to an increased burden on all layers of the health system and household resources, in part because of the relatively long duration of HIV/AIDS terminal illness. However, almost half of all HIV/AIDS deaths in this rural population were not admitted to hospitals during their terminal illness and only a small proportion died in hospitals. If more effective treatment becomes available, a further increase in health service use and direct medical costs to households and community is likely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on taking care of the sick and especially HIV-/AIDS-related illnesses for the following reasons. Early in 2000, President Benjamin Mkapa of Tanzania, announced this year to be a national year for fighting against HIV/AIDS and its devastating effects. Globally the AIDS pandemic is said to be worst in sub-Saharan countries. It is believed that 70 percent of all HIV cases in the world are located within the area. The disease has yet to have its worst-margins social and economic impact, as only as estimated 10 percent of all deaths related to the disease have occurred. The morbidity of the disease in incapacitating, especially in our setup, with shortages of resources, namely medicines, enough health care facilities, personnel, etc. As of 1997 an estimated 1.5 million Tanzanians were already infected with the AIDS virus, with over 80 percent of the cases affecting people between the ages of 20 and 40 years. The situation is bad already, resulting in millions of orphans and an increase in cases of tuberculosis. The AIDS epidemic is women's epidemic because the available data from National AIDS Control Program show that women of reproductive age are the most affected.