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Since the "double carbon" target was proposed in 2020, emissions reduction has become the focus of the Chinese government's work. Industrial development is a crucial factor contributing to the increase in carbon emissions. Therefore, implementing carbon reduction in the industrial sector is an important part of China's goal of "double carbon." In this context, this paper uses a three‐stage data envelopment analysis model to calculate the green total factor productivity (GTFP) of 18 industry sectors in Shanxi Province. The results show that: (1) the external environment has influence on the GTFP of energy revolution reform pilot area industrial sectors, and the efficiency value of two industries is overestimated before excluding environmental factors; (2) the industry difference of GTFP is significant, among which pharmaceutical manufacturing industry has the greatest promoting effect on GTFP, and ferrous metal mining and dressing industry has the greatest inhibiting effect on GTFP; (3) there is a serious redundancy in R&D investment of energy revolution reform pilot area in China, and only six industries belong to zero redundancy. (4) To reflect the GTFP of various industrial sectors more clearly, this paper divides four industries: "Double‐high" industry, "High‐low" industry, "Low‐high" industry, and "Double‐low" industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In common with other important coal bases in northwestern China, the hydrology and ecology and environment of Ordos, northern Shaanxi (Shanbei), and Shanxi Provinces have much. Terrestrial water storage anomaly (TWSA), soil moisture anomaly (SMA), and groundwater storage anomaly (GWSA), are important water storage qualities that play a critical role in the distribution and growth of vegetation. In this paper, multi‐source remote sensing data were used to analyze the spatial–temporal changes and relationships of water storage, ecology and environment from 2002 to 2020. The numerical results showed the TWSA and GWSA in the study area had a declining trend and the rates were −7.512 mm yr‐1 and −8.268 mm yr‐1, respectively. On the contrary, the SMS showed an increasing trend, and the rate was 0.840 mm yr‐1. By trend variation and correlation analysis, we found GWSA is the main part in the variation of TWSA. By further analysis, it was found that the climate factors are not the major factors causing the variation of GWSA, but coal mining and artificial irrigation activities, which are especially clear in the Taihang Mountains in eastern Shanxi Province. The ecology and environment have been improving, and water storage and climate factors have played a different role in different regions. The warm climate conditions and the increased 0–40 cm of soil water have promoted the growth of vegetation and the improvement of the ecology and environment. The research results are helpful to understand the impacts of water storage on the ecology and environment in high‐intensity coal mining areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurately estimating regional‐scale crop yields is substantial in determining current agricultural production performance and effective agricultural land management. The Yuncheng Basin is an important grain‐producing area in the Shanxi Province. This paper used Sentinel 2A with a spatial resolution of 10 m and MODIS with a temporal resolution of 1 d in 2020. The spatial and temporal nonlocal filter‐based fusion model (STNLFFM) was used to obtain fused data with a spatial resolution of 10 m and a temporal resolution of 1 d, combined with the Carnegie–Ames–Stanford Approach (CASA) and light‐use efficiency model to achieve summer maize (Zea mays L.) yield estimation. The results showed that the fused normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) could inherit the spatial Sentinel‐2A NDVI details and express the spatial differences between smaller features more effectively. The STNLFFM NDVI curve was consistent with the actual summer maize growth condition, which accurately reflects the NDVI trend and local abrupt change information during the summer maize growth period. Moreover, the fused NDVI was influenced by topographic differences and artificial irrigation factors, whereas the summer maize yield in mountainous and plateau areas of the Yuncheng Basin was <5,000 kg ha−1 and those in the alluvial plain of the Sushui River reached 8,000 kg ha−1. The accuracy of the yield estimation model constructed based on STNLFFM NDVI (mean absolute percentage error [MAPE] = 5.47%, −13.74% ≤ relative error [RE] ≤0.12%) was significantly higher than that of the model based on MODIS NDVI (MAPE = 15.65%, −19.67% ≤ RE ≤ 20.88%), indicating that the use of spatio‐temporal fusion technology can effectively improve the summer maize yield estimation accuracy. Core Ideas: STNLFFM was used to obtain high spatial and temporal resolution images.NPP in summer maize planting area was simulated using CASA in combination with STNLFFM.The yield estimation accuracy of STNLFFM was higher than that of MODIS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An improved computational model and real‐time warning method for windage yaw is proposed based on dynamic air density theory to solve the current problem in Shanxi power grid, whereas the traditional method excludes considerations of microclimate and micro‐terrain effects. The standard value of the air density is replaced by dynamic air density, which takes microclimate factors such as temperature, humidity, and pressure into account. Aiming at the cat‐head type tower, which is most prone to windage yaw in Shanxi province, this paper proposes a method to calculate the minimum air gap. Based on the statistical analysis of meteorological data of Shanxi Province, it is concluded that the microclimate and micro‐terrain factors greatly influence the windage yaw calculation. © 2018 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The revelation of the distribution characteristics of stress and fractures in the floor strata is of great significance to improve the regional gas drainage efficiency and to eliminate or reduce the risk of coal and gas outburst in adjacent coal seams during multi‐seam mining. In this paper, the stress distribution in the floor under mining condition was derived, and the characteristics of stress zones in the floor were elaborated while mining the 22201 working face in Shaqu coal mine in Shanxi province, China. Besides, the propagation laws of fractures in different stress zones were theoretically analyzed, and the distribution law of fracture angles in the floor strata under different mining‐induced stresses was obtained. The research results demonstrate that the compression and transition zones show high vertical stress and less developed fractures and are dominated by fractures with a large angle (>60°), which is unfavorable for gas drainage. The expansion zone in the floor within 2‐40 m in the rear of the working face is characterized by high unloading degree of vertical stress and developed fractures. Moreover, fractures with a small angle (<60°) dominate the spatial distribution of the fractures, which is favorable for gas drainage. The research results can not only be a beneficial supplement to the theory of coal and gas co‐exploitation in multi‐seam mining but also provide theoretical support for optimizing the design parameters of cross‐measure boreholes under similar conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, a large number of vertical and horizontal sliding fractures were found in the Upper Palaeozoic sandstones in the eastern margin of the Ordos Basin, China, However, the effect of fractures on the distribution of tight sandstone gas is still unclear. Therefore, in this paper, a large number of cores, thin sections, petrophysical property test results, conventional and FMI (Formation MicroScanner Image) image logs, and gas‐testing results were used to study the developmental characteristics of fractures and the gas control effects in a tight sandstone reservoir, in the eastern margin of the Ordos Basin. It was found that the average linear density of the core fractures is generally less than 2 m−1, and the microfractures are characterized as ruptures of quartz particles. The underlying Taiyuan and Benxi formations have the highest fracture development degrees, and the fracture index (FI) values are 0.68 and 0.72, respectively. However, the fracture development degrees in the overlying Shanxi to Shiqianfeng formations are significantly lower, and the FI values are generally less than 0.63. There is a good positive correlation between the fracture development degree and the contents of quartz mineral or brittle minerals (quartz + feldspar). On the whole, the fractures in the uplift and slope parts of the low‐amplitude structure areas are more developed, while in the depression zones, the fractures are generally less developed. The fractures in the Zijinshan Uplift area are extremely well developed; thus, the preservation conditions of the reservoir are poor. In this case, the fractures are unfavourable for the accumulation of natural gas. For the gentle tectonic zones, the over‐developed fractures in the Benxi and Taiyuan formations are unfavourable for the preservation of natural gas. However, the moderately developed fractures in the overlying Shanxi to Shiqianfeng formations are beneficial to the enrichment of natural gas. Finally, we compared the relationship between fracture index (FI) and open‐flow productivity of the gas wells, and it was found that FI values of commercial gas wells (Types I, II, and III gas wells) are generally greater than 0.55, while the FI values of Type IV low‐yield gas wells are generally less than 0.55. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stand spatial structure plays a key role in forest management, and in particular the random structural unit, comprising random tree and its neighbors, largely determines forest stability and its productivity. However, how the spatial structure of the random structural unit affects productivity remains unclear. The study focused on four larch forest types from Hebei and Shanxi provinces, China: 35‐year‐old larch (Larix principis‐rupprechtii) plantations (35LP), 39‐year‐old mixed larch–birch (Betula platyphylla) forests (39LB), 58‐year‐old natural larch forests (58LN), and 73‐year‐old mixed larch–birch–spruce (Picea asperata) forests (73LBS). The forest spatial structure index (FSSI) was employed to comprehensively evaluate the stand spatial structure. Additionally, the uniform angle index was used to discern whether the stand structure units were uniform, random, or clumped. A regression model was used to elucidate the effects of species mingling, diameter dominance, and crowding on the productivity of random trees. Results showed that the FSSI varied among the stand types, ranking as 35LP < 58LN < 39LB < 73LBS. The values of distribution frequency and the percentages of basal area increment (BAI) for random trees were above 0.5% and 40% in most stand types, respectively. The diameter dominance of random structural units in four stand types showed a significant negative correlation with the BAI of random trees, whereas the mingling and crowding of random structural units in the 73LBS displayed a significant positive correlation with BAI of random trees. Thus, increasing the size of random trees, as well as mingling and crowding in random structural units, can facilitate the formation of a rational stand spatial structure, thereby enhancing the productivity of larch forests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present a zooarchaeological analysis of the Longshan period sites of Taosi and Zhoujiazhuang (ca. 2300-1900 cal. BC) in southern Shanxi Province, China. We compare the faunal record at both sites in terms of the proportions of wild and domestic taxa; the slaughter patterns for the main domesticates; the types of bones used to produce utilitarian and decorative bone artifacts; and the types of bones used for ritual oracle bone divination. Differences in the faunal records at Taosi and Zhoujiazhuang provide insights into the connections between specialization and early urbanism. Our research also provides clues about how sheep and cattle pastoralism was initially adopted in the Yellow River Valley during the late 3rd millennium BC. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Site selection adaptability of traditional villages along rivers can be summarized as the local ecological wisdom accumulated and preserved by generations of villagers. The site selection and distribution pattern of traditional villages is closely related to the river. In this research, 97 traditional villages along the Yellow River in Shanxi and Shaanxi were selected as the research objects. Kernel density analysis, Area density analysis, River buffer zone and a self‐designed river location function (RLF) were used to explore, calculate, and evaluate the spatial distribution and site selection adaptation mechanism of traditional villages along the Yellow River. Most traditional villages are located within 15 km buffer area. Villages are densely distributed in one high‐density aggregation area and one middle‐density aggregation area. The aggregation areas also represent a highest area density of river. The results of RLF show that there are six villages with a value between 1.8 and 2.2, which is consistent with the results of kernel density and river buffer zone analyses. It is concluded that site selection adaptation factors are composed of area density of river, distance from river, river width and bank form. At the same time, it is found that traditional villages are clustered on convex banks, which reflects the scientific value of ancient Chinese feng shuitheory. Our findings improve the understanding of the overall environment and pattern of traditional villages, provide a quantitative basis for the study of site selection adaptability, and offer operational technical guidance for current and future efforts for village renewal, planning, and construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Baijiu, a type of liquor, is known for its pure fragrance and softness. Its unique style is attributed to the complex microbial flora and flavor precursors found in Daqu. In order to elaborate the nature of light flavor Daqu to guide the baijiu production, four Daqu samples (DQ1, DQ2, DQ3, and DQ4) from Shanxi province were analyzed to determine their microbial structure, physicochemical properties, and volatile flavors using high‐throughout put seqencing and headspace solid‐phase microextraction/gas chromatography–mass spectrometry method in this study. The findings indicated that there were no noticeable variations in the water content and esterase activity of the four Daqu. However, the DQ2 sample had a higher acidity value and saccharifying enzyme activity, whereas DQ3 had the highest protease activity. The microbial community structure of the four Daqu was similar, with Lactobacillus and Streptophyta as the dominant bacteria, but the abundance of bacteria was different among the four Daqu. Issachenkia was a common dominant fungus genus in all samples. Rhizopus and Lichtemia were higher in DQ1 and DQ2, while Torulaspora, Aspergillus, and Candida were more prevalent in DQ4. A total of 27 volatile components were detected in the four Daqu, including esters, alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, and acids. DQ2 had the most volatile components and ethyl lactate and ethyl acetate were the most significant esters in the four samples. In conclusion, the physicochemical indicators of the four light flavor Daqu had distinct differences. There were significant variations in the abundance of bacteria and fungi, leading to differences in the volatile component content. These research findings can serve as a theoretical foundation for blending different light flavors Daqu and hold great significance in enhancing the quality of baijiu. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gigantonocleais a distinctive and enigmatic plant from the Permian of North China proper, with an unusual frond architecture and a pollen organ and vascular structure which are unique; it demonstrates a sudden rise and a rapid extinction. This paper reviews previous work on Asian gigantopterids and describes new material from the Upper Permian of Shanxi Province, including a new type of pollen organ (Jiaochengia lagrelii) and two new species of frond (Gigantonoclea crenataG. pubescens).Jiaochengiashows opposite, dissected and rather modified microsporophylls, laxly aggregating into an independent organ, which is markedly different from 'Gigantotheca' from Fujian. This presents evidence of heterogeneity among Asian gigantopterids and partly supports a relationship with the Carboniferous Callistophytales.Jiaochengiasporangia have what may be the first record of a waxy covering on the outer surface of a fossil plant, which is interpreted to have functioned to repel water, to protect against fungal attack and to scatter light. According to Hickey's rule, the venation of trueGigantonocleafronds consists of three orders of main veins (rachis, midvein and secondary veins) and two orders of anastomosing veins (tertiary veins and veinlets). Certain putative 'Gigantonoclea' species from South China and some peripheral areas of North China do not have this type of venation and are thus excluded from the genus. Frond dimorphism is common among gigantopterids in both North and South China and can be compared with the amphibious variation from submerged to emergent leaves in extant aquatic plants.G. pubescenshas a thick, bi-layered adaxial cuticle with an indumentum covering with dense papillae and trichomes bases, and deeply sunken, papillate stomata, suggesting that it favoured more arid conditions. An observed gradient from pubescent to glabrate or even glabrous gigantopterid c... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Roadside soils are regarded as a reservoir for heavy metal pollution, which potentially leads to ecosystem deterioration as well as serious hazard to human health. A comprehensive investigation was conducted for the levels, relationship with soil properties, and potential sources of heavy metals (Hg, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, and Cr) in roadside soils in six cities (Changzhi, Jincheng, Yuncheng, Linfen, Xinzhou, Datong) of Shanxi Province; and the corresponding ecological risk and human health risk associated with the concentrations of heavy metals were addressed. Heavy metal concentrations of 112 roadside soil samples in the surveyed cities were, in decreasing order, Zn, Cu, Cr, Pb, Cd, and Hg, which were higher than corresponding background values. The highest concentrations were in Changzhi. The results of Pearson correlation analysis demonstrated that positive correlations in varying degrees existed between soil properties such as electrical conductivity, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and total organic carbon with specific heavy metals and that negative correlations were observed for clay and electrical conductivity. Anthropogenic sources related to traffic emissions and industrialization were the main sources of heavy metals in roadside soils according to principal component analysis. The ecological risk assessments were achieved by pollution index and potential risk index, indicating that contamination with Hg was the most serious, which posed the highest risk to the ecosystems in the surveyed cities; and the ecological risk in Changzhi ranked at the top compared with other cities. For the human health risk assessment, the results demonstrated that the noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risks were in the acceptable range in the surveyed cities. However, there was a higher health risk from heavy metal exposure for children than adults, and the main exposure pathway was soil ingestion. In addition, Changzhi was the city with the highest noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risks, and the main human health risks were posed by Cr contamination in roadside soil, which was different from the results of ecological risks. Both results of ecological and health risk assessment demonstrated that the higher risk exhibited in southern and southeastern cities than northern cities in Shanxi Province. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:1485–1500. © 2023 SETAC [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of scale inhibition in thermal power plants using mine water as circulating cooling water is a major focus of current engineering attention. Mine water in North China is predominantly high sulfate mine water, with mine water in Shanxi mines generally having a sulfate content of over 1000 mg/L. Currently, most thermal power plants blindly follow the previous scale inhibitor with carbonate scale as the main scale inhibition target, which leads to a large amount of sulfate scale in its circulating cooling system, which is difficult to remove after the formation of sulfate scale. On the basis of the experiments, the corresponding scale inhibition laws were studied using the response surface method for the water quality characteristics of high sulfate mine water. The scaling process on the heat exchange surface of the circulating cooling water system was simulated by the hanging sheet deposition method, and the quantitative analysis was carried out by the weight method. Using EDTMPS as an example, the scale inhibition law of sulfate‐type scale inhibitors for this type of mine water was systematically investigated. The experiments showed that the scale inhibition rate (reduction of deposited scale after scale inhibitor dosing) reached a peak of 95.21% at a time of 6.1 h, a solution temperature of 70°C and an EDTMPS dosing rate of 6 mg/L. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vegetation restoration potential (VRP) mapping provides important information for ecosystem restoration planning. However, the inappropriate assumption of traditional models that VRPs are identical within an individual similar habitat unit may result in low accuracy of VRP maps. This study proposes an improved data‐driven model, namely, the similar habitat and machine learning‐based VRP mapping (SHMLVRPM) model. This new model introduces a variety of machine‐learning models to mine information on geographical environment heterogeneity in areas of similar habitat, which helps to improve the accuracy of VRP maps. Taking Yan'an City, Shanxi Province, China as our study area, we demonstrate the modelling process and validate the model. Our results show that the SHMLVRPM model can effectively construct high‐accuracy VRP maps, and its information entropy is approximately 5.8 greater than that derived from the traditional models. The random forest method has the highest prediction accuracy (R2 = 0.8) among the tested machine‐learning methods. The average VRP value of Yan'an is approximately 68%; counties with the low VRP achievement are concentrated in the northern part of Yan'an, only 54%. Our research results can assist policymakers in optimizing vegetation restoration options and promoting the protection and sustainable development of fragile ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: Structural chromosome variations (SCVs) are large‐scale genomic variations that can be detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). SCVs have played important roles in the genome evolution of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), but little is known about their genetic effects. In this study, a total of 543 wheat accessions from the Chinese wheat mini‐core collection and the Shanxi Province wheat collection were used for chromosome analysis using oligonucleotide probe multiplex FISH. A total of 139 SCVs including translocations, pericentric inversions, presence/absence variations (PAVs), and copy number variations (CNVs) in heterochromatin were identified at 230 loci. The distribution frequency of SCVs varied between ecological regions and between landraces and modern cultivars. Structural analysis using SCVs as markers clearly divided the landraces and modern cultivars into different groups. There are very clear instances illustrating alien introgression and wide application of foreign germplasms improved the chromosome diversity of Chinese modern wheat cultivars. A genome‐wide association study (GWAS) identified 29 SCVs associated with 12 phenotypic traits, and five (RT4AS•4AL‐1DS/1DL•1DS‐4AL, Mg2A‐3, Mr3B‐10, Mr7B‐13, and Mr4A‐7) of them were further validated using a doubled haploid population and advanced sib‐lines, implying the potential value of these SCVs. Importantly, the number of favored SCVs that were associated with agronomic trait improvement was significantly higher in modern cultivars compared to landraces, indicating positive selection in wheat breeding. This study demonstrates the significant effects of SCVs during wheat breeding and provides an efficient method of mining favored SCVs in wheat and other crops. Significance Statement: A total of 139 structural chromosome variations (SCVs) were identified in 543 wheat accessions via high‐resolution karyotypes. A genome‐wide association study of SCVs identified 29 favored SCVs associated with important agronomic traits. Modern cultivars showed higher chromosome polymorphic information content than landraces, and the distribution of favored SCVs highlighted significant breeding selection during Chinese wheat breeding. In summary, SCVs play critical roles in wheat domestication and cultivar evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Volcanic eruptions can provide large amounts of sedimentary materials and expose fluvial valleys or lakes to catastrophic hyperpycnal flood events, but this process has not been documented in detail. The Ordos Basin Permian fluvio‐deltaic system reveals evidence for abundant volcanism linked to the tectonic evolution of orogenic belt around the basin and provides a 'natural laboratory' for investigating hyperpycnal flows associated with volcanic activity. This study analysed volcanic matrix‐rich sandstone (VMS) samples for petrology, mineralogy and geochemistry in order to address current and uncertain volcanogenic material provenance explanations and the lack of systematic investigations into the depositional and diagenetic processes of volcanic related sediments in the southwestern basin. By combining tectonic background surveys, detrital zircon geochronology and spatial distribution of volcanogenic materials, it was found that volcanogenic materials were not derived from the Yinshan‐Yanshan Orogenic Belt (YYOB) as previously thought, but instead evidence a southwestern origin from the North Qinling Orogenic Belt (NQOB). Volcanogenic materials retained in the provenance area during frequent volcanic eruptions were transported to the basin via fluvial systems shortly after the eruption. The associated sediments meet the criterion for hyperpycnites based on lithofacies associations, suggesting the occurrence of hyperpycnal flows during the deposition of VMS. During the subsequent burial stage, the VMS became three distinct types defined by their volcanic matrix content and have similar paragenetic sequences but different diagenetic intensities. The differing content of authigenic minerals in the three types was closely related to the sandstone pore structure characteristics and the evolution of volcanic‐matrix alteration materials. This article proposes a possible explanation for the previously unidentified tectonothermal events in the NQOB during the Permian, validating and reinforcing the theoretical work of hyperpycnal flow. This contribution provides new insights and understanding of the depositional and diagenetic processes of lacustrine basins with similar tectonic settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on Landsat MSS/TM/OLI (1975-2018), MODIS NDVI (2000-2015), and DMSP/OLS (1992-2013) multitemporal remote sensing data, as well as annual average precipitation and temperature data from meteorological stations (1980-2018) and SRTM DEM data, this study extracted information on climate change, human activity, and eco-environmental factors in the Zijin Mountain (ZJM) area of Shanxi Province, and then analyzed the spatiotemporal changes in ecological structure, landscape structure, and climate response. The results revealed that in the ZJM area some sustainable development indicators associated with human activity, ecology, climate, and landscape geography have changed. Specifically, over the 44-year period from 1975 to 2018, the urban and rural construction land area increased by 4.29 times; in the 22-year period from 1992 to 2013, the regional light index has increased by 26.9 times; in the past 32 years, that is, from 1987 to 2018, the average vegetation index of the entire basin increased by about 54.7%, the vegetation cover exhibited a gradual positive trend, and the land use types in the ZJM area were mainly converted from bare land to grassland or forest. Compared with 1987, the area of bare land decreased 32.5% by 2018, whereas the forest and grassland areas increased by 85.7% and 40.7%, respectively. In addition, over the 44-year period from 1975 to 2018, the road density increased by 8.57 times. The area affected by human activities, comprised roads, urban and rural construction land, and their buffer areas, accounted for 64.87% of the total study area. As a result, the fragmentation index of landscape patches has increased by 6.81 times since 1987. We conclude that in the ZJM area, the ecosystem type has transformed from an indigenous mountainous grassland to mountainous arid agriculture, and from an isolated habitat to a fragmented habitat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spontaneous combustion of coal waste dumps is one of the main problems in mining areas. This risk still exists even after land reclamation and ecological restoration. Once spontaneous combustion of a coal waste dump occurs after reclamation, it will lead to repeated land degradation and vegetation damage again. Focusing on this issue, a monitoring method using unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) RGB imagery based on alfalfa aboveground biomass (AGB) is proposed in this study. Two areas of a coal waste dump that suffered spontaneous combustion of coal waste after reclamation in Shanxi Province, China, were selected as the study area. Combined with the vegetation index and texture metrics extracted from UAV RGB imagery, the AGB was estimated using stepwise linear regression models. Finally, the intensity of spontaneous combustion was classified based on alfalfa AGB. In this study, our results show that: (i) the AGB estimation accuracy can be improved by combining the spectral and texture features [R2 = 0.86, root mean square error (RMSE) = 0.09 kg /m‐2, and mean absolute error (MAE) = 0.08 kg m‐2]; (ii) alfalfa AGB had a good ability to explain the underground thermal anomalies based on the deep soil temperature; (iii) Compared with the land surface temperature, alfalfa AGB was more suitable for monitoring the potential spontaneous combustion areas, especially in the initial stage, where spontaneous combustion has occurred but does not have a significant impact on the land surface. This study was intended to provide an improved method for detecting the spontaneous combustion monitoring of coal waste dumps, which may provide a reference for initial monitoring and prevention in mining areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advanced hydraulic support group combined with bolts (cables) constitutes the advanced coupling support system, which can ensure the stability of coal mine roadway safely and effectively. To explore the influence of the initial bearing capacity of the advanced hydraulic support on roadway roof deformation under anchor bar (cable) action. According to the actual geological conditions and roadway support of the 15106 working faces in Pingshuo Coal Mine, Yangquan, and Shanxi. Based on the change in the stress and displacement of the half‐space body under normal force in elastic theory and combined with the linear superposition principle, the contact mechanics model of the advanced hydraulic support group and roadway roof under anchorage is established. Selecting the measured anchor bar (cable) preload in the coal mine as the input load of the model, the stress and displacement distribution of the roadway roof under different initial bearing capacities are calculated. The calculation results show that the stress and displacement of the roadway roof along the axis exhibit a "symmetrical distribution" and the whole roadway exhibits a "saddle surface" gradient distribution during the active support of advanced hydraulic support under anchorage. The increase in the initial bearing capacity of the advanced hydraulic support has a great influence on the support effect in the middle area of the roadway and has a relatively small influence on the support effect in the surrounding area of the roof. With an increase in an initial support capacity, the stress gradient changes violently but substantially less than it would under the crushing strength of the surrounding rock. Using the similar simulation experiment theory, a similar simulation experiment roadway was established at 1:40, and the simulation experiment of an advanced hydraulic support coupling active support under anchor protection was carried out. The maximum error percentage of the theoretical calculation and experimental results of roof deformation under different initial bearing capacities is 19.51%, and the maximum error percentage of stress is 13.77%. The accuracy of the distribution law of roof stress and displacement under the initial bearing capacity in the process of active support obtained by theoretical calculation is verified. The research results provide a theoretical basis for advanced coupling adaptive support and the control of fully mechanized mining faces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zhi mu (Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge.) is an important medicinal plant in China, and its growth is greatly threatened by the fungal disease anthracnose, which can be caused by a number of species of Colletotrichum. Studying the phytopathogen and its sensitivities to fungicides will help to control anthracnose on zhi mu. Ten isolates of Colletotrichum were collected from zhi mu in Hebei, Anhui and Shanxi Provinces in China for this study. The isolates were identified as C. gloeosporioides, C. liriopes and C. spaethianum based on multi‐locus phylogenetic analyses, including ACT, CHS‐1, GADPH, HIS3 and ITS, micromorphological characteristics and the characteristics of colonies. Koch's postulates were confirmed by inoculating the leaves of zhi mu in vitro. The levels of virulence of 10 isolates varied significantly. Isolate YC‐1 was the most virulent, while BZ‐2 was the least virulent. The sensitivity of isolates YC‐1, BY‐1 and BY‐2 (C. spaethianum, C. gloeosporioides and C. liriopes respectively) to fungicides were examined. The EC50 values of BY‐1, BY‐2, and YC‐1 to tebuconazole, difenoconazole, prochloraz, fludioxonil, pyraclostrobin, carbendazim and azoxystrobin confirm that all of the isolates were markedly sensitive to the seven fungicides tested, strongly suggesting that these fungicides could be used to control anthracnose on zhi mu in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Petalodontiformes are a small intriguing group of Permo–Carboniferous chondrichthyans. Petalodus is the longest known petalodont genus generally considered representative of the order. The first definite fossil record of seven well‐preserved Petalodus teeth has been found in the Qianshi limestone in the Lower Permian (Cisuralian) middle–upper Taiyuan Formation in Yangquan City, Shanxi Province, North China. The specimens are characterized by petal‐shaped teeth with a spade‐like crown, and a long, tongue‐shaped root; the crown is circled with a band or cingulum composed of imbricated ridges at the base. All seven teeth are assigned to the species P. ohioenesis because of their vertically narrow cingulum and much longer root. Petalodus is a worldwide genus, with fossil localities mainly concentrated in the Laurussia supercontinent. The occurrence of Petalodus teeth in Yangquan not only is the first fossil record in China, but also only the second record in Asia. The Yangquan fossil site was part of the paleoequatorial North China Craton during the Early Permian, and was isolated from Laurusia and East Gondwana by the Paleo‐Tethys Ocean. The successful dispersal of Petalodus from Laurusia to the North China Block along Paleo‐Tethys may support the possibility that Petalodus taxa were active free‐swimmers rather than bottom dwellers. The new finding increases the petalodont diversity in eastern Asia, and also sheds new light on the distribution and stratigraphic range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Visible and near‐infrared reflectance (Vis‐NIR) spectroscopy is considered a promising tool for the estimation of soil properties. Soil clay content and soil organic matter (SOM) are main components affecting soil spectra. Accurate assessment of clay content and SOM is essential before achieving accurate prediction for other soil properties. Selecting the proper spectral transformation technique and optimal calibration method are important processes to improve model performance. In this study, a total of 240 soil samples were collected from the main area of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) fields in the Southwest region of Shanxi province, northern China. Six spectral pre‐treatments and three multivariate methods were utilized to realize the estimation of clay content and SOM. Finally, the important spectral wavelengths were identified as 440, 762, 1,150, 1,410, 1,460, 1,860, 1,900, 2,250, 2,400 nm for clay content and 410, 450, 550, 625, 780, 850, 1,410, 1,670, 1,730, 1,860, 1,910, 1,960, 2,250 nm for SOM. Specifically, the wavelengths around 440 (450), 1,900 (1,910) nm and wavebands of 1,410, 1,860, and 2,250 nm were highly related to both clay content and SOM. The optimal prediction was obtained when multiple linear regression (MLR) was combined with standard normal variate (SNV) pre‐processing (R2 =.714, RMSE = 3.982, RPD = 1.584) for clay content and multiplicative scatter correction (MSC) pre‐processing (R2 =.856, RMSE = 2.994, RPD = 2.443) for SOM. This study implied that spectral transformation had an evident effect on spectral curves shape, correlation, and model performance. The choice of pre‐processing transformation should depend on the multivariate technique which has a determined ability to improve the model accuracy. Core Ideas: Determining the important spectral wavelengths for soil clay and soil organic matter.Realizing the robust estimation on soil clay and soil organic matter by using spectral technology.Exploring the approaches to improve predictive accuracy of soil clay and soil organic matter models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Estimating the hydraulic parameters of a target aquifer is key to properly evaluating the groundwater resources. Conventional methods are costly, and measurements are infrequent. There are currently four popular methods for estimating aquifer parameters using the response of the well water level to a periodic loading. However, the differences and accuracy of the results obtained by these methods are still poorly understood. This study compares the four response models. We analyze the mechanisms of the phase lag between well water level and periodic loadings during such loading and discuss the applicability of each model. Taking the Jingle well in Shanxi Province as an example, hydraulic parameters were estimated using different models and compared. The results show that the aquifer transmissivity estimated using the periodic response methods depends on the loading frequency. This dependency is mainly determined by the difference between the actual aquifer transmissivity and the upper limit of transmissivity resolvable by the model. The tidal and barometric pressure response methods are suitable for low transmissivity aquifers, while seismic wave suitable is responsible for high transmissivity aquifers. Key Points: Four hydraulic‐parameter estimation models are comparedThe mechanism of phase lag between water level and periodic loadings is discussedEstimated parameters depend on the frequency of periodic loading [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is essential to provide disaster relief assistance after coal mine explosions. Often, it is life‐threatening for rescuers to enter an accident scene blindly; therefore, a coal mine rescue robot (CMRR) has been developed. However, the application of the CMRR has not proven satisfactory after decades of development. To solve this problem, we summarize the reasons for this disappointing state and address the technical challenges of the CMRR. Based on these reasons and the associated technical challenges, two generations of tracked robots have been developed. The China University of Mining Technology‐V (CUMT‐V) (A) robot was first developed and its walking system, body support system, communication system, environmental awareness system, and control system are described in detail. A performance test was performed on the CUMT‐V (A) robot and some problems were encountered. To address these problems, we designed the CUMT‐V (B) robot. The field test was conducted in Shanxi province, China, in August 2016. The application results show that the robot has good adaptability to complex terrain and high reliability in terms of environmental awareness and data transmission. In conclusion, the robot is nearing practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The principles of mining pressure in extra‐thick coal seams are different from those of medium‐thick and thick coal seams. Field investigation, laboratory test, and simulation analysis methods were used to study the correlation between the gob‐side entry (GSE) stability and coal pillar width during longwall top coal caving mining in extra‐thick coal seams. The test site is in Datong City, Shanxi Province, China. The mining pressure in N5209 tailgate with coal pillar of 30 m is severe based on the field investigations during the N5209 panel retreat. Global constitutive double‐yield and strain‐softening models were built to study the abutment pressures and plastic failure ranges of coal seams with different thicknesses and coal pillar widths. The simulation results show that the GSE with an 8‐m coal pillar is destressed and minimal GSE deformation occurs. In addition, the abutment stress in the coal pillar decreases with increasing coal seam thickness. The field tests indicate that the GSE with an 8‐m‐wide coal pillar is stable in extra‐thick coal seams. This study provides a reference for the coal pillar design in coal mines with similar geological and mining conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on industrial panel data from 11 prefecture‐level cities in Shanxi Province from 2008 to 2016, two kinds of total factor productivity (TFP) are measured: With and without the consideration of environmental factors. The specific decomposition of TFP under these two conditions is then discussed. Finally, the factors of TFP are studied in a green industry context. The results indicate the following: (a) The TFP's annual growth rate considering environmental conditions is higher than that without such consideration; (b) if environmental factors are neglected, TFP improvements primarily depend on technological progress; (c) when considering environmental factors, both technological progress and improved technological efficiency promote the growth of green TFP (GTFP), but this still primarily depends on substantial technological progress, with an annual average growth rate that reaches 10.2%; and (d) among factors, the economic development level, degree of openness, and urbanization positively correlate with the GTFP, while the industrial structure and degree of informatization significantly and negatively correlate with GTFP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of heavy machinery during opencast coal mining can result in soil compaction. Severe soil compaction has a negative impact on the transport of water and gas in the soil. In addition, rainfall intensity has traditionally been related to soil surface sealing affecting water transport. To assess the effects of rainfall intensity and compaction on water infiltration and surface runoff in an opencast coal mining area, the disturbed soils from the Antaibao opencast mine in Shanxi Province, China, were collected. Four soil columns with different bulk densities (i.e., 1.4 g cm‐3, 1.5 g cm‐3, 1.6 g cm‐3, and 1.7 g cm‐3) were designed, and each column received water five times at rainfall intensities of 23.12, 28.91, 38.54, 57.81, and 115.62 mm hr‐1. The total volume of runoff, the time to start runoff, and the volumetric water contents at the depths of 5 cm, 15 cm, 25 cm, 35 cm, 45 cm, 55 cm, and 65 cm were measured. Under the same soil bulk density, high rainfall intensity reduced infiltration, increased surface runoff, and decreased the magnitude of change in the volumetric water contents at different depths. Under the same rainfall intensity, the soil column with a high bulk density showed relatively low water infiltration. Treatments 3 (1.6 g cm‐3) and 4 (1.7 g cm‐3) had very small changes in volumetric water contents of the profiles even under a lower rainfall intensity. Severe soil compaction was highly prone to surface runoff after rainfall. Engineering and revegetation measures are available to improve compacted soil quality in dumps. Our results provide a theoretical basis for the management of land reclamation in opencast coal mine areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The north‐eastern Ordos Basin in Central China has become an exploration target in recent years due to the potential of natural gas resources in the Upper Palaeozoic strata. In this study, by analysing the geochemical characteristics of the source rocks and the natural gas, the genesis of the Upper Palaeozoic natural gas was identified. In addition, the accumulation process was discussed by combining studies of hydrocarbon generation and burial/thermal history. The results reveal three sets of source rocks developed in the study area—Carboniferous Benxi (C2b), Permian Taiyuan (P1t), and Shanxi (P1s) formations—consisting of mudstones, carbonaceous mudstones, and coals. The source rocks contain abundant Type III organic matter and have entered mature to high‐mature stage, while source rocks in the south‐eastern part of the study area have entered the overmature stage due to the activity of Zijinshan magmatic rocks. The natural gas has a high content of methane (average 93.99%). The stable carbon isotope of methane (δ13C1) value (average −37.05‰) and that of ethane (δ13C2) value (average −26.4‰) and the composition of the light hydrocarbons reflect the idea that the natural gas is organic in origin, thermogenic, and mainly terrigenous‐sourced. The evolution of a transitional to continental depositional environment of the source rocks results in the variation in the geochemical characteristics of the Upper Palaeozoic gas in the study area. Analysis of fluid inclusions indicates a long and continuous period of natural gas charging in the study area from 165 to 65 Ma. Sandstone bodies close to or interbedded with the source rocks made the gas charging from the source rocks to the reservoirs over a short distance with high efficiency, while faults and fractures provided paths for the gas migrating to reservoirs vertically far from the source rocks. The huge gas generation potential of the source rocks and continuous distribution pattern of sandstone bodies provides favourable conditions for the development of a large‐scale natural gas reservoir. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Sediments will spontaneously form in traditional Chinese vinegars (TCVs), which negatively affect the product acceptability. Here, sediments in Shanxi aged vinegar, a representative TCV, were investigated to unravel the microstructure and composition. Morphologically, crystals, amorphous substances and thalli were three common forms. Composition analysis by confocal laser scanning microscopy manifested starch/polysaccharides and proteins were present. Proteins (~30%), carbohydrates (>10%), crude fats (~17.00%) and metallic elements (~3%) were four main components determined, and polyphenols and flavonoids accounted for about 1% in the sediments. The crystals were recognised as calcium oxalate crystals by micro‐area energy‐dispersive X‐ray and micro‐Raman spectrometry, and they were mostly in dihydrate form. This is the first report on the discovery of calcium oxalate crystals in the vinegar. Crystallisation into crystals, self‐assembly and polymerisation of polymers, aggregation of particles, as well as interactions between polymers and particles form a basic model of sediments formation in TCV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines whether relationships between social capital characteristics and the willingness of farmers to cooperate in collective action is moderated by the farmers' income level. We employed a structural equation model to analyze the influence of social capital components (social networks, interpersonal trust, social reciprocity, and social participation) on the willingness of farmers to cooperate in collective small‐scale irrigation in Guangling County, Shanxi Province of China. This analysis was complemented by a multigroup analysis to measure the potential variance effects across income groups. Our results show that low‐ and middle‐income farmers give more importance to the aspects of social networks, social reciprocity, and social participation, while high‐income farmers place emphasis on interpersonal trust and social participation. Accordingly, the willingness of farmers to cooperate for the different income groups was influenced in different ways in relation to the various social capital components. Therefore, social capital and income differences have complex effects on the willingness of farmers to cooperate. In this regard, our research provides an alternative way to understand the complex process involved in the formation of collective action under the presence of increasing economic heterogeneity in local communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current conceptualizations of resettlement in China as either voluntary or involuntary are too rigid. New guidelines and policies, particularly around Poverty Alleviation Resettlement (PAR), are emphasizing the importance of voluntarism. Little is known, however, about how the principle of voluntary relocation of villagers has actually been implemented. This study explores this process by examining local implementation and experiences of PAR in Linfen Prefecture, Shanxi. It introduces China's nationwide PAR programme, and then identifies the spatial and temporal characteristics of PAR in Linfen from 1997 to 2010, highlighting the factors that contribute to widespread voluntary resettlement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between agricultural taxation and production efficiency has been thoroughly explored for many countries. Recently, China has taken various measures including the rural taxation reform (RTR) to promote grain production and to increase farmer incomes. In this study, we investigate whether the Chinese policy of abolishing rural taxation has improved farm households' incomes and affected their production decisions. Using household survey data obtained from three regions in China, we estimate the effect of the RTR on farmers' income. Results show that the RTR has significantly improved farmers' post-tax net income by 9.2% in Shandong, 16.9% in Shanxi and 16.8% in Zhejiang. These increments, mostly from farm income rather than from off-farm income, are much higher than the direct income increase from the tax savings. In addition, we examine the dynamic impact of farmers' net income, and find that the RTR has a sustained positive income effect in Shandong and Shanxi, whereas its positive effect in Zhejiang appears temporary. We also examine farmers' production responses to the RTR. Results show that farmers in the three regions respond in different ways: farmers in Shandong significantly increase their labour input, farmers in Zhejiang increase intermediate inputs, whereas Shanxi farmers augment their intermediate inputs and enlarge their crop acreage. It appears that the farmers' responses to the taxation reform vary due to the agronomic and economic factors in these three regions, suggesting that diverse post-RTR supplemental policies should be implemented in different regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Methods for teaching thinking may be described as out-of-context or infusion. Both approaches have potential to raise students' general cognitive processing ability and so raise academic achievement, but each has disadvantages. Aims. To describe and evaluate a theory-based learn to think (LTT) curriculum for primary school students, which draws on the strengths of both out-of-context and infusion approaches. Sample. One-hundred and sixty-six students in three classes of Grade 1 (6+ years old), Grade 2 (7+ years old), and Grade 3 (8+ years old) in a primary school in Shanxi province, China, randomly ascribed to experimental (90) and control (76) groups. Methods. All students were pre-tested for non-verbal intelligence and academic achievement. Experimental students followed the LTT curriculum (one activity every 2 weeks) for 4 school years. All were post-tested on three occasions for thinking ability and four times for academic achievement. Results. Grade 1 and Grade 2 students showed effects of LTT from 1 year after their start and increasing: on thinking ability d= .78-1.45; on Chinese d= .68-1.07; on maths .58-.87. Grade 3 students showed effects from 6 months after their start: on thinking ability .90-1.37; Chinese .77-1.32; maths .65-1.29. The effects were concentrated in students in the middle band of initial ability. Conclusions. A curriculum for teaching thinking based on a structured theoretical model that combines elements of out-of-context and infusion methods has been shown to have long-term far transfer effects on students' thinking ability and academic achievement. More work is needed to meet the needs of a wider range of abilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the availability and quality of emergency obstetric care (EmOC) received by women in a rural Chinese province.Methods: The study was conducted in 7 rural counties and townships in Shanxi Province, China. Data sources included interviews with 7 hospital leaders, 5 maternal and child health workers, and 7 obstetricians; 118 records of complicated delivery were audited, 21 Maternal and Child Health Annual Reports analyzed, and observations conducted of facilities and advanced labor care.Results: The number of comprehensive EmOC facilities was adequate in all counties. Three counties had fewer basic EmOC facilities than recommended and only 4 counties reached the recommended level. Most of the existing township hospitals did not provide birthing services. All the county hospitals could perform cesarean deliveries with rates from 6.8%-40.8%. The management of complications was not evidence-based. For example, women with pre-eclampsia and eclampsia were given too little magnesium sulfate; women were not closely monitored for hemorrhage after birth and the partograph was used incorrectly with consequences for obstructed labor.Conclusion: Basic EmOC facilities are not adequate and township hospitals should be upgraded to provide birthing services. The quality of EmOC is poor and needs improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conservation of the endemic, endangered, and first-class protected tree species, Taxus chinensis var. mairei (Lem. & H. Lev.) W. C. Cheng & L. K. Fu , is urgent in China. To assist the protection of this important medicinal plant species, the biological and ecological characteristics of its populations were investigated and analyzed in Shanxi. The study area, southeastern Shanxi, is a special region suitable for this species growth and development. The floristic composition, life form spectrum, and species diversity of T. chinensis var. mairei forests reflected the features of both warm-temperate and subtropical regions. Size classes in DBH and static life table analysis showed that the population structure of T. chinensis var. mairei was of the increase-type. Plant density, survivorship, and mortality decreased with increase in age. Distribution patterns of individuals were basically clumped and saplings tended to be distributed randomly. Disturbance from collection of leaves, branches, and stems for medicine was an important factor affecting population structure, dynamics, and distribution. The sex ratio of female/male and the efficiency of sexual reproduction were very low. The main way of reproduction for this species is vegetative propagation. Based on these characteristics, some suggestions, such as establishing nature reserves, improving population structure by cultivation and transplantation, developing seed gardens, and plantations, etc., for the conservation management of T. chinensis var. mairei and its forests in Shanxi are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anembryonic pregnancy (AP; blighted ovum is the clinical term) is a common presentation of first-trimester abortion in China and affected women usually miscarry at 8–13 weeks. The association of plasma lead and the risk of AP in women from Shanxi Province, China, was examined. A case–control study was conducted, and plasma concentrations of lead were measured in blood obtained from women ( n= 40) with AP and controls ( n= 40) of normal pregnancy at their prenatal examination. AP was diagnosed by ultrasound scanning. The controls were identified and qualified by following up until a normal neonate was born. The mean concentration of lead in patients (53 μg/L, 95%CI: 4.3–6.3 μg/L) was slightly greater than the normal reference (50 μg/L, P < 0.01). The mean concentration of lead was higher in patients than in controls (53 versus 45 μg/L, P= 0.03). The lead concentration may be associated with the risk of AP, and should be paid more attention. Lead concentration that is slightly more than the standard limit may increase the risk of AP, but there may also be some other factors assisting lead to cause the occurrence of AP. Additional studies will be needed to confirm the findings and to find which factors were associated with the risk of AP when plasma lead is present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses a simulation model for the spring discharges of karst aquifers in semiarid regions in China using an artificial neural network. According to the authors, spring discharges reflect the variability of ground water storage and the fluctuation of ground water levels in the basins. They treated the karst spring aquifer as a non-linear input and output system and simulated the effects of precipitation on karst spring flow at the Niangziguan Springs in east Shanxi Province. They concluded that the artificial neural network model performed better than the time-lag linear model.

The article presents the study conducted regarding the use of culture-independent 16S rRNA gene under cloning approach on determining the microbial diversity of mine water at Zhong Tiaoshan copper mine in Shanxi province, China. The study based on the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of the Operational Taxonomic Units (OTU) and biogeochemical data shows that the diversity of microbial communities in water is affected by the biogeochemical properties. The different concentrations and temperature of several elements also influenced the structure and composition of microbial communities.

China is the largest coal producer and the largest coal consuming country in the world. Approximately half of China's coal comes from small-scale mines. The sustainability of China's coal industry would be improved if a greater share of the coal come from larger-scale mines. This article presents a case history of the Shuangliu Mine in Shanxi Province and discusses the issues and benefits of the transformation of this mine. Significant gains were observed in worker safety and benefits, and in more efficient exploitation of the coal resource. Problems included loss of employment opportunities for local labourers, and reduced revenue for local townships. The wider implications of a shift of China's coal supply from small-scale to large-scale mining operations are discussed in relation to economic, social and environmental aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shanxi province in Northern China has one of the highest reported prevalence rates of neural tube defects (NTD) in the world. To explore the risk factors for NTDs in Shanxi province, we carried out a population-based case–control study in four selected counties with prevalence rates >10 per 1000 births during 2003. Using a multi-logistic regression model analysis (α = 0.10), 158 NTD cases were compared with 226 control mothers. Maternal factors significantly associated with increased risk for an NTD were a primary school education or lower (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 2.32, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.09, 4.97); a history of a previous birth defect-affected pregnancy (adjusted OR 5.27, 95% CI 0.98, 28.37); history of a fever or ‘cold’ (adjusted OR 3.36, 95% CI 1.68, 6.72); use of analgesic and antipyretic drugs (adjusted OR 4.89, 95% CI 0.92, 25.97); daily passive exposure to cigarette smoke (adjusted OR 1.60, 95% CI 0.94, 2.73); poor ventilation during heating (adjusted OR 3.91, 95% CI 0.75, 20.81); and consumption of ≥ six meals per week containing pickled vegetables (adjusted OR 3.86, 95% CI 1.11, 13.47) during pregnancy. Factors which appeared to be protective were meat consumption one to three times per week (adjusted OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.37, 1.06), or ≥ four times per week (adjusted OR 0.28, 95% CI 0.11, 0.77); and legume consumption ≥ six times per week (adjusted OR 0.39, 95% CI 0.17, 0.89). Differences in risk were found between the two most common phenotypes, anencephaly and spina bifida. Most of the environmental factors had stronger positive and negative associations with risk for anencephaly rather than spina bifida, whereas history of a previous birth defect-associated pregnancy, as well as legume consumption, were more strongly associated with the risk for spina bifida than for anencephaly. The findings suggest that aetiological heterogeneity may exist between anencephaly and spina bifida. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Field experiments on the Chinese larch casebearer, Coleophora sinensis Yang, with special reference to diel and dose responses of males to its sex-attractant (Z5-10:OH) in the Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr. plantations in Shanxi province of China were carried out from 1992 to 1993. Trap captures increased with a raise in the Z5-10:OH dose up to 100 μg, at all the sites tested. They did not significantly differ for the 100 μg, 500 μg and 1000 μg doses in sticky traps (1992) and decreased obviously when the dose increased from 100 μg up to 1000 μg in non-sticky Unitraps (1993). Thus, 100 μg Z5-10:OH was accordingly defined as an optimal (standard) lure for C. sinensis. Seasonal flight activity, including flight initiation, duration, termination as well as the peak, as monitored by pheromone traps varied with altitudes of the sites where the field experiments took place. Trapping test using 100 μg and 1000 μg Z5-10:OH revealed a daytime attraction response pattern occurring from 06:00 h to 20:00-21:00 h with response peaks recorded at 10:00-12:00 h (minor) and 17:00-20:00 h (major). Additionally, the significant effects of Z5-10:Ac, and Z5-12:OH, as attraction-inhibitors were again clearly confirmed in the field using non-sticky Unitraps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Jing‐Jin‐Ji (Beijing‐Tianjin‐Hebei) and the surrounding Jin‐Lu‐Yu (Shanxi‐Shandong‐Henan) regions are experiencing severe problems with air pollution. To measure the change in pollutant concentrations over the next few years, the fractional order accumulation grey model is used to forecast the air quality indicators. The results show that the concentrations of fine particulate matter, particulate matter 10, and sulfur dioxide show a downward trend, and 8‐h O3 (annual) and 8‐h O3 (spring and summer) show an upward trend in these areas. There is a slight increase in nitrogen dioxide concentration in Shanxi, but its concentration in other areas shows a slight decline. The results obtained can provide a clear direction for air quality management decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban planning and energy consumption management gradually play an increasingly significant role in carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions reduction. However, the current studies related to the nexus among them are insufficient, which need to be explored. This article focuses on quantifying the nexus among CO2 emissions, economic development, energy consumption, and urbanization according to data collected from top six provinces (Shanxi, Shaanxi, Shandong, Hebei, Jiangsu, and Inner Mongolia) of CO2 emissions in China between 1997 and 2015 using multi‐variate panel data model (PDM). According to the coefficients in PDM, the energy consumption of Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Hebei, and Shaanxi make the greatest contribution to CO2 emissions and the economic development of Jiangsu and Shandong are deemed as the greatest contributor to CO2 emissions. The Granger causality results illustrate a bi‐directional causality exists between economic progress and CO2 emissions and between energy consumption and CO2 emissions for six provinces. Finally, the pathways to handle with the contradictions between economic development and CO2 mitigation of top six provinces are proposed, namely decreasing fossil fuels based energy consumption, giving impetus to renewable energy development, exploring a new evaluation system to judge low carbon economy progress, and increasing investment on equipments to improve energy efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]