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Jorge Hirsch (2005a, 2005b) recently proposed the h index to quantify the research output of individual scientists. The new index has attracted a lot of attention in the scientific community. The claim that the h index in a single number provides a good representation of the scientific lifetime achievement of a scientist as well as the (supposed) simple calculation of the h index using common literature databases lead to the danger of improper use of the index. We describe the advantages and disadvantages of the h index and summarize the studies on the convergent validity of this index. We also introduce corrections and complements as well as single-number alternatives to the h index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Co-occurrence matrices, such as cocitation, coword, and colink matrices, have been used widely in the information sciences. However, confusion and controversy have hindered the proper statistical analysis of these data. The underlying problem, in our opinion, involved understanding the nature of various types of matrices. This article discusses the difference between a symmetrical cocitation matrix and an asymmetrical citation matrix as well as the appropriate statistical techniques that can be applied to each of these matrices, respectively. Similarity measures (such as the Pearson correlation coefficient or the cosine) should not be applied to the symmetrical cocitation matrix but can be applied to the asymmetrical citation matrix to derive the proximity matrix. The argument is illustrated with examples. The study then extends the application of co-occurrence matrices to the Web environment, in which the nature of the available data and thus data collection methods are different from those of traditional databases such as the Science Citation Index. A set of data collected with the Google Scholar search engine is analyzed by using both the traditional methods of multivariate analysis and the new visualization software Pajek, which is based on social network analysis and graph theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces the idea of coding a practically relevant body of knowledge (BoK) in Information Systems (IS) that could have major benefits for the field. In its main part, the paper focuses on the question if and how an underlying body of action-oriented knowledge for IS experts could be distilled from the IS research literature. For this purpose the paper identifies five knowledge areas as the most important parts for an IS expert's BoK. Two of these are claimed as distinct areas of competence for IS experts: IS application knowledge and IS development (ISD) process knowledge. The paper focuses particularly on ISD process knowledge because it allows the organizing of practically relevant IS knowledge in an action-oriented way. The paper presents some evidence for the claim that a considerable body of practically relevant IS process knowledge might, indeed, exist, but also notes that it is highly dispersed in the IS literature. It then argues that the IS research community should take stock of this knowledge and organize it in an action-oriented way. Based on results from prior work it proposes a four-level hierarchical coding scheme for this purpose. In order to test the idea of coding action-oriented knowledge for IS experts, the paper reports the results of a coded literature analysis of ISD research articles published from 1996 to 2000 in two leading IS journals– Information Systems Journal and MIS Quarterly. The results suggest that ISD approaches form a useful framework for organizing practically relevant IS knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Web citations have been proposed as comparable to, even replacements for, bibliographic citations, notably in assessing the academic impact of work in promotion and tenure decisions. We compared bibliographic and Web citations to articles in 46 journals in library and information science. For most journals (57%), Web citations correlated significantly with both bibliographic citations listed in the Social Sciences Citation Index and the ISI's Journal Impact Factor. Many of the Web citations represented intellectual impact, coming from other papers posted on the Web (30%) or from class readings lists (12%). Web citation counts were typically higher than bibliographic citation counts for the same article. Journals with more Web citations tended to have Web sites that provided tables of contents on the Web, while less cited journals did not have such publicity. The number of Web citations to journal articles increased from 1992 to 1997. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract. It has commonly been argued that the use of different research methods within the information system (IS) discipline and within individual pieces of research will produce richer and more reliable results. This paper reports on a survey of the IS literature to discover the extent of multimethod research. The findings are that such work is relatively scarce, and where it occurs involves only a small set of traditional methods. Possible reasons for this are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this opinion paper, we argue that global health crises are also information crises. Using as an example the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) epidemic, we (a) examine challenges associated with what we term "global information crises"; (b) recommend changes needed for the field of information science to play a leading role in such crises; and (c) propose actionable items for short‐ and long‐term research, education, and practice in information science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indigenous knowledge of place is not well‐served by today's digital geospatial technologies, such as spatial data, maps, spatial databases, and GIS. This paper aims to identify and explore new connections between Indigenous knowledge of place and digital geospatial technologies. Our analysis is structured around three key gaps in past work: (a) the overrepresentation of digital data about space, rather than knowledge of place; (b) a lack of facility to differentiate access to knowledge and enable Indigenous data sovereignty; (c) a lack of facility to support and sustain relationships between Indigenous and non‐Indigenous peoples. The paper further identifies and explores recent research topics in the field of geographic information science (GI science) with relevance to addressing these gaps. This includes identifying new serendipitous synergies with previously unconnected research areas, such as research into location privacy, uncertainty, qualitative spatial reasoning, or distributed spatial computing. The conclusions acknowledge that our retrospective approach is unlikely to lead to radical reformulation of geospatial technologies. Nevertheless, we argue that identifying technological opportunities could offer a pragmatic pathway to more rapidly bootstrap new approaches, beyond simply technological "fixes." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LEarning TO Rank (LETOR) algorithms are usually trained on annotated corpora where a single relevance label is assigned to each available document‐topic pair. Within the Cranfield framework, relevance labels result from merging either multiple expertly curated or crowdsourced human assessments. In this paper, we explore how to train LETOR models with relevance judgments distributions (either real or synthetically generated) assigned to document‐topic pairs instead of single‐valued relevance labels. We propose five new probabilistic loss functions to deal with the higher expressive power provided by relevance judgments distributions and show how they can be applied both to neural and gradient boosting machine (GBM) architectures. Moreover, we show how training a LETOR model on a sampled version of the relevance judgments from certain probability distributions can improve its performance when relying either on traditional or probabilistic loss functions. Finally, we validate our hypothesis on real‐world crowdsourced relevance judgments distributions. Overall, we observe that relying on relevance judgments distributions to train different LETOR models can boost their performance and even outperform strong baselines such as LambdaMART on several test collections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Label‐free super‐resolution (LFSR) imaging relies on light‐scattering processes in nanoscale objects without a need for fluorescent (FL) staining required in super‐resolved FL microscopy. The objectives of this Roadmap are to present a comprehensive vision of the developments, the state‐of‐the‐art in this field, and to discuss the resolution boundaries and hurdles that need to be overcome to break the classical diffraction limit of the label‐free imaging. The scope of this Roadmap spans from the advanced interference detection techniques, where the diffraction‐limited lateral resolution is combined with unsurpassed axial and temporal resolution, to techniques with true lateral super‐resolution capability that are based on understanding resolution as an information science problem, on using novel structured illumination, near‐field scanning, and nonlinear optics approaches, and on designing superlenses based on nanoplasmonics, metamaterials, transformation optics, and microsphere‐assisted approaches. To this end, this Roadmap brings under the same umbrella researchers from the physics and biomedical optics communities in which such studies have often been developing separately. The ultimate intent of this paper is to create a vision for the current and future developments of LFSR imaging based on its physical mechanisms and to create a great opening for the series of articles in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We introduce the quantitative method named "Reference Publication Year Spectroscopy" (RPYS). With this method one can determine the historical roots of research fields and quantify their impact on current research. RPYS is based on the analysis of the frequency with which references are cited in the publications of a specific research field in terms of the publication years of these cited references. The origins show up in the form of more or less pronounced peaks mostly caused by individual publications that are cited particularly frequently. In this study, we use research on graphene and on solar cells to illustrate how RPYS functions, and what results it can deliver. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Cumulative Advantage Distribution is proposed which models statistically the situation in which success breeds success. It differs from the Negative Binomial Distribution in that lack of success, being a non event, is not punished by increased chance of failure. It is shown that such a stochastic law is governed by the Beta Function, containing only one free parameter, and this is approximated by a skew or hyperbolic distribution of the type that is widespread in bibliometrics and diverse social science phenomena. In particular, this is shown to be an appropriate underlying probabilistic theory for the Bradford Law, the Lotka Law, the Pareto and Zipf Distributions, and for all the empirical results of citation frequency analysis. As side results one may derive also the obsolescence factor for literature use. The Beta Function is peculiarly elegant for these manifold purposes because it yields both the actual and the cumulative distributions in simple form, and contains a limiting case of an inverse square law to which many empirical distributions conform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports that for the first time in history there is now available the technology to produce and publish books on demand and at a reasonable price. With the introduction of the Xerox and its successful application as a practical book-printing machine, there is once again the old excitement of new frontiers and of a solution, at last, to old unsolvable problems--a solution built on all the earlier basic thinking about microfilm. Out-of-print books, often so very difficult to obtain, can now be made on demand. Original manuscripts can be published with the only investment being the cost of a microfilm negative.

Abstract: Abundant studies have shown that visualization is advantageous for software developers, yet adopting visualization during software development is not a common practice due to the large effort involved in finding an appropriate visualization. Developers require support to facilitate that task. Among 368 papers in SOFTVIS/VISSOFT venues, we identify 86 design study papers about the application of visualization to relieve concerns in software development. We extract from these studies the task, need, audience, data source, representation, medium, and tool, and we characterize them according to the subject, process, and problem domain. On the one hand, we support software developers to put visualization in action by mapping existing visualization techniques to particular needs from different perspectives. On the other hand, we highlight the problem domains that are overlooked in the field and need more support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This conceptual paper identifies future directions for information practices theoretical discourses addressing marginality, community, and embodiment. We extend arguments from critical research identifying how existing discourses fail to capture the nuanced, lived experiences of people and communities confronting marginalization, predominantly via their reinforcement of deficit narratives. We then connect a series of qualitative projects examining the information practices of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, intersex, and asexual communities in the American South with relevant Library and Information Science (LIS) research to examine how marginality, community, and embodiment shape these practices. Specifically, we introduce a conceptual model that describes marginality by framing information practices as tactical and agentic responses to and refutations of social and structural barriers and risks. While some of the information practices of participants and communities appear to be uninformed or unsafe, they represent the products of community sharing and vetting. Embodied navigations further inform participant practices as they navigate information worlds produced and informed by their intersectional identities. These arguments coincide with key categories established within our model that describe information practices: defensive and protective, and community and self. Based on these insights, we offer directions for future research and theory to reorient existing discourses in ways that inspire middle‐range theory building that fully captures people's lived experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents information resources related to history publications. Publication of a Calendar of the Papers of Sir Thomas Fowell Buxton, 1786-1845; Acquisition of a collection of the papers of Admiral of the Fleet Lord Fisher of Kilverstone by Churchill College Archives Center in Cambridge, England; Availability of the Report of the Committee to Review Local History.

The effects of information‐gathering activities on an entry model with asymmetric information are analysed. The baseline game is a classical entry game where an incumbent monopoly faces potential entry by a firm without knowing for certain whether this potential entrant is weak or strong. If the entrant decides to enter, the incumbent must compete with him and decide whether to accommodate or to fight. The paper extends this entry game and considers that the monopoly credibly informs the entrant that she is able to gather information about his type if he finally enters the market, thereby helping her to better decide whether to accommodate or fight. Since knowing this might reduce the entrant's willingness to compete with her, we focus the analysis on the effectiveness of this monopoly's communicative action as an entry deterrence strategy. The results suggest that such an action is effective regardless of the precision of the Intelligence System (IS) only for a relatively low payoff gained by the entrant from competing with the incumbent. For higher payoffs for the entrant, the effectiveness of this action requires a considerably accurate IS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past several years studies have started to appear comparing the accuracies of various science mapping approaches. These studies primarily compare the cluster solutions resulting from different similarity approaches, and give varying results. In this study we compare the accuracies of cluster solutions of a large corpus of 2,153,769 recent articles from the biomedical literature (2004-2008) using four similarity approaches: co-citation analysis, bibliographic coupling, direct citation, and a bibliographic coupling-based citation-text hybrid approach. Each of the four approaches can be considered a way to represent the research front in biomedicine, and each is able to successfully cluster over 92% of the corpus. Accuracies are compared using two metrics-within-cluster textual coherence as defined by the Jensen-Shannon divergence, and a concentration measure based on the grant-to-article linkages indexed in MEDLINE. Of the three pure citation-based approaches, bibliographic coupling slightly outperforms co-citation analysis using both accuracy measures; direct citation is the least accurate mapping approach by far. The hybrid approach improves upon the bibliographic coupling results in all respects. We consider the results of this study to be robust given the very large size of the corpus, and the specificity of the accuracy measures used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This editorial introduces the three papers in this Policy Arena on the contribution of information and communication technologies (ICTs) to development. Contribution in terms of technology diffusion and use – especially of mobile phones – is easy to detect. But focus has only recently shifted along the ‘ICT-for-development value chain’ from these indicators of ICT readiness and availability, to the question of development impact. In part, the absence or poor quality of ICT impact assessment to date derives from its lack of conceptual foundations. This editorial maps out the intellectual roots of the emerging sub-discipline of ‘development informatics’ to show where such foundations may come from. It also summarises the conceptualised contributions made by each of the Policy Arena papers. The papers draw on models of enterprise value chains, empowerment and Sen's capability theory to demonstrate ICTs' contribution to conceptions of development as economic growth, as sustainable livelihoods, and as freedom. Of course, not all ICT initiatives succeed, and the editorial provides a good practice summary drawn from experiences of success and failure. It moves beyond the perennial call for practitioners and policy makers to incorporate impact assessment as part of this good practice. First, by identifying the need to address motivational and structural issues around impact assessment. Second, by calling on policy makers to be more aware of the transformational potential of ICTs in development; so-called ‘Development 2.0’. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies how varied damping factors in the PageRank algorithm influence the ranking of authors and proposes weighted PageRank algorithms. We selected the 108 most highly cited authors in the information retrieval (IR) area from the 1970s to 2008 to form the author co-citation network. We calculated the ranks of these 108 authors based on PageRank with the damping factor ranging from 0.05 to 0.95. In order to test the relationship between different measures, we compared PageRank and weighted PageRank results with the citation ranking, h-index, and centrality measures. We found that in our author co-citation network, citation rank is highly correlated with PageRank with different damping factors and also with different weighted PageRank algorithms; citation rank and PageRank are not significantly correlated with centrality measures; and h-index rank does not significantly correlate with centrality measures but does significantly correlate with other measures. The key factors that have impact on the PageRank of authors in the author co-citation network are being co-cited with important authors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper critically evaluates systems approaches to knowledge management to identify if health care professionals value systemic development. Research in knowledge management and health informatics is reviewed to see if multiple systems perspectives exist, and if and how concepts from multiple systems perspectives are integrated, or ‘swept in’ to a complex whole. The first finding is that knowledge management strategies in health do ‘sweep in’ insights from three systems perspectives: personal learning (knowledge creation); communities of practice (knowledge normalization) and the exercise of technical expertise and technology (knowledge application). The second finding is that health knowledge management has an architecture that does promote systemic development. An empirical case example of systemic intervention by an executive team is discussed in terms of micro evolution in social ecology. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we propose a method for the reciprocal use of knowledge between association rule extraction (a technique from data mining) and HMM-based information extraction. Association rule extraction is a method that is generally applied to structured data and is either inefficient or intractable when applied to data that lacks an accurate information schema. In this paper we use HMM-based information extraction to automatically recognize the attributes of each word in a set of textual data and assign tags in order to structure this data. In addition, we use the degree of association between words seen in the association rules extracted from the structured data to weight the HMM parameters in order to improve the recognition accuracy of the information extraction procedure and allow knowledge to be reciprocally shared between the data mining and information extraction procedures. Besides this we propose a data mining method that uses representative schema patterns found in different types of semistructured data such as tagged or BibTeX data using schema discovery methods. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 89(7): 51–60, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.20256 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data Science can be considered a technique or a science. As a technique, it is more interested in the "what" than in the "why" of data. It does not need theories that explain how things work, it just needs the results. As a science, however, working strictly from data and without theories contradicts the post‐empiricist view of science. In this view, theories come before data and data is used to corroborate or falsify theories. Nevertheless, one of the most controversial statements about Data Science is that it is a science that can work without theories. In this conceptual paper, we focus on the science aspect of Data Science. How is Data Science as a science? We propose a three‐phased view of Data Science that shows that different theories have different roles in each of the phases we consider. We focus on when theories are used in Data Science rather than the controversy of whether theories are used in Data Science or not. In the end, we will see that the statement "Data Science works without theories" is better put as "in some of its phases, Data Science works without the theories that originally motivated the creation of the data." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes high-level synthesis using a genetic algorithm that can realize register transfer level circuits from behavioral descriptions. Until now this type of synthesis problem has been separated into scheduling and allocation problems, and the two problems have been solved separately. This procedure has a difficulty that the process may easily fall into a local solution.This paper proposes a simultaneous solution of those problems, so that a circuit better than in the conventional algorithm can be synthesized. The proposed approach, on the other hand, has the disadvantage that the computation time tends to be longer, since the length of the chromosome is increased. To avoid this difficulty, several measures are used such as modification of a faulty gene and discrimination among circuits requiring the same number of resources. A result better than in the conventional approach is obtained for the benchmark problem. © 1999 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 83(4): 24–32, 2000 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The information professions need a paradigmatic shift to address the epistemicide happening within our field and the ways we have systematically undermined knowledge systems falling outside of Western traditions. Epistemicide is the killing, silencing, annihilation, or devaluing of a knowledge system. We argue epistemicide happens when epistemic injustices are persistent and systematic and collectively work as a structured and systemic oppression of particular ways of knowing. We present epistemicide as a conceptual approach for understanding and analyzing ways knowledge systems are silenced or devalued within Information Science. We extend Fricker's framework by: (a) identifying new types of epistemic injustices, and (b) by adding to Fricker's concepts of Primary and Secondary Harm and introducing the concept of a Third Harm happening at an intergenerational level. Addressing epistemicide is critical for information professionals because we task ourselves with handling knowledge from every field. Acknowledgement of and taking steps to interrupt epistemic injustices and these specific harms are supportive of the social justice movements already happening. This paper serves as an interruption of epistemic injustice by presenting actions toward justice in the form of operationalized interventions of epistemicide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim The aim of this study was to provide an introduction to nutrition informatics, including a brief history and a rationale of its importance for Australian dietetics. Methods The study method used was a narrative review informed by a literature review and expert consultation with the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Results Nutrition informatics has demonstrated potential to improve efficiencies, reduce costs, support research and ultimately enhance patient care. Governments and organisations have identified this as an emerging priority area. The Dietitians Association of Australia has launched initiatives to advocate and provide strategic advice on dietetic involvement in biomedical informatics and specifically nutrition informatics. Conclusions If nutrition standards and processes are not integrated into information systems, dietitians may inherit technologies that do not support dietetic work practices, and opportunities to enhance nutrition services may be missed. It is recommended that dietitians be aware of the opportunities and potential benefits of nutrition informatics, become familiar and involved in technology initiatives, and take the lead in guiding the development and implementation of technologies that may impact patient nutritional care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The number of references at the end of scientific research papers form a strongly unimodal frequency distribution. It is shown that the generalized inverse Gaussian-Poisson distribution fits such unimodal data extremely well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to examine factors which may explain frequency and nature of use of documents in citing document texts over time. Articles published in the Journal of the American Society for in formation Science in 1972, 1973, and 1974 were searched on SciSearch to derive two sample groups. One group was frequently cited; the other was infrequently cited. The functional uses of the sample document groups were examined by four classification taxonomies in 417 citing contexts. The patterns of frequency of use, multiple use, and functional use were examined over time. The citation levels of documents citing the two sample groups were examined as well. When measured by functional citation taxonomies, frequently and Infrequently cited documents were not used for significantly different functions. Frequently cited documents, however, seemed more tightly linked (essential) than infrequently cited documents to the documents in which they were used. While frequently cited documents were not judged more useful than Infrequently cited documents initially, they were used at a stable higher level over a longer period. Infrequently cited documents were used immediately following publication and then their use rapidly diminished. The repeated use of infrequently cited documents within documents tended to decrease over time while the repeated use of frequently cited documents tended to increase. Frequently cited articles were used for different functions in the period Immediately following publication and a later time period, Infrequently cited articles were used with greater consistency in the two time periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a previous paper we presented procedures of analyzing causality between a time series based on information theory and information flow between time series based on a concept of directed transinformation, which is an information quantity with a direction. In principle, the directed transinformation is defined based on joint probability density between time series. As the length of the time series becomes larger, however, the volume of computation needed also increased exponentially. In this paper, we will discuss efficient computation algorithms. First, we assume Gaussian properties with the time series to present the "correlation function method" as a means of computing of the directed transinformation from correlation function. Second, we present a "linear production model method" in which the information quantity is computed by means of impulse response of a linear production model of the time series. Also, we proved that the linear production model can easily be composed by auto-regression if the time series is steady. Finally, we discussed the validity of time-series analysis based on the directed transinformation through analysis of an artificially produced simulated series. We have concluded that the proposed computation method can provide correct analysis even if the causality of the time series can not be analyzed correctly based on the correlation function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is the purpose of this paper to explore the use of extracts by reporting the results of a survey of the current acceptability and use of extracts, by a literature review and by suggesting guidelines for selecting extract material. The survey shows that extracts are currently being used in information services, especially for current awareness. Most consider extracting a time-saver. The methods for selecting material from a document are not well defined. A search of the literature produced only thirteen documents which deal with manually produced extracts. As reported in the literature, materials extracted include the author summaries, first and/or last paragraphs, selected sentences, the first page, and material selected by subject specialists from the entire text. The value of extracts as measured by whether they lead the user to relevant documents was experimentally demonstrated. The purpose of the guidelines is to help the librarian and information specialist produce an informative extract. There was no substantial evidence that extracting is less costly than abstracting. The main criteria considers whether to spend the money to resay what the author has said or get a better understanding of the paper and use the author's words to describe it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on information science, bibliographic citations, and peer review. It states that information science has evolved since the 1950s and includes such concepts as knowledge representation, information retrieval, user needs and behavior, information theory, bibliometrics, and scholarly communication. It comments on article submissions and on the metrics concerning the quality of an article. It mentions that while the number of citations a paper receives after its publication can be a useful metric of the value of a paper, quality is not synonymous with a high number of citations. It comments on various forms of peer review, including web-based open peer review and single-blind peer review.

This paper studies multiagent systems where each agent has access to local observations of a dynamic environment and needs to build from this partial information an hypothesis on the state of the system. Each agent ensures that its hypothesis is consistent with its observations, and communicates with other agents to refine this hypothesis by confronting them to their own views. However, these communications are restricted by temporal and topological constraints, and can only be bilateral. We first study in this paper an abstract model of this problem, identifying conditions under which satisfying states can (or will) be reached. We rely in particular on a compositional consistency relation. We then detail a case study involving agents able to reason abductively (with Theorist), and study how demanding are the conditions required in this context. Different bilateral protocols are finally introduced and formally studied, to account for both compositional and noncompositional settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We collected research articles from Retraction Watch database, Scopus, and a major retraction announcement by Springer, to identify emails used by authors. Authors' emails can be institutional emails and noninstitutional emails. Data suggest that retracted articles are more likely to use noninstitutional emails, but it is difficult to generalize. The study put some focus on authors from China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Educational preventing violent extremism (EPVE) programs have had (to date) little if any theoretical underpinning. Given their proliferation in jurisdictions such as Canada, Australia, the United Kingdom, and other European countries, such an absence is notable but not unexpected given the political sensitivities attached to them. These programs remain an emerging policy area which is still "finding its feet," around which their legitimacy and efficacy is keenly debated. This paper argues for adopting theoretical principles drawn from information science research based upon information behavior models to provide a framework for the design and development of such programs and against which their efficacy can be tested. We demonstrate how this approach can be applied through thematic analysis of the theory of change models of EPVE programs implemented in England and Wales, designed to increase awareness and understanding of radicalization among young people, their carers, and professionals. This article is ground breaking and of international significance, being the first to apply learning from information science to practice in furthering policy goals around countering radicalization and extremism in the United Kingdom and other jurisdictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Geographer is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses various reports within the issue on topics including photogrammetry, remote sensing, and spatial information sciences.

This study explores the similarity among six types of scholarly networks aggregated at the institution level, including bibliographic coupling networks, citation networks, cocitation networks, topical networks, coauthorship networks, and coword networks. Cosine distance is chosen to measure the similarities among the six networks. The authors found that topical networks and coauthorship networks have the lowest similarity; cocitation networks and citation networks have high similarity; bibliographic coupling networks and cocitation networks have high similarity; and coword networks and topical networks have high similarity. In addition, through multidimensional scaling, two dimensions can be identified among the six networks: Dimension 1 can be interpreted as citation-based versus noncitation-based, and Dimension 2 can be interpreted as social versus cognitive. The authors recommend the use of hybrid or heterogeneous networks to study research interaction and scholarly communications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to visualize keyword trends embedded in newspaper articles, this paper proposes the FACT-Graph (Frequency And Co-occurrence-based Trend Graph). First, we introduce a trend analysis method that works by using keyword classes. We identify four classes of keywords by term frequency (TF) values and document frequency (DF) values in an analytical period, and then some keywords are classified into different classes by period. We pay attention to class transitions between periods and use them as a clue for trend analysis. Next, we apply a method of identifying relationships between multiple words by their co-occurrence and their transitions in order to resolve problems that have occurred in prior class transition analysis. Finally, we output a FACT-Graph by extending the traditional simple co-occurrence graph, which visualizes trend analysis, and simultaneously examine keyword class and keyword co-occurrence relationships. The FACT-Graph is based on four classes of keywords, keyword co-occurrences, and their transitions between time periods. While each class is characterized by the shapes of nodes and keyword co-occurrence relationships are represented by the types of links, the trend transition patterns are colored. Applying the proposed FACT-Graph to a data set of 220,000 newspaper articles, this paper gives some example results and validates the effectiveness of visualizing keyword trends embedded in volumes of text. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 95(2): 50-58, 2012; Published online in Wiley Online Library (). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10347 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This methods-oriented paper introduces visual methods and specifically photography to study immediate information space (Lee, ); that is, information-rich settings such as offices or homes. It draws upon the authors' firsthand ethnographic field experiences, a review of relevant theoretical and methodological literature, and an analysis of cases within information studies that have made use of visual and photographic techniques. To begin, the traditions of visual research within anthropology and sociology are traced and major epistemological, methodological, and disciplinary debates associated with visual scholarship are presented. Then, investigations of immediate information space that utilize photography are analyzed, including examples from the areas of personal information management, health informatics, information behavior, and computer-supported cooperative work. Moreover, a section entitled 'Applying Photographic Techniques...' supplies guidelines for employing photography in a research design, as well as a question-based research framework and tips for photographing information phenomena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In bibliometrics, the association of 'impact' with central-tendency statistics is mistaken. Impacts add up, and citation curves therefore should be integrated instead of averaged. For example, the journals MIS Quarterly and Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology differ by a factor of 2 in terms of their respective impact factors (IF), but the journal with the lower IF has the higher impact. Using percentile ranks (e.g., top-1%, top-10%, etc.), an Integrated Impact Indicator ( I3) can be based on integration of the citation curves, but after normalization of the citation curves to the same scale. The results across document sets can be compared as percentages of the total impact of a reference set. Total number of citations, however, should not be used instead because the shape of the citation curves is then not appreciated. I3 can be applied to any document set and any citation window. The results of the integration (summation) are fully decomposable in terms of journals or institutional units such as nations, universities, and so on because percentile ranks are determined at the paper level. In this study, we first compare I3 with IFs for the journals in two Institute for Scientific Information subject categories ('Information Science & Library Science' and 'Multidisciplinary Sciences'). The library and information science set is additionally decomposed in terms of nations. Policy implications of this possible paradigm shift in citation impact analysis are specified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

P-GRADE portal is one of the most widely used general-purpose grid portal in Europe. The paper summarizes the most advanced features of P-GRADE, such as parameter sweep workflow execution, multi-grid workflow execution and integration with the DSpace workflow repository. It also shows the NGS P-GRADE portal that extends P-GRADE with the GEMLCA legacy code execution support in Grid systems, as well as with coarse-grain workflow interoperability services. Next, the paper introduces the second generation P-GRADE portal called WS-PGRADE that merges the advanced features of the first generation P-GRADE portals and extends them with new workflow and architecture concepts. Finally, the application-specific science gateway of the CancerGrid project is briefly described to demonstrate that application-specific portals can easily be developed on top of the general-purpose WS-PGRADE portal. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1975 Tefko Saracevic declared “the subject knowledge view” to be the most fundamental perspective of relevance. This paper examines the assumptions in different views of relevance, including “the system's view” and “the user's view” and offers a reinterpretation of these views. The paper finds that what was regarded as the most fundamental view by Saracevic in 1975 has not since been considered (with very few exceptions). Other views, which are based on less fruitful assumptions, have dominated the discourse on relevance in information retrieval and information science. Many authors have reexamined the concept of relevance in information science, but have neglected the subject knowledge view, hence basic theoretical assumptions seem not to have been properly addressed. It is as urgent now as it was in 1975 seriously to consider “the subject knowledge view” of relevance (which may also be termed “the epistemological view”). The concept of relevance, like other basic concepts, is influenced by overall approaches to information science, such as the cognitive view and the domain-analytic view. There is today a trend toward a social paradigm for information science. This paper offers an understanding of relevance from such a social point of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study uses citations, from 1996 to 2007, to the work of 80 randomly selected full-time, information studies (IS) faculty members from North America to examine differences between Scopus and Web of Science in assessing the scholarly impact of the field focusing on the most frequently citing journals, conference proceedings, research domains and institutions, as well as all citing countries. Results show that when assessment is limited to smaller citing entities (e.g., journals, conference proceedings, institutions), the two databases produce considerably different results, whereas when assessment is limited to larger citing entities (e.g., research domains, countries), the two databases produce very similar pictures of scholarly impact. In the former case, the use of Scopus (for journals and institutions) and both Scopus and Web of Science (for conference proceedings) is necessary to more accurately assess or visualize the scholarly impact of IS, whereas in the latter case, assessing or visualizing the scholarly impact of IS is independent of the database used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowledge map is an important and effective instrument for enterprise knowledge management. A large number of unordered knowledge resources in the enterprises bring about difficulties to the knowledge map construction. It is necessary to construct the enterprise knowledge map from a systematic perspective. Considering influences of individual's cognition on the organizational knowledge structure, this paper introduces social classification into the enterprise context and proposes a three-level architecture for enterprise knowledge map construction, i.e. the individual knowledge tagging, the domain topic selection and the inter-domain association analysis layer. In this architecture, domain serves as the basic unit to display knowledge and their relationships, as well as provides a pragmatic context for knowledge navigation and reuse. Incorporating the above elements, a method is formulated and applied to a real-world case. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This editorial presents a special collection of papers addressing the concept of place and its use in geographical information science (GIScience). The concept of place is a topic of increasing interest among GIScience scholars. First attempts to formalise platial information have been made and it is increasingly held that user‐generated data sets in particular are often more platial than spatial in nature. At the same time, and especially when compared to geometric spatial concepts, the concept of place is ambiguous, complex and difficult to capture in formal and analytical terms, suggesting the need for interdisciplinary approaches. This collection presents articles covering a wide range of place‐related aspects, including both conceptual and more applied contributions. In the present editorial we summarise these and comment on their individual contributions, and hope that the readership of Transactions in GIS will find the special collection inspiring and informative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is increasingly common for urban planners and local policymakers to adopt interactive technologies, such as geographical information systems (GISs), to inform their decision making and to enhance performance. This paper aimed to assess the role that interactive technology can play in enhancing urban governance to meet social needs by improving local organisations' capacities, client access, and service effectiveness and responsiveness, as well as community building. Using the previous research framework on mapping community capacity developed by Brudney et al. (Community Development Journal, 2016, 52, 354) and Çöltekin et al. (Cartography and Geographic Information Science, 2009, 36, 5–17), we examined a simulated online interactive map for service provision in Hong Kong and interviewed around 20 local community organisations and 100 local residents about their user experience, their willingness to support its long‐term adoption and their challenges. Our findings reveal that local residents find the interactive map helpful, particularly in improving service access, whereas local organisations are more reluctant to adopt such technology due to high maintenance costs. The implications of our study include the need to develop incentives to encourage technology adoption, to improve the capacity of local organisations and to establish better links between community organisations and local residents to identify sustainable financing (through crowdsourcing) for GIS applications to improve urban community governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spatial modeling is a core element in geographical information science. It incorporates geographic information to construct the relationship for interpreting the behavior of spatial phenomena. In this paper, a broad learning framework for nonparametric spatial modeling is presented. Broad learning overcomes the obstacle of expensive computational consumption in deep learning and provides a powerful computationally efficient alternative. In contrast to the deep learning architecture that is configured with stacks of hierarchical layers, broad learning networks are established in a flat manner that can be flexibly reconfigured with the inherited information from the trained network. To develop the broad learning network, a simple prototype network is established as the initial trial and it is modified incrementally to enhance its data fitting capacity. Consequently, complex relationship of unstructured spatial data can be modeled efficiently. To demonstrate the efficacy and applicability of the broad learning framework, we will present a simulated example and a real application using the strong ground motion records on the 2008 great Wenchuan earthquake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern strategic management theories try to explain why firms differ, because new sources of competitive advantage are keenly sought in the dynamic and complex environment of global competition. Two areas in particular have attracted the attention of researchers: the role of dynamic capabilities, and the firm's abilities for knowledge management. In this paper, we argue that there is a link between these two concepts, which has not been fully articulated in the literature. The aim of the paper is therefore to ascertain the conceptual connection between them as a basis for future research. Our proposed framework acknowledges and critiques the distinct roots of each field, identifies boundaries, and proposes relationships between the constructs and firm performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The amount of knowledge accumulated in published scientific papers has increased due to the continuing progress being made in scientific research. Since numerous papers have only reported fragments of scientific facts, there are possibilities for discovering new knowledge by connecting these facts. We therefore developed a system called BioTermNet to draft a conceptual network with hybrid methods of information extraction and information retrieval. Two concepts are regarded as related in this system if (a) their relationship is clearly described in MEDLINE abstracts or (b) they have distinctively co-occurred in abstracts. PRIME data, including protein interactions and functions extracted by NLP techniques, are used in the former, and the Singhal-measure for information retrieval is used in the latter. Relationships that are not clearly or directly described in an abstract can be extracted by connecting multiple concepts. To evaluate how well this system performs, Swanson's association between Raynaud's disease and fish oil and that between migraine and magnesium were tested with abstracts that had been published before the discovery of these associations. The result was that when start and end concepts were given, plausible and understandable intermediate concepts connecting them could be detected. When only the start concept was given, not only the focused concept (magnesium and fish oil) but also other probable concepts could be detected as related concept candidates. Finally, this system was applied to find diseases related to the BRCA1 gene. Some other new potentially related diseases were detected along with diseases whose relations to BRCA1 were already known. The BioTermNet is available at http://btn.ontology.ims.u-tokyo.ac.jp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Few children have a ‘pure’ diagnosis of neuropsychiatric disorders such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder or autism. Most have complex, overlapping symptoms, and it is often these associated and common comorbidities that cause as much, if not more impairments, than the core symptoms. Prescribing decisions are therefore complex and made on the basis of eliciting a range of agreed ‘target symptoms’. At present, however, there are no agreed systems that allow monitoring of all areas of potential change, and few services are able to monitor symptoms, side effects, impact on family life and individual children’s quality of life systematically. At best many clinics use a plethora of paper-based standardized questionnaires, based on individual diagnoses. This article describes the development of a novel biomedical informatics system that has been designed to allow parents, professionals and children to use a web-based, real-time symptom monitoring system to enable more effective treatments, better pathways of shared care, and more equitable and efficient service delivery for this group of vulnerable children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To establish a journal club for librarians, which aimed to develop appraisal skills and assist in the application of research to practice. Methods: Fourteen health librarians were invited to attend a journal club. Each month a librarian was responsible for preparing a scenario, choosing a research paper, and selecting a checklist. The paper was appraised by the club, and a critically appraised topic (CAT) prepared. Six months later, a questionnaire was sent to all librarians. Results: Six out of 14 librarians attended the journal club and five out of six returned the questionnaire. All five agreed that attending the journal club helped them develop appraisal skills, write a CAT and be more critical of research. Four agreed they always identified a research paper first, then formulated a question. One librarian agreed that applying results to their own practice was difficult, one disagreed and three were neutral. Conclusion: Journal clubs can be effective at developing appraisal skills and writing a CAT, as well as increasing the reading of library research. Librarians still need assistance in identifying and using questions directly from their own practice. The journal club has helped some librarians to apply evidence to practice, but others find the research is not always directly relevant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]