Search

The plant cuticle controls non‐stomatal water loss and can serve as a barrier against biotic agents, whereas the heteropolymer suberin and its associated waxes are deposited constitutively at specific cell wall locations. While several transcription factors controlling cuticle formation have been identified, those involved in the transcriptional regulation of suberin biosynthesis remain poorly characterized. The major goal of this study was to further analyse the function of the R2R3‐Myeloblastosis (MYB) transcription factor AtMYB41 in formation of the cuticle, suberin, and suberin‐associated waxes throughout plant development.For functional analysis, the organ‐specific expression pattern of AtMYB41 was analysed and Atmyb41ge alleles were generated using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. These were investigated for root growth and water permeability upon stress. In addition, the fatty acid, wax, cutin, and suberin monomer composition of different organs was evaluated by gas chromatography.The characterization of Atmyb41ge mutants revealed that AtMYB41 negatively regulates the production of cuticular lipids and fatty acid biosynthesis in leaves and seeds, respectively. Remarkably, biochemical analyses indicate that AtMYB41 also positively regulates the formation of cuticular waxes in stems of Arabidopsis thaliana.Overall, these results suggest that the AtMYB41 acts as a negative regulator of cuticle and fatty acid biosynthesis in leaves and seeds, respectively, but also as a positive regulator of wax production in A. thaliana stems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past two decades, we have witnessed a growing appreciation for the importance of membrane contact sites (CS) in facilitating direct communication between organelles. CS are tiny regions where the membranes of two organelles meet but do not fuse and allow the transfer of metabolites between organelles, playing crucial roles in the coordination of cellular metabolic activities. The significant advancements in imaging techniques and molecular and cell biology research have revealed that CS are more complex than what originally thought, and as they are extremely dynamic, they can remodel their shape, composition, and functions in accordance with metabolic and environmental changes and can occur between more than two organelles. Here, we describe how recent studies led to the identification of a three‐way mitochondria–ER–lipid droplet CS and discuss the emerging functions of these contacts in maintaining lipid storage, homeostasis, and balance. We also summarize the properties and functions of key protein components localized at the mitochondria–ER–lipid droplet interface, with a special focus on lipid transfer proteins. Understanding tripartite CS is essential for unraveling the complexities of inter‐organelle communication and cooperation within cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our body stores energy mostly in form of fatty acids (FAs) in lipid droplets (LDs). From there the FAs can be mobilized and transferred to peroxisomes and mitochondria. This transfer is dependent on close opposition of LDs and mitochondria and peroxisomes and happens at membrane contact sites. However, the composition and the dynamics of these contact sites is not well understood, which is in part due to the dependence on the metabolic state of the cell and on the cell‐ and tissue‐type. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on the contacts between lipid droplets and mitochondria both in mammals and in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, in which various contact sites are well studied. We discuss possible functions of the contact site and their implication in disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: Rhizobial phosphatidylcholine (PC) is thought to be a critical phospholipid for the symbiotic relationship between rhizobia and legume host plants. A PC‐deficient mutant of Sinorhizobium meliloti overproduces succinoglycan, is unable to swim, and lacks the ability to form nodules on alfalfa (Medicago sativa) host roots. Suppressor mutants had been obtained which did not overproduce succinoglycan and regained the ability to swim. Previously, we showed that point mutations leading to altered ExoS proteins can reverse the succinoglycan and swimming phenotypes of a PC‐deficient mutant. Here, we report that other point mutations leading to altered ExoS, ChvI, FabA, or RpoH1 proteins also revert the succinoglycan and swimming phenotypes of PC‐deficient mutants. Notably, the suppressor mutants also restore the ability to form nodule organs on alfalfa roots. However, nodules generated by these suppressor mutants express only low levels of an early nodulin, do not induce leghemoglobin transcript accumulation, thus remain white, and are unable to fix nitrogen. Among these suppressor mutants, we detected a reduced function mutant of the 3‐hydoxydecanoyl‐acyl carrier protein dehydratase FabA that produces reduced amounts of unsaturated and increased amounts of shorter chain fatty acids. This alteration of fatty acid composition probably affects lipid packing thereby partially compensating for the previous loss of PC and contributing to the restoration of membrane homeostasis. Significance Statement: The membrane lipid phosphatidylcholine (PC) is crucial for the bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti when generating nitrogen‐fixing nodules on the roots of their host plant. Although PC‐deficient mutants of S. meliloti cannot form any nodules on their host plant, suppressor mutants were isolated which partially recover the ability to trigger nodule formation. Among these suppressor mutants, we detected a reduced function mutant of FabA that produces reduced amounts of unsaturated and increased amounts of shorter chain fatty acids thereby probably affecting lipid packing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Extracellular vesicles in human milk are critical in supporting newborn growth and development. Bioavailability of dietary extracellular vesicles may depend on the composition of membrane lipids. Single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the fatty acid desaturase gene cluster impact the content of long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in human milk phospholipids. This study investigated the relation between variation in FADS1 and FADS2 with the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids in extracellular vesicles from human milk. Methods: Milk was obtained from a cohort of mothers (N = 70) at 2–4 weeks of lactation. SNPs in the FADS gene locus were determined using pyrosequencing for rs174546 in FADS1 and rs174575 in FADS2. Quantitative lipidomic analysis of polyunsaturated fatty acids in human milk and extracellular vesicles from human milk was completed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Results: The rs174546 and rs174575 genotypes were independent predictors of the arachidonic acid content in extracellular vesicles. The rs174546 genotype also predicted eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in extracellular vesicles. The reduced content of long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in extracellular vesicles in human milk may be due to lower fatty acid desaturase activity in mothers who are carriers of the A allele in rs174546 or the G allele in rs174575. Conclusion: The polyunsaturated fatty acid composition of milk extracellular vesicles is predicted by the FADS genotype. These findings yield novel insights regarding extracellular vesicle content and composition that can inform the design of future research to explore how lipid metabolites impact the bioavailability of human milk extracellular vesicles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The heart primarily derives its energy through lipid oxidation. In cardiomyocytes, lipids are stored in lipid droplets (LDs) and are utilized in mitochondria, although the structural and functional connections between these two organelles remain largely unknown. In this study, visible evidence have presented indicating that a complex is formed at the mitochondria‐LD membrane contact (MLC) site, involving mitochondrion‐localized Mfn2 and LD‐localized Hsc70. This complex serves to tether mitochondria to LDs, facilitating the transfer of fatty acids (FAs) from LDs to mitochondria for β‐oxidation. Reduction of Mfn2 induced by lipid overload inhibits MLC, hinders FA transfer, and results in lipid accumulation. Restoring Mfn2 reinstates MLC, alleviating myocardial lipotoxicity under lipid overload conditions both in‐vivo and in‐vitro. Additionally, prolonged lipid overload induces Mfn2 degradation through the ubiquitin‐proteasome pathway, following Mfn2 acetylation at the K243 site. This leads to the transition from adaptive lipid utilization to maladaptive lipotoxicity. The experimental findings are supported by clinical data from patients with obesity and age‐matched non‐obese individuals. These translational results make a significant contribution to the molecular understanding of MLC in the heart, and offer new insights into its role in myocardial lipotoxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microorganism lipid droplet small regulator (MLDSR) is a transcriptional regulator of the major lipid droplet (LD)‐associated protein MLDS in Rhodococcus jostii RHA1 and Rhodococcus opacus PD630. In this study, we investigated the role of MLDSR on lipid metabolism and triacylglycerol (TAG) accumulation in R. jostii RHA1 at physiological and molecular levels. MLDSR gene deletion promoted a significant decrease of TAG accumulation, whereas inhibition of de novo fatty acid biosynthesis by the addition of cerulenin significantly repressed the expression of the mldsr‐mlds cluster under nitrogen‐limiting conditions. In vitro and in vivo approaches revealed that MLDSR‐DNA binding is inhibited by fatty acids and acyl‐CoA residues through changes in the oligomeric or conformational state of the protein. RNAseq analysis indicated that MLDSR not only controls the expression of its own gene cluster but also of several genes involved in central, lipid, and redox metabolism, among others. We also identified putative MLDSR‐binding sites on the upstream regions of genes coding for lipid catabolic enzymes and validated them by EMSA assays. Overexpression of mldsr gene under nitrogen‐rich conditions promoted an increase of TAG accumulation, and further cell lysis with TAG release to the culture medium. Our results suggested that MLDSR is a fatty acid‐responsive regulator that plays a dual role in cells by repression or activation of several metabolic genes in R. jostii RHA1. MLDSR seems to play an important role in the fine‐tuning regulation of TAG accumulation, LD formation, and cellular lipid homeostasis, contributing to the oleaginous phenotype of R. jostii RHA1 and R. opacus PD630. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development of a new and sustainable catalyst is necessary to the society for providing economical technology. Surface modification of nanometal oxides is one of the rapidly growing methods for developing a sustainable catalyst with attractive properties than their parent oxide. In this work, surface‐modified nickel ferrites have been carried out using 4,4′‐biphenyldisulfonic acid (BPDSA) as the linker. Thus, obtained modified material has been characterized using different techniques such as DLS, FT‐IR, TGA, XRD, VSM, and XPS. This well‐characterized, stable, robust, recyclable material offers a good conversion in the fatty acid, that is, oleic acid esterification in the presence of methanol in a short period of time (3.0 h). Based on the kinetic study in the oleic acid esterification, it fits in the pseudo first‐order kinetics, and activation energy was found to be 60.0 kJ/mol. Further, the potentiality of our catalyst was also tested in the transesterification of various raw materials like mustard oil, olive oil, almond oil, and neem oil. In addition, it provides an excellent conversion with microalgae lipid extraction for the production of biodiesel. The kinematic viscosity of the methyl oleate (biodiesel) has been found to be 5.0426 mm2/s at 25°C whereas the dynamic viscosity is 6.0511 mPa, which is nearly the same as biodiesel obtained from Dunaliella salina, microalgae lipid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: For the various application fields of lipases in food, an accurate and reliable prediction of their performance is needed. This is not provided by the current artificial substrate‐based assays, because natural substrates should be applied. The fluorescent dye Rhodamine B (RB) enables the tracking of released fatty acids in real time and therefore offers the possibility to assess lipase activity towards any substrate. A high‐throughput assay including RB was established, validated and applied to a range of five fats/oils and two isolated lipids for a range of seven lipases. The results show that lipase reactions under different conditions are not comparable. Besides the substrate and the lipase, the milieu of the reaction has a decisive impact. For the prediction of lipase reactions in foods, further aspects such as the accessibility of substrates need to be taken into consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As one of novel hallmarks of cancer, lipid metabolic reprogramming has recently been becoming fascinating and widely studied. Lipid metabolic reprogramming in cancer is shown to support carcinogenesis, progression, distal metastasis, and chemotherapy resistance by generating ATP, biosynthesizing macromolecules, and maintaining appropriate redox status. Notably, increasing evidence confirms that lipid metabolic reprogramming is under the control of dysregulated non‐coding RNAs in cancer, especially lncRNAs and circRNAs. This review highlights the present research findings on the aberrantly expressed lncRNAs and circRNAs involved in the lipid metabolic reprogramming of cancer. Emphasis is placed on their regulatory targets in lipid metabolic reprogramming and associated mechanisms, including the clinical relevance in cancer through lipid metabolism modulation. Such insights will be pivotal in identifying new theranostic targets and treatment strategies for cancer patients afflicted with lipid metabolic reprogramming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biological activity of an oil not only depends on its fatty acid composition but also the lipid composition and trace components. In this paper, to select the optimal mushroom oil, the component compositions (fatty acids, lipids, polyphenols, flavones, tocopherols, and unsaponifiable matters) and antioxidant activities in vitro of four mushroom oils (Agrocybe cylindracea, two Lentinula edodes, and Volvariella volvacea) were investigated and compared. The results showed that the four tested oils had the same fatty acid composition in different amounts, but the lipid component, minor components, and free radical scavenging activity in the tested oils varied widely depending on the type of mushroom. Overall, Volvariella volvacea oil was considered superior to the other three tested oils, as it had the largest contents of polar lipids, diglycerides, polyunsaturated fatty acids (74.38%), unsaponifiable matter (319.09 mg/kg), total phenols (124.08 mg/100 g), tocopherols (139.86 mg/100 g), as well as the highest ABTS and FRAP values (349.45 and 3801.70 μmol Trolox/100 g). This finding suggests that Volvariella volvacea oil is a promising resource that should be further researched. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipid molecules are involved in a wide range of fundamental cell functions, explaining the enormous structural diversity of lipids, partly due to the large number of different fatty acids, which can vary in length and in the number and position of unsaturated bond(s). Interestingly, imbalances between (un)saturated species have been reported in various pathologies. Hence, it is of particular importance to study in detail the structural consequences associated with variations in the nature of the lipid hydrocarbon tails. To this end, 17 single‐component lipid bilayers, varying only in the nature of the hydrocarbon core are studied by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The structural analysis reveals that the effect of the nature of the two fatty acids on the overall membrane structure is additive. In addition, TDDFT quantum mechanical (QM) calculations are performed to study the modulations of the nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of an embedded probe, serving as local structural microscopes. However, these calculations highlight the difficulty of rationalizing changes in the NLO responses, in relation with the nature of the hydrocarbon region of the host environment. Nevertheless, less dense and packed membranes, which allow the probe to adopt more planar conformations, are associated with larger NLO responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One persistent puzzle in the life sciences is the asymmetric lipid composition of the cellular plasma membrane: while the exoplasmic leaflet is enriched in lipids carrying predominantly saturated fatty acids, the cytoplasmic leaflet hosts preferentially lipids with (poly‐)unsaturated fatty acids. Given the high energy requirements necessary for cells to maintain this asymmetry, the question naturally arises regarding its inherent benefits. In this paper, we propose asymmetry to represent a potential solution for harmonizing two conflicting requirements for the plasma membrane: first, the need to build a barrier for the uncontrolled influx or efflux of substances; and second, the need to form a fluid and dynamic two‐dimensional substrate for signaling processes. We hence view here the plasma membrane as a composite material, where the exoplasmic leaflet is mainly responsible for the functional integrity of the barrier and the cytoplasmic leaflet for fluidity. We reinforce the validity of the proposed mechanism by presenting quantitative data from the literature, along with multiple examples that bolster our model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increases in fatty acid (FA) biosynthesis meet the higher lipid demand by intensely proliferating cancer cells and promoting their progression. Stearoyl‐CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) is the key enzyme in FA biosynthesis, converting saturated FA (SFA) into monounsaturated FA (MUFA). Increases in the MUFA/SFA ratio and SCD1 expression have been observed in cancers of various origins and correlate with their aggressiveness. However, much is still unknown about the SCD1‐dependent molecular mechanisms that promote specific changes in metabolic pathways of cancer cells. The present study investigated the involvement of SCD1 in shaping glucose and lipid metabolism in colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. Excess FAs that derive from de novo lipogenesis are stored in organelles, called lipid droplets (LDs), mainly in the form of triacylglycerol (TAG) and cholesteryl esters. LD accumulation is associated with key features of cancer development and progression. Consistent with our findings, the pharmacological inhibition of SCD1 activity affects CRC cell viability and impairs TAG accumulation and LD formation in these cells through the activation of lipolytic and lipophagic pathways. We showed that SCD1 suppression affects crucial lipogenic processes that promote lipid accumulation in CRC cells but in a sterol regulatory element‐binding protein 1‐independent manner. We propose that adenosine monophosphate‐activated protein kinase contributes to these changes through the activation of lipolysis and inhibition of TAG synthesis. We also provide evidence of the involvement of SCD1 in the regulation of glucose uptake and utilization in CRC cells. These findings underscore the importance of SCD1 in regulating cellular processes that promote cancer development and progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to evaluate characteristics and changes over a decade in dietary carbohydrate and lipid quality according to socio‐demographic variables. Data was obtained from two Brazilian National Dietary Surveys 2008–2009 (n = 34 003) and 2017–2018 (n = 46 164) examining a nationwide representative sample of individuals ≥10 years old. Food intake was assessed by means of two non‐consecutive diet records (2008–2009) and 24 h diet recalls (2017–2018). Carbohydrate Quality Index is a score ranging from 4 to 20 calculated from fibre intake, global dietary glycaemic index, solid/total carbohydrate (CHO) and whole grains/total grains CHO. Lipid Quality Index was estimated by dividing the sum of the dietary content of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids by the sum of saturated and trans fatty acids. Indices were categorised into five categories (1 for lowest and 5 for highest quality). Socio‐demographic variables were sex, age, income, urban/rural area and place of food consumption. The estimates (95% CI) were generated separately for each survey and then compared to identify changes in time. Our main findings refer to changes in diet quality according to income. At the lowest income level, the proportions of individuals in the best carbohydrate and lipid quality categories reduced from 26.9% to 20.6% and from 30.0% to 24.9%, respectively. Alternatively, at the highest income level, these proportions increased from 22.9% to 26.6% and from 11.9% to 15.7%, respectively. Furthermore, the quality of lipids improved in women and among individuals reporting some away‐from‐home food consumption, while the quality of carbohydrates was reduced among adolescents and in rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oleogels and emulgels were developed with winterized algal oil from Schizochytrium spp. rich in ω‐3 fatty acids (FAs) to overcome physical limitations of using a highly unsaturated lipid source in food applications. Both gel types were developed using monolaurin or a combination of mono‐ and diacylglycerols (MAG/DAG) as the gelator at concentrations of 8%, 10%, or 12% (w/w) in oil or emulsion. A 30‐day oxidation study was conducted using peroxide value, p‐Anisidine value, and change in FA composition to measure the level of oxidation. Oleogel and emulgel samples exhibited a higher oxidative stability than bulk algal oil and oil‐in‐water emulsion as control groups, respectively. The 12% monolaurin oleogel outperformed others in oxidative stability, preventing oxidation of approximately 11.66% and 7.86% of EPA and DHA, respectively, compared to algal oil. Physical characteristics including thermal behavior, solid fat content (SFC), rheology, morphology, and polymorphism were studied. Results indicated that MAG/DAG oleogels and monolaurin emulgels were the most physically stable. The SFC of 12% MAG/DAG oleogel at 30°C was 10.27% whereas 12% monolaurin oleogel was only 4.51%. Both gel types developed with monolaurin and MAG/DAG could be used for different applications as they exhibited desirable qualities such as oxidative stability and improved physical characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Arctic is exposed to unprecedented warming, at least three times higher than the global average, which induces significant melting of the cryosphere. Freshwater inputs from melting glaciers will subsequently affect coastal primary production and organic matter quality. However, due to a lack of basic knowledge on the physiology of Arctic organisms, it remains difficult to understand how these future trophic changes will threaten the long‐term survival of benthic species in coastal habitats. This study aimed to gain new insights into the seasonal lipid dynamics of four dominant benthic bivalves (Astarte moerchi, Hiatella arctica, Musculus discors, and Mya truncata) collected before and after sea ice break‐up in a high‐Arctic fjord (Young Sound, NE Greenland). Total lipid content and fatty acid composition of digestive gland neutral lipids were analyzed to assess bivalve energy reserves while the fatty acid composition of gill polar lipids was determined as a biochemical indicator of interspecies variations in metabolic activity and temperature acclimation. Results showed a decrease in lipid reserves between May and August, suggesting that bivalves have only limited access to fresh organic matter until sea ice break‐up. The lack of seasonal variation in the fatty acid composition of neutral lipids, especially essential ω3 fatty acids, indicates that no fatty acid transfer from the digestive glands to the gonads occurs between May and August, and therefore, no reproductive investment takes place during this period. Large interspecies differences in gill fatty acid composition were observed, which appear to be related to differences in species life span and metabolic strategies. Such differences in gill fatty acid composition of polar lipids, which generally influence metabolic rates and energy needs, may imply that not all benthic species will be equally sensitive to future changes in primary production and organic matter quality in Arctic coastal habitats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipid profiles of the lipids from female gonads (LFG) and male gonads (LMG) of abalones (Haliotis discus hannai) were evaluated based on the analysis of phospholipid (PL) molecular species, PL class composition, fatty acid (FA) composition, and lipid class composition. These results suggested that lipids from abalone gonads were abundant in omega‐3 polyunsaturated FA (n − 3 PUFA, 14.42%–18.27% of total FAs) and PLs including phosphatidylcholine (PC, 21.26–47.85 mg g−1) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE, 9.29–24.10 mg g−1). Furthermore, more than 60 molecular species of PC and PE were determined. Particularly, the molecular species containing n − 3 PUFA including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) constituted majority of PC and PE in LFG and LMG. By contrast, LFG contained more PC and PE species containing EPA. Considering the lipid profiles, abalone gonads are a potential source of PL‐form n − 3 PUFA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Children with intestinal failure without liver disease may be given soy‐based lipid emulsion (SLE) or mixed lipid emulsion (MLE; containing soy, medium‐chain triglyceride, olive, and/or fish oils). Both differ in essential fatty acid content: MLE has added arachidonic acid (AA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). The aim of this study, in neonatal piglets, was to compare serum and tissue fatty acid composition when the emulsions were given at unrestricted doses. Methods: We compared SLE (n = 15) and MLE (n = 15) at doses of 10–15 g/kg/day in parenteral nutrition (PN). On day 14 we collected serum and tissues. Using gas‐liquid chromatography, percentage fatty acids were measured in serum, brain, and liver phospholipid. Comparisons were made to reference values from litter‐matched controls (n = 8). Results: Comparing median values, linoleic acid (LA) was lower for MLE vs SLE in serum (−27%), liver (−45%), and brain (−33%) (P < 0.001). AA was lower for MLE in serum (−25%), liver (−40%), and brain (−10%). DHA was higher for MLE in serum (+50%), liver (+200%), and brain (+10%). AA levels were lower for MLE vs control piglets in serum (−81%), liver (−63%), and brain (−9%). DHA levels were higher in serum (+41%), liver (+38%), and brain (+19%). Conclusion: This study in piglets has shown that, at unrestricted doses, MLE treatment is associated with low serum and tissue AA compared with SLE and healthy litter‐matched controls. Although not yet proven, low tissue AA levels may have functional consequences, and these data support current practice avoiding MLE dose restriction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effects of temperature on the fatty acids profile and the effects of temperature on the degree of unsaturation of fatty acids of Oreochromis niloticus were investigated. The analysis was performed by gas chromatography. The study showed that there were large temperature variations (10.0–32.0°C) during the study period (January–December). The highest crude fat content was found in January (3380 mg/100 g) and the lowest in June (2050 mg/100 g). The fatty acids profile showed significantly different diversity (p < 0.05). Total saturated fatty acid (∑SFA) content ranged from 409.54 to 1297.61 mg/100 g, monounsaturated fatty acid (∑MUFA) from 207.68 to 665.81 mg/100 g, and polyunsaturated fatty acid (∑PUFA) from 175.12 to 972.23 mg/100 g. The ∑MUFA and ∑PUFA concentrations were highest in January and lowest in June, and the ∑SFA concentration was lowest in January and highest in June. EPA and DHA contents were highest in January (198.96 mg/100 g) and lowest in June (48.76 mg/100 g). The contents of omega‐3 (653.17 mg/100 g) and omega‐6 fatty acids (252.54 mg/100 g) were highest in January and lowest in June (ω‐3; 106.43 and ω‐6; 60.91 mg/100 g). It concluded that the degree of unsaturation of fatty acids increases with decreasing temperature. In this study, the nutritional quality of the FAs profile was assessed using lipid quality indices. The indices indicating dietary quality of lipids by their values: Atherogenic index (0.47), thrombogenic index (0.38), hypocholesterolemic to hypercholesterolemic (3.00), meat fat quality (6.78), ω6/ω3 ratio (0.39), PUFA/SFA (2.37), MUFA/SFA (1.62), PUFA/MUFA (1.46), and PUFA + MUFA/SFA (3.99). These values are within the recommended range, indicating that the lipid profile of O. niloticus has high nutritional quality, which can be further improved by harvesting the fish during the winter season. Due to the nutritional importance of O. niloticus, the culture of this species could have significant interest to the people of Karachi, especially the coastal communities. To promote the nutritional diet in local population, the government should support the aquaculture of Nile tilapia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: Zooxanthella nutricula is a photosynthetic dinoflagellate symbiont of polycystine radiolarians. As such, it is hypothesized to provide fixed organic carbon, including in the form of acylglycerolipids and sterols, to its non‐photosynthetic host. We have previously characterized the sterols of Z. nutricula that may be transferred to its host and, in the present study, have turned our attention to three classes of fatty acid‐containing lipids, chloroplast‐associated galactolipids, betaine lipids, which are non‐phosphorylated phospholipid analogs present in many eukaryotes, and triglycerides. Zooxanthella nutricula was observed using positive‐ion electrospray/mass spectrometry (ESI/MS) and ESI/MS/MS to produce the galactolipids mono‐ and digalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG and DGDG, respectively) enriched in octadecapentaenoic (18:5(n‐3)) and octadecatetraenoic (18:4(n‐3)) acid to place it within a group of peridinin‐containing dinoflagellates in a C18/C18 (sn‐1/sn‐2 fatty acid regiochemistry) cluster, as opposed to another cluster with C20/C18 MGDG and DGDG, where the C20 fatty acid is eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5(n‐3)) and the C18 fatty acid is either 18:5(n‐3) or 18:4(n‐3). Zooxanthella nutricula was also observed to produce 38:10 (total number of fatty acid carbons:total number of double bonds), 38:6, and 44:7 diacylglycerylcarboxyhydroxymethylcholine (DGCC) as the sole type of betaine lipid. Although it is more difficult to determine which fatty acids are present in the sn‐1 and sn‐2 positions on the glycerol backbone of DGCC using ESI/MS/MS, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS)‐based examination indicated the putatively DGCC‐associated polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) docosahexaenoic acid (22:6(n‐3)). Coupled with the C18 PUFAs of MGDG and DGDG, and fatty acids associated with triglycerides (also examined via GC/MS), Z. nutricula could serve as a rich source of PUFAs for its radiolarian host. These data demonstrate that Z. nutricula produces a similar set of PUFA‐containing lipids as Symbiodinium microadriaticum, a photosynthetic dinoflagellate symbiont of cnidarians, indicating a metabolic commonality in these phylogenetically discrete dinoflagellate symbionts with unrelated host organisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is growing evidence that bioactive fatty acids (BFAs), including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5–3), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6–3), and conjugated fatty acids offer multiple biological benefits and constitute ingredients in functional food development. Despite their potential, novel and alternative/nonconventional sources with unique bioactive properties to meet growing demand remain largely unexplored, poorly characterized, and their effects are not well understood. We systematically reviewed the literature to identify studies on alternative sources of BFAs, their functions, extraction, and application in the food and nutraceutical industry. Twenty studies delved into alternate sources such as plants, bacteria, and algae. Six studies found EPA and DHA as the dominant FA in algal sources, while ten studies reported several BFAs from plant sources. Five studies assessed the health benefits of docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), arachidonic acid (ARA), EPA, γ‐linolenic acid (GLA), and linoleic acid (LA). Eleven studies compared the quality of oil recovered by green solvents, pressurized liquid, supercritical fluid, and assisted extraction methods. Three studies assessed the effects of assisted extraction methods and reported that these approaches improved oil yield and quality, but the findings may have limited applicability to other lipid sources. The quality of nonconventional lipids largely depends on extraction techniques. Four studies suggested methods like 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, LC‐MS/MS; however, their analytical differences make accurate comparison inadequate. Five studies found that the incorporation of algal and seafood biolipids during product development increased EHA and DHA contents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the metabolic adaptation and lipid utilization to overwintering in Onychostoma macrolepis (27.05 ± 1.79 g), fish were sampled at 0, 75, and 150 days, respectively. Fish were randomly reared into three outdoor tanks (water temperature range:0–10°C). After overwintering, body weight, viscera index, hepatopancreas index, and intraperitoneal fat index were significantly lower than before (p < 0.05). In liver, the contents of monounsaturated fatty acid and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) were observed to be the lowest and the highest after 150 days of overwintering, respectively (p < 0.05). In serum, the concentrations of triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol significantly decreased while the activities of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase significantly increased at Day 75 (p < 0.05). Hepatic antioxidant activities were significantly lower whereas malondialdehyde content was significantly higher at Day 150 (p < 0.05). Serum antioxidant indexes were similar to those in liver. During overwintering, the decrease of TG contents in tissues was influenced by the upregulation of lipidolysis genes. These results indicate that lipids were continuously mobilized as physiological fuels throughout overwintering. Overwintering could result in poor antioxidant status and higher lipid peroxidation level in O. macrolepis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipid signaling is involved in longevity regulation, but which specific lipid molecular species affect human biological aging remains largely unknown. We investigated the relation between complex lipids and DNA methylation‐based metrics of biological aging among 4181 participants (mean age 55.1 years (range 30.0–95.0)) from the Rhineland Study, an ongoing population‐based cohort study in Bonn, Germany. The absolute concentration of 14 lipid classes, covering 964 molecular species and 267 fatty acid composites, was measured by Metabolon Complex Lipid Panel. DNA methylation‐based metrics of biological aging (AgeAccelPheno and AgeAccelGrim) were calculated based on published algorithms. Epigenome‐wide association analyses (EWAS) of biological aging‐associated lipids and pathway analysis were performed to gain biological insights into the mechanisms underlying the effects of lipidomics on biological aging. We found that higher levels of molecular species belonging to neutral lipids, phosphatidylethanolamines, phosphatidylinositols, and dihydroceramides were associated with faster biological aging, whereas higher levels of lysophosphatidylcholine, hexosylceramide, and lactosylceramide species were associated with slower biological aging. Ceramide, phosphatidylcholine, and lysophosphatidylethanolamine species with odd‐numbered fatty acid tail lengths were associated with slower biological aging, whereas those with even‐numbered chain lengths were associated with faster biological aging. EWAS combined with functional pathway analysis revealed several complex lipids associated with biological aging as important regulators of known longevity and aging‐related pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the global demand for lipid compounds on the rise, concerns are growing about the environmental and economic impact of traditional lipid sources. This concern is exacerbated by the ever‐increasing demand for plant‐based lipids, which is contributing to unsustainable production practices and competition for land and food. Considering this challenge, this work aimed at exploring the potential of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) as a low‐cost and ecofriendly source of lipid classes. A fractionation scheme consisting of a mixture of polar and nonpolar solvents at different ratios was employed to isolate the lipid classes from BSFL oil using silica gel column chromatography, which is a conventional method of chromatography. The fraction's separation efficiency was validated using thin‐layer chromatography and characterized with Fourier‐transformed infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography flame ionization (GC‐FID). Triglycerides (30%) were found to be the most abundant component while cholesterols (0.6%) were the least abundant lipid fractions in the lipid mixture. GC‐FID in the various lipid fractions analyzed, lauric acid exhibited the highest percentage among the triglycerides (16.64%), diglycerides (19.10%), monoglycerides (22.70%), and free fatty acids (27.65%) fractions. The fractionation scheme proposed achieves high efficiency in separating and recovering different lipid classes extracted from the BSFL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We synthesized a novel, structured lipid containing caprylic acid at its sn‐1,3 position and docosahexaenoic acid at its sn‐2 position (1,3C‐2D‐TAG) by using a two‐step enzymatic method and then investigated the relationship between the types of fatty acids in the structured lipid and their physiological functions. Furthermore, we compared the effects of similarly structured lipids on postprandial lipid metabolism and obesity protection. The results revealed that the novel structured lipid synthesized using the enzymatic method not only exhibited better physical properties than traditional oils but also had high oxidation stability and crystallization degree. In terms of physiological function, the low‐dose 1,3C‐2D‐TAG group exhibited higher cholesterol and triglyceride levels, lower kidney weight or body weight, and higher serum aspartate aminotransferase and blood urea nitrogen levels than control group, whereas the high‐dose 1,3C‐2D‐TAG group exhibited higher triglyceride levels. Moreover, the medium‐dose 1,3C‐2D‐TAG group had remarkably higher high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and lower low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol levels than the high‐lipid, control, and 1,2,3C‐TAG groups; however, the cholesterol and triglyceride levels and kidney and liver functions did not differ significantly among these groups. The study results suggest that 1,3C‐2D‐TAG can not only facilitate the effective utilization of the energy supplied by medium‐chain fatty acids but also help overcome difficulties in the absorption of long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipid injectable emulsions have been in clinical use for over 60 years. The first product launched was Intralipid, which consisted of an emulsion of soybean oil in water for intravenous administration. It was a key source of essential fatty acids and an alternative source of energy for patients with gastrointestinal dysfunction requiring long‐term parenteral nutrition. With clinical experience, a condition known as parenteral nutrition–associated liver disease (PNALD), or intestinal failure–associated liver disease (IFALD), was observed, with a focus on carbohydrate and fat energy. Modifying the daily doses and infusion rates had some salutary effects, but PNALD persisted. Subsequently, on closer inspection of the fatty acids profile and phytosterol concentrations, degradation products arising from chemical and physical stability issues of the available lipid injectable emulsions were implicated. Recently, the US Food and Drug Administration convened an online workshop entitled "The Role of Phytosterols in PNALD/IFALD," with an emphasis on (1) the multifactorial pathophysiology of PNALD/IFALD, (2) risk associated with phytosterols, and (3) regulatory history. The scope of this review includes the multifactorial pathophysiology of PNALD/IFALD as it relates to the pharmaceutical aspects of the various lipid injectable emulsions on the market, with respect to potential proinflammatory components, as well as physical and chemical stability issues that may also affect products' safe intravenous administration to patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Milk fat depression (MFD) syndrome has been associated with the antilipogenic effects of trans‐10 fatty acids (FA), such as t10, c12‐CLA (CLA) and t10‐18:1 (T10). However, these FA alone cannot completely explain the changes in milk fat in small ruminants. Thus, the aim of this study was to use multiple regression analysis to evaluate other FA that may be related to shifts in milk fat, as well as to improve model accuracy when different milk FA are used as covariates in the models. Previously published data were used in multiple regression analysis for goats (n = 106) and ewes (n = 68). Body weight (BW), vaccenic acid (t11‐18:1), both trans‐10 FA and the major milk FA were tested as covariates to model four response variables associated with MFD: fat concentration (FC), percentage change in milk fat concentration (CFC; %), fat yield (FY; g/d) and percentage change in milk fat yield (CFY; %). All four multiple regression models were significant for both species. When compared with simple regression models, all multiple regression models improved accuracy when estimating MFD. The improvements in model accuracy (lower RMSE) for FC, CFC, FY and CFY were 60.6%, 43.3%, 35.6% and 44.4% for ewes, and 52.1%, 60.1%, 33.6% and 14.9% for goats respectively. Linolenic acid and t11‐18:1 were covariates in all models for goats, and palmitic acid and CLA were covariates in all ewe models. These FA should be investigated regarding their direct effect on gene expression associated with milk fat metabolism in the mammary gland of small ruminants. Multiple regression analysis is the most robust approach to account for the variation of milk fat and yield in goats and ewes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Measuring acyl lipid content and fatty acid composition is important in plant lipid research, and direct transmethylation followed by analysis with gas chromatography‐flame ionization detection has been broadly used in various studies. However, many existing protocols are time‐consuming and labor‐intensive, and the long reaction time under high temperature may artificially change fatty acid compositions of the samples. In this study, we optimized the direct transmethylation method for seed and leaf samples with a wide range of seed and tissue sizes, oil contents, and fatty acid profiles, which can be completed in 2 h. We also demonstrated that commercial disposable pipet tips, as well as polypropylene tubes under certain conditions, could be reliably used to replace glass tubes, Pasteur pipettes, and rubber bulbs to improve efficiency. Taken together, this optimized and generalized method could be used as a reliable and less time‐ and labor‐intensive approach to analyze acyl lipid content and fatty acid profile of plant samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), naturally abundant in fish oil (FO), are known for their anti‐inflammatory and potential antioxidant properties. The aim in this article is to evaluate the effect of the infusion of a parenteral FO‐containing lipid emulsion on markers of liver lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress in rats undergoing central venous catheterization (CVC). Methods: After 5‐day acclimatization, adult Lewis rats (n = 42) receiving a 20‐g/day AIN‐93M oral diet were randomly subdivided into four groups: (1) basal control (BC) (n = 6), without CVC or LE infusion; (2) SHAM (n = 12), with CVC but without LE infusion; (3) soybean oil (SO)/medium‐chain triglyceride (MCT) (n = 12), with CVC and receiving LE without FO (4.3 g/kg fat); and (4) SO/MCT/FO (n = 12), with CVC and receiving LE containing 10% FO (4.3 g/kg fat). Animals from the BC group were euthanized immediately after acclimatization. The remaining groups of animals were euthanized after 48 or 72 h of surgical follow‐up to assess profiles of liver and plasma fatty acids by gas chromatography, liver gene transcription factor Nrf2, F2‐isoprostane lipid peroxidation biomarker, and the antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. R program (version 3.2.2) was utilized for data analysis. Results: Compared with the other groups, liver EPA and DHA levels were higher in the SO/MCT/FO group, which also showed the highest liver Nrf2, GPx, SOD, and CAT levels and lower liver F2‐isoprostane (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Experimental delivery of FO via EPA and DHA sources in a parenteral LE was associated with a liver antioxidant effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Fatty acid (FA) β‐oxidation provides energy for oil seed germination but also produces massive byproduct reactive oxygen species (ROS), posing potential oxidative damage to plant cells. How plants overcome the contradiction between energy supply and ROS production during seed germination remains unclear.In this study, we identified an Arabidopsis mvs1 (methylviologen‐sensitive) mutant that was hypersensitive to ROS and caused by a missense mutation (G1349 substituted as A) of a cytochrome P450 gene, CYP77A4.CYP77A4 was highly expressed in germinating seedling cotyledons, and its protein is localized in the endoplasmic reticulum. As CYP77A4 catalyzes the epoxidation of unsaturated FA, disruption of CYP77A4 resulted in increased unsaturated FA abundance and over accumulated ROS in the mvs1 mutant. Consistently, scavenging excess ROS or blocking FA β‐oxidation could repress the ROS overaccumulation and hypersensitivity in the mvs1 mutant. Furthermore, H2O2 transcriptionally upregulated CYP77A4 expression and post‐translationally modified CYP77A4 by sulfenylating its Cysteine‐456, which is necessary for CYP77A4's role in modulating FA abundance and ROS production.Together, our study illustrates that CYP77A4 mediates direct balancing of lipid mobilization and ROS production by the epoxidation of FA during seed germination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Therapeutic modulation of bacterial‐induced inflammatory host response is being investigated in gingival inflammation and periodontal disease pathology. Therefore, dietary intake of the monounsaturated fatty acid (FA) oleic acid (OA (C18:1)), which is the main component of Mediterranean‐style diets, and saturated FA palmitic acid (PA (C16:0)), which is a component of Western‐style diets, was investigated for their modifying potential in an oral inoculation model of Porphyromonas gingivalis. Materials and Methods: Normal‐weight C57BL/6‐mice received OA‐ or PA‐enriched diets (PA‐ED, OA‐ED, PA/OA‐ED) or normal standard diet for 16 weeks and were inoculated with P. gingivalis/placebo (n = 12/group). Gingival inflammation, alveolar bone structure, circulating lipid mediators, and in vitro cellular response were determined. Results: FA treatment of P. gingivalis‐lipopolysaccharide‐incubated gingival fibroblasts (GFbs) modified inflammatory activation, which only PA exacerbated with concomitant TNF‐α stimulation. Mice exhibited no signs of acute inflammation in gingiva or serum and no inoculation‐ or nutrition‐associated changes of the crestal alveolar bone. However, following P. gingivalis inoculation, OA‐ED improved oral trabecular bone micro‐architecture and enhanced circulating pro‐resolving mediators resolvin D4 (RvD4) and 4‐hydroxydocosahexaenoic acid (4‐HDHA), whereas PA‐ED did not. In vitro experiments demonstrated significantly improved differentiation in RvD4‐ and 4‐HDHA‐treated primary osteoblast cultures and reduced the expression of osteoclastogenic factors in GF. Further, P. gingivalis infection of OA‐ED animals led to a serum composition that suppressed osteoclastic differentiation in vitro. Conclusions: Our results underline the preventive impact of Mediterranean‐style OA‐EDs by indicating their pro‐resolving nature beyond anti‐inflammatory properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: 100% soybean oil emulsions (SO100) are associated with poor docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (ARA) status in extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants. A multi‐oil emulsion with 15% fish oil (FO15) contains more DHA and ARA than SO100. This study compares clinical outcomes, namely growth and fatty acids, in ELBW infants who received S0100 or FO15. Methods: This observational study included ELBW infants born between 2014 and 2019 who received SO100 or FO15 for >7 days. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry was used to measure erythrocyte fatty acids. Results: The mean ± SD gestational age was 27 ± 3 and 26 ± 2 weeks for SO100 (n = 43) and FO15 (n = 43), respectively (P = 0.2). DHA (−0.3 ± 0.10% per week, P = 0.026, for FO15 vs −0.2 ± 0.05% per week, P < 0.001, for SO100) and ARA (−0.8 ± 0.21% per week for FO15 vs −0.9 ± 0.17% per week for SO100; P < 0.001 for both) declined in both groups with no difference between groups (P interaction > 0.7 for both). After controlling for days to reach full feeds, the mean difference in weight z score trajectories was similar (Est = −0.08; 95% CI, −0.82 to 0.04; P = 0.2), and SO100 was associated with a nonsignificant increased odds for cholestasis (odds ratio, 3.1; 95% CI, 0.96–10.2; P = 0.059). There was no difference in other clinical comorbidities. Conclusions: In comparison with ELBW infants who received SO100, infants who received FO15 still demonstrated a decline in DHA and ARA. Growth and other clinical outcomes were unchanged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kefalotyri cheese made in December and April using milk from sheep grazing on pastures was aerobically kept, in the dark or under fluorescent light, for 40 days at 4°C. Unsaturated fatty acids, which were higher in April than in December cheese, were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in all cheese samples under both storage conditions. According to lipid hydroperoxides, malondialdehyde and carbonyls changes, grated cheese samples stored under fluorescent light showed a higher protein and lipid oxidation as compared to samples stored in the dark. Sensory and colour characteristics were better for cheeses stored in the dark than those under fluorescent light. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: The study was designed to explore the role of apolipoprotein E (ApoE) deficiency concomitant with dietary docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) treatment on brain β-amyloid (Aβ) and lipid levels. Method: A 5-month dietary DHA intervention was conducted in ApoE-deficient (ApoE-/-) mice and wild-type C57BL/6J (C57 wt) mice. The Morris water maze test was performed to assess the behaviour of the animals. The cortical contents of soluble Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Cortical fatty acid levels were detected by gas chromatography. Gene and protein expression of molecules associated with cerebral Aβ and lipid metabolism were measured using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Western blot and histological methods. Results: DHA treatment increased the content of cortical DHA and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) but decreased the ratio of n-6/n-3 PUFAs in ApoE-/- mice; whereas the content of cortical DHA and n-3 PUFAs in C57 wt mice remained unchanged after DHA treatment. Cerebral Fabp5 and Cd36 gene expression were significantly downregulated in DHA-fed C57 wt mice; cerebral Cd36 and Scarb1 gene expression were significantly upregulated, whereas Fabp5 gene expression was downregulated in DHA-fed ApoE-/- mice. In comparison with C57 wt mice, the content of cortical soluble Aβ1-42, total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) increased, whereas the level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) decreased in ApoE-/- mice. Interestingly, these differences were significantly reversed by DHA dietary treatment. Conclusion: DHA intervention has discrepant impacts on cerebral lipids, fatty acid transporter expression and soluble Aβ levels in ApoE-/- and C57 wt mice, suggesting the modifying role of ApoE status on the responses of cerebral lipids and Aβ metabolism to DHA treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial crops are becoming increasingly relevant as raw materials for different goods and services. Although there are many oilseed crops with industrial purposes, data about their production in Chile are scarce because the definition used by the Office of Agricultural Studies and Policies places agro‐industrial and industrial crops in the same category. Here, we review the available information about 12 industrial oleaginous crops at different levels of development (four native, two adventive and six introduced crops). Most of these crops have been evaluated for or are related to biodiesel production, despite the lack of commercial biodiesel production in Chile. Jojoba was the first industrial oilseed produced commercially in Chile; however, every year its production area decreases, and currently it does not exceed 100 ha. Sunflower and rapeseed, which are the first generation of raw materials for biodiesel production, have been poorly studied in Chile despite the large number of studies available on them worldwide. Camelina and castor bean have recently been studied; the former is produced in the south, while the latter is produced on the coastline in northern Chile. Further research is needed to improve the production and adaptation of these oilseed crops to climatic conditions in Chile; moreover, a new market must be opened to produce and commercialize their oils. Oilseed species native to Chile have not been extensively studied, and they represent an interesting option suitable for production under Chilean climatic conditions; this is particularly true for guindilla and chañar, because both can grow under different abiotic stresses. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microalgae are globally accepted source of fatty acids (FA) due to their cell's potential to efficiently accumulate triacylglycerides which contain a significant amount of fatty acids for biodiesel production. This study aimed to screen nine (09) green microalgae strains in the laboratory for their high biomass and lipid productivity. Various microalgae strains were cultured at 30°C, with a light to dark ratio of 16:8 h (10–12 klux of light intensity) and aeration supplementation of 2% CO2 for longer period of time. The fatty acids of all microalgae species which showed growth potential under photoautotrophic cultivation had similar fatty acids found in palm oil. The selected strains of Ankistrodesmus sp. IFRPD 1061 and Chlorella sp. IFRPD 1092 were used due to their high lipid productivity content, were cultivated in 100 L NS III medium in an open raceway pond, aerated with 2% v/v CO2. The biomass concentration and productivity, lipid concentration and productivity of Ankistrodesmus sp. IFRPD 1061 (0.865 g/L, 76.250 mg/L/d, 0.167 g/L, and 14.685 mg/L/d, respectively) were found to be higher than those of Chlorella sp. IFRPD 1092 (0.433 g/L, 31.250 mg/L/d, 0.137 g/L, and 8.528 mg/L/d, respectively). Ankistrodesmus sp. IFRPD 1061 showed potential results of growing microalgae under photoautotrophic cultivation for biodiesel production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a major cause of death and morbidity in many parts of the world, and many dietary guidelines limit the intake of saturated fatty acids (SFA) as they are regarded as an important risk factor for CVDs due to their association with increased blood cholesterol. Dairy foods are often a major contributor to dietary intake of SFA, and since many dietary guidelines contain restrictions on SFA intake, this can lead to a moderation of dairy food intake despite meta‐analyses generally showing dairy to have a neutral or negative association with CVDs. Many prospective studies and randomised controlled trials do not support a simple positive association between SFA intake and the risk of atherosclerotic CVD and its components although some early studies had a number of methodological weakness. Studies that included blood cholesterol data do broadly support the positive relationship between SFA and blood low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) but without increased CVD risk resulting, despite LDL being a causal factor in atherosclerotic CVD. These data suggest that LDL‐C alone is not a consistently good predictor or cause of CVD risk, perhaps particularly in relation to dairy food consumption although some non‐dairy food studies have also shown LDL‐C reduction was not reflected in reduced CVD risk. This narrative review examines some reasons for these findings. Overall, restrictions on dairy food intake do not seem warranted, although there remains a need to further understand the association of different dairy food types with chronic diseases, perhaps particularly for type 2 diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we report a gram‐scale synthesis of perdeuterated linoleic acid‐d31. The starting materials for the synthesis are two saturated fatty acids, azelaic acid‐d14 and pentanoic acid‐d9, which can be obtained by metal catalysed hydrothermal hydrogen‐deuterium exchange. The synthesis utilises the fatty acids directly via decarboxylative coupling. Copper catalysed coupling of a terminal alkyne intermediate with a propargyl bromide derivative affords a skipped diyne, which can be reduced using P‐2 nickel to obtain the desired cis,cis‐diene geometry. The subsequent synthesis of the tail‐deuterated phospholipid, 1‐palmitoyl‐2‐linoleoyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine‐d62 (PLPC‐d62) is also described. Optimised reaction conditions were developed to access this phospholipid and its regioisomeric purity was characterised by two complementary mass spectrometry techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we report a gram‐scale synthesis of perdeuterated linoleic acid‐d31. The starting materials for the synthesis are two saturated fatty acids, azelaic acid‐d14 and pentanoic acid‐d9, which can be obtained by metal catalysed hydrothermal hydrogen‐deuterium exchange. The synthesis utilises the fatty acids directly via decarboxylative coupling. Copper catalysed coupling of a terminal alkyne intermediate with a propargyl bromide derivative affords a skipped diyne, which can be reduced using P‐2 nickel to obtain the desired cis,cis‐diene geometry. The subsequent synthesis of the tail‐deuterated phospholipid, 1‐palmitoyl‐2‐linoleoyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine‐d62 (PLPC‐d62) is also described. Optimised reaction conditions were developed to access this phospholipid and its regioisomeric purity was characterised by two complementary mass spectrometry techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Provocative studies have proposed that the common 9 carbon lipid oxidation product, 4‐hydroxy‐2‐nonenal (HNE), increases myoglobin (Mb) autoxidation. Oxidised Mb (Fe3+ Mb or metMb) formation leads to an unappealing meat discoloration. Since Mb also facilitates lipid oxidation, an HNE induced increase in Mb autoxidation would constitute a positive feedback loop. However, NMR studies have noted that only fatty acids with carbon chain length exceeding 10 can significantly bind to Mb. They predict that HNE should not interact with Mb. The present study has used optical and NMR spectroscopy methods to determine if HNE interacts with Mb and if that interaction leads to an increased oxidation of Mb. The study finds no convincing evidence that HNE interacts with Mb and accelerates Mb autoxidation or oxidation by electron transfer. However, the presence of ethanol in the solution will increase Mb oxidation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the field of lipid research, bioorthogonal chemistry has made the study of lipid uptake and processing in living systems possible, whilst minimising biological properties arising from detectable pendant groups. To allow the study of unsaturated free fatty acids in live cells, we here report the use of sterculic acid, a 1,2‐cyclopropene‐containing oleic acid analogue, as a bioorthogonal probe. We show that this lipid can be readily taken up by dendritic cells without toxic side effects, and that it can subsequently be visualised using an inverse electron‐demand Diels–Alder reaction with quenched tetrazine‐fluorophore conjugates. In addition, the lipid can be used to identify changes in protein oleoylation after immune cell activation. Finally, this reaction can be integrated into a multiplexed bioorthogonal reaction workflow by combining it with two sequential copper‐catalysed Huisgen ligation reactions. This allows for the study of multiple biomolecules in the cell simultaneously by multimodal confocal imaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Newer intravenous lipid emulsions (ILEs), such as fish oil–based intravenous lipid emulsions (FO‐ILEs) and soybean oil, medium‐chain triglycerides, olive oil, and fish oil–based intravenous lipid emulsions (SMOF‐ILEs), provide alternatives to soybean oil–based intravenous lipid emulsions (SO‐ILEs). We explored current ILE practice patterns among intestinal rehabilitation and transplant centers. Methods: A survey was developed addressing ILE availability, ILE preference in clinical scenarios, and factors influencing ILE choice. This survey was reviewed locally and by the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition Intestinal Rehabilitation Special Interest Group, the Intestinal Rehabilitation and Transplant Association scientific committee, and the American Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition pediatric intestinal failure section research committee. We recruited providers nationally and internationally from centers with and without intestinal transplant programs. Results: We included 34 complete responses, 29 from the United States. Sixteen centers performed intestinal transplants. All centers had access to SMOF‐ILEs, 85% had access to FO‐ILEs, and 91% had access to SO‐ILEs. In new patients, 85% use SMOF‐ILEs as the first choice ILE. In those with new intestinal failure–associated liver disease (IFALD), FO‐ILE was preferred to SMOF‐ILE (56% vs 38%). In those developing IFALD on SMOF‐ILE, 65% switched to FO‐ILE, whereas 24% remained on SMOF‐ILE. Conclusions: Centers have routine access to alternative ILEs, and these are quickly replacing SO‐ILEs in all circumstances. Future work should focus on how this shift in practice affects outcomes to provide decision support in specific clinical scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Microalgae accumulate high levels of oil under stress, but the underlying biosynthetic pathways are not fully understood. We sought to identify key regulators of lipid metabolism under stress conditions.We found that the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii gene encoding the MYB‐type transcription factor MYB1 is highly induced under stress conditions. Two myb1 mutants accumulated less total fatty acids and storage lipids than their parental strain upon nitrogen (N) depletion.Transcriptome analysis revealed that genes involved in lipid metabolism are highly enriched in the wild‐type but not in the myb1‐1 mutant after 4 h of N depletion. Among these genes were several involved in the transport of fatty acids from the chloroplast to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER): acyl‐ACP thioesterase (FAT1), Fatty Acid EXporters (FAX1, FAX2), and long‐chain acyl‐CoA synthetase1 (LACS1). Furthermore, overexpression of FAT1 in the chloroplast increased lipid production. These results suggest that, upon N depletion, MYB1 promotes lipid accumulation by facilitating fatty acid transport from the chloroplast to the ER.This study identifies MYB1 as an important positive regulator of lipid accumulation in C. reinhardtii upon N depletion, adding another player to the established regulators of this process, including NITROGEN RESPONSE REGULATOR 1 (NRR1) and TRIACYLGLYCEROL ACCUMULATION REGULATOR 1 (TAR1). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pregnancy is accompanied by a surge in demand for fatty acids (FAs) in order to support maternal health, as well as fetal growth and development. Of particular demand is essential for long‐chain polyunsaturated FAs. FAs are primarily obtained from dietary sources and are distributed in the body. In comparison with the use of self‐reporting approaches, measuring the FA levels within different blood compartments can present a more accurate image of nutritional, and thus tissue, FA composition. Hence, the FA profile of plasma or serum is commonly used for physiological analyses. Nevertheless, plasma and serum FAs are not yet incorporated into cell membranes, and consequently may not be a suitable reflection of the FA status of body tissues. The evaluation of erythrocyte FA levels offers a superior possibility for the following reasons: the biological fluctuation of erythrocyte FA composition is low, phospholipids account for almost all the lipid content of erythrocytes, and the FA profiles of erythrocytes represent those of tissues. Here, we elaborate on whether the status of maternal erythrocyte FAs can serve as a prognostic biomarker for reproductive health and fetomaternal complications, including embryonic and fetoplacental development, gestational length, and preeclampsia. In addition, factors with the potential of altering the maternal erythrocyte FAs such as maternal diet, lifestyle habits, genetics, and body composition are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipid and fatty acid datasets are commonly used to assess the nutritional composition of organisms, trophic ecology, and ecosystem dynamics. Lipids and their fatty acid constituents are essential nutrients to all forms of life because they contribute to biological processes such as energy flow and metabolism. Assessment of total lipids in tissues of organisms provides information on energy allocation and life‐history strategies and can be an indicator of nutritional condition. The analysis of an organism's fatty acids is a widely used technique for assessing nutrient and energy transfer, and dietary interactions in food webs. Although there have been many published regional studies that assessed lipid and fatty acid compositions, many only report the mean values of the most abundant fatty acids. There are limited individual records available for wider use in intercomparison or macro‐scale studies. This dataset consists of 4856 records of individual and pooled samples of at least 470 different marine consumer species sampled from tropical, temperate, and polar regions around Australia and in the Southern, Indian, and Pacific Oceans from 1989 to 2018. This includes data for a diverse range of taxa (zooplankton, fish, cephalopods, chondrichthyans, and marine mammals), size ranges (0.02 cm to ~13 m), and that cover a broad range of trophic positions (2.0–4.6). When known, we provide a record of species name, date of sampling, sampling location, body size, relative (%) measurements of tissue‐specific total lipid content and abundant fatty acids, and absolute content (mg 100 g−1 tissue) of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n3) as important long‐chain (≥C20) polyunsaturated omega‐3 fatty acids. These records form a solid basis for comparative studies that will facilitate a broad understanding of the spatial and temporal distribution of marine lipids globally. The dataset also provides reference data for future dietary assessments of marine predators and model assessments of potential impacts of climate change on the availability of marine lipids and fatty acids. There are 480 data records within our data file for which the providers have requested that permission for reuse be granted, with the likely condition that they are included as a coauthor on the reporting of the dataset. Records with this condition are indicated by a "yes" under "Conditions_of_data_use" in Data S1: Marineconsumer_FAdata.csv (see Table 2 in Metadata S1 for more details). For all other data records marked as "No" under "Conditions_of_data_use," there are no copyright restrictions for research and/or teaching purposes. We request that users acknowledge use of the data in publications, research proposals, websites, and other outlets via formal citation of this work and original data sources as applicable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Migraine is a complex and highly disabling neurological disease whose treatment remains challenging in many patients, even after the recent advent of the first specific‐preventive drugs, namely monoclonal antibodies that target calcitonin gene‐related peptide. For this reason, headache researchers are actively searching for new therapeutic targets. Cannabis has been proposed for migraine treatment, but controlled clinical studies are lacking. A major advance in cannabinoid research has been the discovery of the endocannabinoid system (ECS), which consists of receptors CB1 and CB2; their endogenous ligands, such as N‐arachidonoylethanolamine; and the enzymes that catalyze endocannabinoid biosynthesis or degradation. Preclinical and clinical findings suggest a possible role for endocannabinoids and related lipids, such as palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), in migraine‐related pain treatment. In animal models of migraine‐related pain, endocannabinoid tone modulation via inhibition of endocannabinoid‐catabolizing enzymes has been a particular focus of research. Methods: To conduct a narrative review of available data on the possible effects of cannabis, endocannabinoids, and other lipids in migraine‐related pain, relevant key words were used to search the PubMed/MEDLINE database for basic and clinical studies. Results: Endocannabinoids and PEA seem to reduce trigeminal nociception by interacting with many pathways associated with migraine, suggesting a potential synergistic or similar effect. Conclusions: Modulation of the metabolic pathways of the ECS may be a basis for new migraine treatments. The multiplicity of options and the wealth of data already obtained in animal models underscore the importance of further advancing research in this area. Multiple molecules related to the ECS or to allosteric modulation of CB1 receptors have emerged as potential therapeutic targets in migraine‐related pain. The complexity of the ECS calls for accurate biochemical and pharmacological characterization of any new compounds undergoing testing and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Purpose: Ilexgenin A is a triterpenoid from ShanLv Cha with beneficial effects on metabolic homeostasis. We investigated whether ilexgenin A could inhibit hepatic de novo fatty acid synthesis via the interfering with SREBP1 maturation.Experimental Approach: The effects of Ilexgenin A on CRTC2 translocation and SREBP1 maturation were investigated in the liver of fasted mice and hepatocytes exposed to saturated fatty acids. The effect of Iilexgenin A on hepatic lipid accumulation was also observed in high-fat diet fed mice.Key Results: Sec23A and Sec31A are two subunits of COPII complex and their interaction is essential for the processing of SREBP1 maturation. Ilexgenin A activates AMPK by reducing cellular energy and preventing cytoplasmic CRTC2 to compete with Sec23A for binding to Sec31A under nutrient-rich conditions. Consequently, ilexgenin A impaired COPII-dependent SREBP1 maturation via disrupting Sec31A-Sec23A interaction, leading to the inhibition of de novo fatty acid synthesis in the liver. In contrast, mTORC1 phosphorylated Ser136 of CRTC2, facilitating the formation of Sec31A-Sec23A interaction to promote SREBP1 maturation, whereas this action was reversed by ilexgenin A in an AMPK-dependent manner. Ilexgenin A protected CRTC2 function and restrained hepatic lipogenic response in high fat diet-fed mice, providing in vivo evidence to support the beneficial effects of ilexgenin A on lipid metabolism.Conclusions and Implications: Ilexgenin A activated AMPK and restrained CRTC2 to the cytoplasm to prevent SREBP1 maturation via impairing COPII function in the liver. This suggests that CRTC2 might be a potential target for pharmacological intervention to prevent hepatic lipid deposition.Linked Articles: This article is part of a themed issue on Preclinical Models for Cardiovascular disease research (BJP 75th Anniversary). To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v179.5/issuetoc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Gene–gene interactions cause hidden genetic variation in natural populations and could be responsible for the lack of replication that is typically observed in complex traits studies. This study aimed to identify gene–gene interactions using the empirical Hilbert–Schmidt Independence Criterion method to test for epistasis in beef fatty acid profile traits of Nellore cattle. The dataset contained records from 963 bulls, genotyped using a 777 962k SNP chip. Meat samples of Longissimus muscle, were taken to measure fatty acid composition, which was quantified by gas chromatography. We chose to work with the sums of saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA), polyunsaturated (PUFA), omega‐3 (OM3), omega‐6 (OM6), SFA:PUFA and OM3:OM6 fatty acid ratios. The SNPs in the interactions where P<10‐8 were mapped individually and used to search for candidate genes. Totals of 602, 3, 13, 23, 13, 215 and 169 candidate genes for SFAs, MUFAs, PUFAs, OM3s, OM6s and SFA:PUFA and OM3:OM6 ratios were identified respectively. The candidate genes found were associated with cholesterol, lipid regulation, low‐density lipoprotein receptors, feed efficiency and inflammatory response. Enrichment analysis revealed 57 significant GO and 18 KEGG terms (P < 0.05), most of them related to meat quality and complementary terms. Our results showed substantial genetic interactions associated with lipid profile, meat quality, carcass and feed efficiency traits for the first time in Nellore cattle. The knowledge of these SNP–SNP interactions could improve understanding of the genetic and physiological mechanisms that contribute to lipid‐related traits and improve human health by the selection of healthier meat products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, it was investigated to increase the lipid yield of the microalgae Schizochytrium sp., by applying different cell disruption methods; acid treatment with HCl, osmotic shock, enzyme applications and ultrasonic homogenizer were combined with the Bligh and Dyer or Soxhlet methods. In the Soxhlet method, the lipid and fatty acid yields decreased due to the inability of the method to break down the lipid cells sufficiently and the high temperature application. Enzyme application (hemicellulase treatment at 55°C for 2 days) prior to Bligh and Dyer method (BDE) was found more efficient in terms of lipid and DHA yield compared to other methods. BDE process increased the lipid yield to 21.72 ± 0.74% and DHA content to 19.25 ± 0.09% from lipid yield of 18.87 ± 0.4% and DHA content of 18.41 ± 0.20% by the Bligh and Dyer control (BDC). Major saturated fatty acids were 14:0, 16:0, 18:0, 24:0 and the highest saturated fatty acid was 16:0 (palmitic acid). Lipid health indices such as n‐6/n‐3, PUFA/SFA, atherogenicity index, thrombogenicity index and hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic ratios were almost favorable. With this study, appropriate lipid extraction methods were studied to provide an economical and environmental friendly suggestion for future studies to be used in areas such as food, feed and cosmetics grade. It was concluded that the most convenient method among the cell disruption methods was BDE owing to lipid and fatty acid yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]