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Maintaining structural and functional elements of ecosystems are essential in order to preserve biodiversity and ecosystem function. As a means of guiding conservation work, the umbrella species concept was developed. In Sweden, one putative umbrella species, the white‐backed woodpecker, has guided conservation and restoration of deciduous forests for two decades.Here, we evaluate the decadal effects of restoration aimed at the white‐backed woodpecker on biodiversity of saproxylic beetles. We compare stands that were restored 12 to 21 years ago to non‐restored stands and historical white‐backed woodpecker habitats acting as restoration target stands.Restored stands contained higher deciduous deadwood volumes than non‐restored stands but lower volumes than restoration target stands. The deadwood in restored stands was concentrated in later decay stages, whereas target stand deadwood was more evenly distributed across decay stages.Restored stands had similar species richness and abundance of most groups of saproxylic beetles compared with non‐restored stands while not reaching the levels of restoration target stands. Species assemblages differed among all stand types with restored stands supporting late decay stage and generalist species while target stands supported more deciduous associated and threatened species.Synthesis and applications: We conclude that after one to two decades, restoration improve stand structure and benefit beetle diversity but that target levels are not yet reached. Thus, only partial restoration is achieved. Our results stress that for restoration to be successful both continuous and repeated restoration efforts are needed and that it is important to identify target levels of important habitat characteristics when assessing restoration outcome. We conclude that after one to two decades, restoration improve stand structure and benefit beetle diversity but that target levels are not yet reached. Thus, only partial restoration is achieved. Our results stress that for restoration to be successful both continuous and repeated restoration efforts are needed and that it is important to identify target levels of important habitat characteristics when assessing restoration outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The species‐energy hypothesis predicts increasing biodiversity with increasing energy in ecosystems. Proxies for energy availability are often grouped into ambient energy (i.e., solar radiation) and substrate energy (i.e., non‐structural carbohydrates or nutritional content). The relative importance of substrate energy is thought to decrease with increasing trophic level from primary consumers to predators, with reciprocal effects of ambient energy. Yet, empirical tests are lacking. We compiled data on 332,557 deadwood‐inhabiting beetles of 901 species reared from wood of 49 tree species across Europe. Using host‐phylogeny‐controlled models, we show that the relative importance of substrate energy versus ambient energy decreases with increasing trophic levels: the diversity of zoophagous and mycetophagous beetles was determined by ambient energy, while non‐structural carbohydrate content in woody tissues determined that of xylophagous beetles. Our study thus overall supports the species‐energy hypothesis and specifies that the relative importance of ambient temperature increases with increasing trophic level with opposite effects for substrate energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Applying biogeographical insights to the regulation of production forestry and the determination of forest reserve strategies is expected to increase the effectiveness of biodiversity conservation actions. Here, we assess the extent to which such applications take place. By using Sweden as a case study, we demonstrate fundamental differences among biogeographical regions in natural patterns and processes, past land-use, and anthropogenic impacts that need to be better incorporated into strategic conservation planning and decisions. Furthermore, assessment of specific forestry regulations and biogeographical variation in a number of other countries/provinces embracing boreal and temperate biomes also indicate that natural boundaries are insufficiently considered in forest management policies. We suggest that a substantial potential exists to better align conservation priorities with biogeographical characteristics. To illustrate the application of such an approach, we present a decision support model on how forest conservation policies that rest on natural boundaries and ecological processes can be developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study regarding the effect of clear-cutting forestry practices on boreal organisms and on saproxylic and non- saproxylic beetle. The study compared group of beetles using three successional phases of boreal spruce forests and evaluated whether saproxylic and non- saproxylic beetle shows biodiversity patterns. The study reveals that not only forest is affected but also the group compositions of beetles and other site aspects such as altitude and management history.

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