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Sb2S3 is rapidly developed as light absorber material for solar cells due to its excellent photoelectric properties. However, the use of the organic hole transport layer of Spiro‐OMeTAD and gold (Au) in Sb2S3 solar cells imposes serious problems in stability and cost. In this work, low‐cost molybdenum (Mo) prepared by magnetron sputtering is demonstrated to serve as a back electrode in superstrate structured Sb2S3 solar cells for the first time. And a multifunctional layer of Se is inserted between Sb2S3/Mo interface by evaporation, which plays vital roles as: i) soft loading of high‐energy Mo particles with the help of cottonlike‐Se layer; ii) formation of surficial Sb2Se3 on Sb2S3 layer, and then reducing hole transportation barrier. To further alleviate the roll‐over effect, a pre‐selenide Mo target and consequentially form a MoSe2 is skillfully sputtered, which is expected to manipulate the band alignment and render an enhanced holes extraction. Impressively, the device with an optimized Mo electrode achieves an efficiency of 5.1%, which is one of the highest values among non‐noble metal electrode based Sb2S3 solar cells. This work sheds light on the potential development of low‐cost metal electrodes for superstrate Sb2S3 devices by carefully designing the back contact interface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Confronted with uncertainties, especially from large amounts of renewable energy sources, power flow studies need further analysis to cover the range of voltage magnitude and transferred power. To address this issue, this work proposes a novel interval power flow for the radial network by the use of an extended, simplified DistFlow formulation, which can be transformed into a set of interval linear equations. Furthermore, the Krawczyk iteration method, including an approximate inverse preconditioner using Frobenius norm minimisation, is employed to solve this problem. The approximate inverse preconditioner guarantees the convergence of the iterative method and has the potential for parallel implementation. In addition, to avoid generating a dense approximate inverse matrix in the preconditioning step, a dropping strategy is introduced to perform a sparse representation, which can significantly reduce the memory requirement and ease the matrix operation burden. The proposed methods are demonstrated on 33-bus, 69-bus, 123-bus, and several large systems. A comparison with interval LU decomposition, interval Gauss elimination method, and Monte Carlo simulation verifies its effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mol-ecule of the title compound, C(28)H(42)N(6), has site symmetry with the centroid of the piperazine ring located on an inversion center. The piperazine ring adopts a chair conformation. The benzene ring and propyl-piperazine are on opposite sides of the C=N bond, showing an E configuration.

The title compound, C(10)H(16)Br(2)N(4), was synthesized by the reaction of 1-methyl-imidazole and 1,2-dibromo-ethane in toluene. The complete dication is generated by a crystallographic inversion centre situated at the mid-point of the ethane C-C bond. In the crystal structure, weak inter-molecular C-H⋯Br inter-actions link the mol-ecules into chains along the b axis and an intramolecular C-H⋯Br close contact is also present.