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The article reports on conversion clause in the United States. American monetary history is full of strange happenings and queer events beginning with the resolution of Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1690 explaining the issue of the first paper money. It referred to "the sundry considerable debts" which had been contracted "for maintaining their Majesties" interests against hostile invasions of their French and Indian enemies," the actual fact being that the colony had sent an expedition against Quebec in the expectation that plunder would pay the costs thereof. It is true that the highest prices at which the five-twenty bonds sold on the New York market never exceeded 14 points above par in 1864 and 12 points above in 1865, whereas at the same time the premiums on gold were in the ranges 77-85 and 98-105, respectively. In the years following the war the gap between the premium on the bonds and on gold steadily narrowed. By late 1869 the gap had disappeared and from 1870 on the advantage clearly lay with the bonds, their market premium over par persistently exceeding the gold premium. Senator John Sherman pointed out on the floor of the Senate, March 6, 1876, that even the government's 5 per cent bonds had been "at par with gold for the past five years" while the greenbacks had been "from 6 to 22 per cent below gold."

Our paper explores a comprehensive sample of small and large corporate bankruptcies in Arizona and New York from 1995 to 2001. Bankruptcy costs are very heterogeneous and sensitive to the measurement method used. We find that Chapter 7 liquidations appear to be no faster or cheaper (in terms of direct expense) than Chapter 11 reorganizations. However, Chapter 11 seems to preserve assets better, thereby allowing creditors to recover relatively more. Our paper also provides a large number of further empirical regularities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines how certain cultural arguments gain the authority necessary to explain the social problem of domestic violence. I begin by demonstrating the existence of competing explanations for the question of why abusive relationships continue. I find that a certain kind of explanation, multiple victimization arguments that emphasize the numerous ways battered women are victimized, are most common. Through an analysis of social science citations, news papers, and legislative and judicial decisions, I conclude that one multiple victimization argument in particular, Lenore Walker's battered woman syndrome (Walker, 1979, The Battered Woman. New York: Harper & Row; Walker, 1984, The Battered Woman Syndrome. New York: Springer), has become the most recognized explanation for why abusive relationships continue. The syndrome was best able to meet the criteria necessary for gaining cultural authority put forth by Schudson (1989, Theory and Society 18:153–180): retrievability, rhetorical force, resonance, resolution, and institutional retention. In recent years, however, this authority has been threatened as social and cultural conditions have changed, leaving competing understandings of the domestic violence issue to challenge Walker's claims. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effort to categorize nature dates at least to Aristotle and is still ongoing. The study of categories is termed "ontology"-a field Whose use in the philosophy' of social science has most recently been revived. Last April 1998, the State University of New York at Buffalo hosted a conference on "Applied Ontology: A Marvin Farber Conference in Law and Institutions in Society." The following papers were selected from the group of papers presented at the conference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to quantify supply and demand functions for the Euro-dollar deposits borrowed by New York banks from their own foreign branches. Reduced form equations are estimated from weekly data covering the period 1966-68 and tested by predicting the first seven months of 1969. All data are from the Federal Reserve Bulletin, except where noted otherwise, and are denominated in millions of dollars or per cent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is based on a restudy of the 13 New York communities included in the national sample for Brunner's three studies of 140 agricultural villages made in 1924, 1930, and 1936. The paper reports on changes in population 1920&ndash1970, in Dun and Bradstreet business listings 1921&ndash1970, in community boundaries 1936&ndash1974, and in school district boundaries, in 85 community services and facilities and 15 types of voluntary associations 1960&ndash1974, and in industries 1964&ndash1974. The presence of planning and zoning boards in 1974 is noted. All centers were rural by census definition in 1920; 10 still were in 1970. The evidence shows growth and decline, stability and change, depending on the individual community and the time period. Except for a minority of the communities, the evidence suggests that stability and growth prevail over decline. Vitality is generally greater in the noneconomic sectors than in the economic. Differentiation has increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using information gathered during fieldwork on New York lesbian and gay film festival organizations, this paper argues that scholarship on identity has not paid sufficient attention to the organizational mediation of collective identity. The shape of collective identity-how internal instabilities and diversities are accommodated, in this case-depends not only on the emergent characteristics of the "collective," but also on the resolution of challenges particular to organizational fields. Two very differently conceived lesbian and gay festival organizations, sites at which decision making about collective identity is ongoing and self-conscious, are examined. The analysis traces how each responds to two related tasks: maintaining community legitimacy, which requires racial diversification, and surviving within an altered institutional environment. Rather than imposition from "above" or construction from "below," the adaptive responses by organizations (to changes in both community expectations and the resource environment) transform the collective identity formulations reaching public visibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research reported in this paper studied 240 rural youths in four central New York high schools. It investigated (1) the relationship between value orientations and the education and occupation choice-making process, and (2) the structural antecedents of those value orientations. Choice making was classified in two levels: aspirations and plans. An instrument was constructed which aimed at ranking individuals on a latent continuum for each of twelve values. The findings support the general hypothesis that in the education and occupation decision process there is a relationship between an individual's value orientations and the choice that an individual makes from among the alternatives available. The findings further suggest that the influence of values on choices decreases as freedom of opportunity is restricted by the bonds of social structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents Stanley W. Black's response to commentary from John J. Valentini and Lacy H. Hunt III about his article "An Econometric Study of Euro-Dollar Borrowing by New York Banks and the Rate of Interest on Eurodollars," which appeared in the March, 1971 edition of the "Journal of Finance." Black defends his use of ordinary least squares to estimate parameters in his model by noting the estimates are for reduced form equations. He also defends his use of a time trend in both his supply and demand equations.

This article uses American merchants' papers to identify the leading English textile exporters to New York and Philadelphia (1750–1805). It shows that Yorkshire and Lancashire took the initiative from London after 1783. The north's ascendancy stemmed from refinements to a well-functioning trading system rather than from the creation of wholly new channels of trade. The emergent exporters of Leeds and Manchester were driven as much by the dictates of sales as of manufacturing; their factory investments were just one component of a series of connections with production. American importers retained their role as intermediaries between English exporters and backcountry retailers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ice storms cause periodic disturbance to temperate forests of eastern North America. They are the primary agents of disturbance in some eastern forests. In this paper, a forest gap model is employed to explore consequences of ice storms for the long-term dynamics of Tsuga canadensis -northern hardwoods forests. The gap model LINKAGES was modified to simulate periodic ice storm disturbance in the Adirondack Mountains of New York. To adapt the gap model for this purpose, field data on ice storm disturbance are used to develop a polytomous logistic regression model of tree damage. The logistic regression model was then incorporated into the modified forest gap model, LINKADIR, to determine the type of damage sustained by each simulated tree. The logistic regression model predicts high probabilities of bent boles or severe bole damage (leaning, snapping, or uprooting) in small-diameter trees, and increasing probability of canopy damage as tree size increases. Canopy damage is most likely on gentle slopes; the probability of severe bole damage increases with increasing slope angle. In the LINKADIR simulations, tree damage type determines the probability of mortality; trees with severe bole damage are assigned the highest mortality rate. LINKADIR predicts Tsuga canadensis dominance in mesophytic old-growth forests not disturbed by ice storms. When ice storms are simulated, the model predicts Acer saccharum -dominated forests with higher species richness. These results suggest that ice storms may function as intermediate disturbances that enhance species richness in forested Adirondack landscapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the United States, most school voucher programs offer modest private school tuition subsidies to poor families living in urban environments. Whether vouchers actually reach this population and whether vouchers ultimately alleviate educational inequalities, remain very much open questions. This research paper identifies the form and magnitude of selection effects in a means-tested New York City voucher program. It compares students who applied for vouchers, with the eligible population of public-school students. It revealed that the beneficiaries of choice are more advantaged than their public-school peers. With regard to income, mothers' education, employment, language, and residential stability, those who use vouchers over time distinguish themselves from those, who qualify for vouchers but remain in public school.

The article examines the demand for New York State Mutual Savings Bank deposits during the period 1960-1969. Monthly and quarterly levels and changes in savings deposits are regressed against personal income, the rate paid on savings accounts, and the rate available form AAA-rated bonds. The authors discuss their results, and use the regression coefficients to compare actual savings for the first quarter of 1970 with those predicted by their model. In this instance, the "level" equations performed better than the "change" equations.

This paper seeks an account of why young teens initiate consensual sexual activity. It does so by constructing statistical models aimed at distinguishing those who report having initiated sexual activity from those who have not in four samples of eighth graders from an Upstate New York county. Theoretical selection of the model variables is guidel by insights from "problem syndrome," control and differential association theories. From our findings we conclude the following: (1) Risk behaviors foreseen by the "problem sysdrome" approach, including having used marijuana and having been drunk, are significant, powerful predictors of early-teen sexual activity: (2) The social setting of consensual sexual activity differs by sex at the eighth grade level. For example, having a boyfriend is a more consistent, powerful predictor variable for girls than is having a girlfriend for boys and there is evidence to support the hypothesis that boys initiate sexual activity in the context of status-seeking while girls are more likely to do so as a way of attaining approval. (3) Our findings do not give clear primacy to parents or peers as an influence on early-teen consensual sexual activity. Both control theory, usually associated with "parental-influence" variables. And differential association theory, usually associated with " Per-influence" variables, receive support. (4) The results of the research spanning a 2-year period of intensive community antiteen-pregnancy efforts by a Zero Adolescent Pregnancy (ZAP) campaign are consistent with the conclusion that such a multifaceted approach might help lower early-teen initiation of sexual activity [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines one aspect of child-care arrangements that has been largely ignored by previous research: that most day care is relatively temporary, changing often over the course of a few years. The data come from a four-year longitudinal study of a representative sample of New York City mothers of preschool children. The findings indicate that most mothers change care arrangements frequently. Substitution of group day care and multiple care arrangements for care by relatives was the most common pattern found. The paper discusses some of the implications of these frequent changes in day care for women's employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is focused on the interaction between property tax revenue and assessment policy in New York City between 1961 and 1971. It examines the observed changes in real rates at which different types of property are taxed and examines possible rationales for the different real rates of taxation applied to properties of different types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One purpose of this study is to determine whether the Index of General Well-being is applicable to migrant farm workers, whose values, life-styles, and health may differ from those of the general population. A second purpose of this research is to compare the level of migrant farm workers' mental health with that of the general population and to assess the variation in subjective well-being among migrant farm workers them- selves. A third purpose is to use a multiple regression model on the mental health status of migrant farm workers to identify factors that explain variation in subjective well-being among them. The results indicate that variation in subjective well-being among this group is a function of life- style, social support, housing conditions, and three background variables (age, sex, and education). Policy implications derived from these results are discussed in the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Develops a microeconomic planning model to forecast sales and earnings for the New York Times newspaper. Elements of a newspaper model; Evaluation of the impact of changes in internal and external conditions on newspaper earnings; Integration of the financial, production and marketing activities of each division; Applications of the model in planning and budgeting.

The article presents commentary from the executive secretary of the American Finance Association (AFA). AFA depends upon the efforts of volunteers, and opportunities are available to those who might like to serve as a reviewer or co-editor, be a discussant at the annual meeting, or serve on the Board of Directors. Owing to space limitations, the 1999 AFA Annual Meeting to be held in New York CIty will involve ten percent fewer sessions than in previous years' meetings, and this number is expected to stay stable for the next three years.

This article presents various developments in the field of sociology. The next annual meeting of the American Public Health Association for selection of papers for the Medical Care Section program will be held during October 26-30, 1970, at Houston, Texas may submit their papers. The "Indian Journal of Sociology" is now being published twice a year by the Academic Journals of India, a nonprofit organization. Researcher Harold Capener and Jerry Stockdale are principal investigators for the "Paths Out of Poverty," a rural poverty project at Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. Two new research projects have been initiated in South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota. The first of these is a project dealing with recreation for the state of South Dakota, and the second is a project dealing with low-income families of the poverty program with special emphasis on the surplus commodities aspect of the program. A team in the Department of Rural Sociology, South Dakota State University are developing a team teaching approach to the introductory sociology course of the department.

This article presents information related to religious institutions, meetings and communications. The Religious Education Association has published a research supplement to its journal "Religious Education," titled "Review of Recent Research Bearing on Religious and Character Formation." This supplement, dated July-August, 1962, can be secured from The Religious Education Association, 545 West 111th Street, New York 25, at a cost of $3. It is edited by Stuart W. Cook and contains ten essays, each a significant survey and analysis of recent research, with extensive references to other work being done. The annual meeting of the Society for the Scientific Study of Religion is to be held October 26-27, at the Inter-church Center, Riverside Drive, New York. Attention has been called to a study by Charles H. Foster, "A Question on Religion," published as paper numbered sixty-six in The Inter-University case Program, University of Alabama Press. This study is addressed to the issue of whether a question concerning religious affiliation should be included in the U.S. Census.

This personal narrative describes the use of ethnographic data collection as a means for its author, a New York City resident, to take stock of local reaction and response to the events of September 11 by documenting arid analyzing the writing New Yorkers posted in public spaces during the three weeks following the attacks on the World Trade Center. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is a note from the new editor of the journal "Sociological Forum," for the first issue processed in the Albany office in New York. The issue is similar to the issues from offices in Ithaca and Stony Brook. Two reasons for this continuity are that the papers in editorial process at Stony Brook were sent to Albany in the editorial office transition and that editors are at the mercy of the authors who submit manuscripts. The plea made to authors by editor Stephen Cole was that if one had a manuscript ready for submission, one should first think of the "Sociological Forum."

On the basis of a social contextual model this paper hypothesizes first, a positive relationship between adolescent self-esteem and religiosity across twelve purposive, middle-class, Catholic, samples from cities in five cultures New York and St Paul, Merida, Yucatan, San Juan, Puerto Rico, Seville, Spain, and Bonn, West Germany, and second, on the basis of traditional sex-role theory, a stronger relationship between the two variables is hypothesized for females than for males The findings yield consistent support for the first hypothesis, and mild support for the second in the Latin samples only. The cross-cultural support for the first is underscored and speculation concerning the apparent contradictory evidence for sex-role theories is offered The emergence of a Latin/non-Latin dichotomy is discussed Suggested expansions of the topic include motivational and church-sect issues The aim of the present research is to test the hypothesized relationship between self-esteem and religiosity in a secondary analysis of samples of teen-age males and females socialized in five different cultural contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The career of Louis F. Post (1849-1928), upon his return to New York following a stint as a Carpetbagger in South Carolina, became, for a time, that of publicist. Post first attempted to break into regular Republican politics, then turned to journalism on the staff of the New York Truth, and finally was converted to the Single Tax philosophy of Henry George in the early 1880s. Thereafter, Post became George's closest confidante and labored hard as a writer, lecturer, and political organizer to elect George and others to make the Single Tax a reality (1). The author's sources include Post's unpublished autobiography, the files of The Public, The Standard and the Cleveland Recorder, as well as material from the Henry George Collection in the New York Public Library. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the use of simulation in the determination and analysis of alternative deployment strategies for urban fire suppression systems. The simulation model utilizes the New York City-Rand Institute simulator of fire department operations tailored for use with the Denver Fire department. A distinction is made between static deployment (where mathematical programming methods are used) and dynamic analysis (which employs the simulation model). The simulation model is described, as are its extensive data requirements. The results discuss measures of validation of the simulation and outline the recommendations resulting from this research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the appropriateness of the median voter hypothesis within an agenda control framework where the alternative to a proposed expenditure level is the existing level. Evidence from New York State school districts suggests that within this institutional setting the actual level of public service provision does not differ significantly from the median voter's preferred level. The evidence also suggests that demand function parameter estimates for educational expenditures are not sensitive to the assumption that the public service output level corresponds to the median voter's private equilibrium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents minutes of the annual meeting of the Rural Sociological Society, 1959. The meeting was called to order by President Harold Hoffsommer with the following Committee members present: Ward W. Bauder, Olaf F. Larson, Charles R. Hoffer, Walter C. McKain, Herbert F. Lionberger, and Charles F. Ramsey, Managing Editor. President Hoffsommer announced the appointment of William Reeder, Chairman, and Stephen Brower as an Auditing Committee, and Leland Tate and Francina Nolan as members of a Resolutions Committee with the former as chairman. A motion by C. R. Hoffer that the annual meeting of the Rural Sociological Society for 1960 be held at Pennsylvania State College on August 25-27, was seconded and unanimously approved. Larson indicated that he had been advised by the appropriate New York State authorities that the Society would not be required to register as a charitable organization in the State of New York. However, he stressed that it would be necessary for future officers of the Society to refrain from any activity that could be construed as fund raising, to maintain this position. Lionberger reported that action to establish tax-exempt status of the Society with the Internal Revenue Service had been taken but that no notification of action taken by the latter had been obtained. Three proposals by the Board of Editors to the Executive Committee were considered.

The article presents information on various developments related to the field of rural sociology. The annual meeting of the Rural Sociological Society will be held in New York City, during December 27-30, 1941, with headquarters at the Roosevelt Hotel. In another development, "The Southeastern Workshop in Community Development," will be held on the University Campus from June 9 to July 15, 1941. This workshop, directed by C.B. Loomis, will attempt to analyze and evaluate the five years experience of the Greenville County Council for Community Development. The main emphasis of the workshop will be on rural community development. The first two weeks will be spent in visitation and study of Greenville County and the work of the County Council. The next week is planned for a critical evaluation of the Council's work undertaken by several special subject committees on community, education, welfare, etc.

This article presents news related to rural sociology as of March 1, 1936. The annual business meeting of the Section on Rural Sociology, American Sociological Society, was held at the Commodore Hotel, New York City on December 29, 1935. The meeting was called to order by the Chairman of the Section, B.L. Hummel, at 9:45 a.m. Minutes of the 1934 meeting were read and approved. Several members of the section suggested the need for improved publication facilities for rural sociologists and for an improved and enlarged annual program to include material of interest to teachers of rural sociology as well as the research and extension personnel.

Objective: This study aimed to estimate population-level prevalence of obesity and severe obesity for New York City youth and examine the most recent trends over time.Methods: All public school youth in grades kindergarten through eighth (K-8) (2011-2012 through 2016-2017) with valid weight and height measures were included (N = 1,137,782 unique students; 3,720,297 observations). Age- and sex-specific BMI percentiles for obesity and severe obesity were estimated using Centers for Disease Control and Prevention growth charts. Repeated cross-sectional analyses were conducted using logistic regression, weighting for missing or invalid responses and accounting for clustering by students and schools to examine trends over time and by sociodemographics.Results: Among youth in K-8 (aged 5-15 years, 48.8% girls), the prevalence of obesity and severe obesity in 2011-2012 was 21.5% and 6.4%, respectively, compared with 20.2% and 6.0%, respectively, in 2016-2017. Since 2011-2012, decreasing trends in obesity and severe obesity (relative declines: 6.0% and 6.3%, respectively, P < 0.001) have been observed. Significant decreases were observed for all subgroups (P < 0.001), although there remained disparities in relative declines over time by race/ethnicity and poverty.Conclusions: Decreasing trends in obesity and severe obesity among all New York City K-8 public school youth are promising; however, persistent disparities highlight the need to improve intervention design and implementation strategies for groups disproportionately burdened by obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To examine the effect of high-risk obstetrics (HROB) care management on infant health and Medicaid expenditures.Data Sources/study Setting: Medicaid administrative data and vital statistics from 2011 to 2013. In New York State, all Medicaid managed care plans provide HROB care management to their members.Study Design: We conducted a retrospective cohort study with a nonequivalent control group. Selection bias was addressed by using probit and OLS models with the Heckman correction and inverse probability weight with regression adjustment.Principal Findings: While program enrollment was associated with poor infant health outcomes (low birthweight, very low birthweight, preterm delivery, and gestational age), correcting for sample selection substantially improved most of these outcomes. All infant health outcomes significantly improved as the number of weeks in the program increased. We found that a 1-week increase in program duration is associated with a 0.01 percentage point decrease in low birthweight and a 0.03 percentage point decrease in very low birthweight. Further, a 1-week increase in program duration decreases the probability of preterm delivery by 0.01 percentage points and increases gestational age by 0.14 days. Medicaid expenditures for maternity care and newborn delivery were not significantly or materially affected by program enrollment or program duration.Conclusions: High-risk obstetrics care management appears to successfully identify individuals with high-risk pregnancies and improve health without substantially increasing medical expenses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Repeat visits (revisits) to emergency departments (EDs) for psychiatric care reflect poor continuity of care and impose a high financial cost. We test whether rapid expansion of community health centers (CHCs)—which provide regional, low‐cost primary care—correspond with fewer repeat psychiatric‐related ED visits (PREDVs). Methods: We obtained repeated cross‐sectional time‐series data for 7.8 million PREDVs from the State Emergency Department Database for four populous U.S. states (California, Florida, North Carolina, and New York) from 2006 to 2011. We specified as the outcome variable the count of repeat visits per ED visitor with a psychiatric diagnosis. We retrieved aggregate‐level mental health visits at CHCs from the Uniform Data System. Negative binomial regression methods controlled for individual‐level confounders, county health system and sociodemographic attributes, year fixed effects, and county fixed effects. Results: The risk of a repeat PREDV decreased with a county‐level increase in mental health patients seen at CHCs (incidence rate ratio = 0.986, 95% confidence interval = 0.98 to 0.99). Conversion of this rate ratio to the number of revisits averted indicated 34,000 fewer repeat PREDVs in these four states statistically associated with a 1% expansion in CHC mental health visits. Exploratory analyses found that revisits decline for relatively mild/moderate illnesses (e.g., mood, anxiety disorders) but not for severe illnesses (e.g., schizophrenia/psychoses). Conclusion: An increase in mental health services at CHCs corresponds with a modest decline in repeat PREDVs. This decline concentrates among those with less severe mental illnesses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents an interview with Harold Varmus, president of Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City. In response to query about the relationship between basic research and industry, Varmus replied that the relationship between both has been changing everywhere over the last few years. Results from basic research have been more easily brought into commercial application and the speed with which results can be applied is increasing remarkably. In addition, the biotechnology industry itself is doing very exciting work that one depends upon, so it's a two-way street in a way it wasn't before. New York is indeed notable in having a very high ratio of academic research to industrial research.

Objective: To quantify the impact of two approaches (directed and query-based) to health information exchange (HIE) on potentially avoidable use of health care services.Data Sources/study Setting: Data on ambulatory care providers' adoption of HIE were merged with Medicare fee-for-service claims from 2008 to 2014. Providers were from 13 counties in New York served by the Rochester Regional Health Information Organization (RHIO).Study Design: Linear regression models with provider and year fixed effects were used to estimate changes in the probability of utilization outcomes for Medicare beneficiaries attributed to providers adopting directed and/or query-based HIE compared with beneficiaries attributed to providers who had not adopted HIE.Data Collection: Providers' HIE adoption status was determined through Rochester RHIO registration records. RHIO and claims data were linked via National Provider Identifiers.Principal Findings: Query-based HIE adoption was associated with a 0.2 percentage point reduction in the probability of an ambulatory care sensitive hospitalization and a 1.1 percentage point decrease in the likelihood of an unplanned readmission. Directed HIE adoption was not associated with any outcome.Conclusions: The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services' (CMS) EHR certification criteria includes requirements for directed HIE, but not query-based HIE. Pending further research, certification criteria should place equal weight on facilitating query-based and directed exchange. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comments on Justice Nat H. Hentel's decision in the 'Zaharakis v. J.R.D. Management Corp.' case in New York on the encashment of a check bearing an in full payment endorsement although not conclusive where the debt is fully liquidated. Merits of the case; Hentel's assertion on the evident accord and satisfaction between two parties when the sum allegedly owed was unliquidated and undisputed; Amount to be procured by the plaintiff.

Discusses the statistical information concerning the written and oral examinations of modern language teachers in the State of New York in 1917. Explanation for the wide variation in the percentage of papers written accepted by the Department; Rise in the general level of modern language teaching in the State.

The introduction of exchange-traded options in 1973 led to explosive growth in the stock options market, but put and call options on equity securities have existed for more than a century. Prior to the listing of option contracts, trading was conducted in an order-driven over-the-counter market. From 1873 to 1875, quotes for options contracts were published weekly in The Commercial and Financial Chronicle during a period that saw extensive marketing efforts by a number of brokerage firms. In this article we examine these quotes to determine why this seemingly sophisticated market existed for only a brief period in financial history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the interjurisdictional comparisons of appropriations and revenues for local governments. Section one of the article discusses measures of efficiency that has the potential to be used, the determination of the composition of the sample and conflicts that must addressed, and the basis on which the information is to be compared. Section two presents a 1976 comparison of Rochester, New York, Buffalo, New York, and Syracuse, New York, as an example of how an interjurisdictional comparison may be implemented. Inferences that can be drawn and comparison responses are briefly discussed in Section three.

Presents rules and instructions for manuscript submissions by authors for The Milbank Quarterly periodical in New York, New York. Number of manuscripts required upon submission; Originality of manuscripts; Manuscript specifications.

In a recent article in this Journal, Stanley W. Black quantifies supply and demand functions for Eurodollar deposits borrowed by New York banks from their own overseas branches. This note will suggest several important modifications in his supply and demand functions for those interested in further research along the lines suggested in Black's approach. It will also summarize the results of regression analyses used in examining changes in Eurodollar borrowings by U.S. banks from their branches abroad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent article by S. Black on Eurodollar borrowing provides useful insights regarding this market. In particular, the two structural equations [denoted (1) and (2) in Black's study] incorporate many of the arguments that potential borrowers and lenders in this market must utilize in the decision-making process. Yet, two important qualifications emerge from a careful examination of this study. The object of this note is to examine these qualifications in detail and then to determine whether Black's results provide an adequate description of the Eurodollar market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses checks and their importance as a medium of exchange that is free of regulation, and, it seems, analysis. This article examines the price determinants and price impact in New York State of special banking services known under several names that include Checkmaster, Check-o-matic, or Autocheck. The article focuses on the cost reductions that result in an average price, the profitability of the service, and the insulated nature of the pricing component of checking services. Structure of the price, bank revenue and price, bank costs and profits, comparative prices, and competition are all considered.

The article examines research conducted by the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) on the field of share ownership. The authors outline the five major objectives of their work: gathering accurate information on the shareholders, analyzing the basic motivations behind stock trading, generating financial statistics, creating methods to help firms broaden share ownership, and understanding public attitudes towards the Exchange. They also describe an extensive study by the Brookings Institute pertaining to the first two objectives.

THIS PAPER DESCRIBES land use controls for private and public land in the Adirondack Park in northern New York State. The situation is unique because the privately-owned land is interspersed with the state- owned land. Land use controls, administered by the Adirondack Park Agency, are similar to urban and rural zoning regulations, but with heavy emphasis on natural resource considerations. The role of externalities in land use is stressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT This study investigates factors influencing coordination of winegrape procurement in emerging wine regions in Michigan, Missouri, and New York. Wineries in these emerging regions face different vertical coordination challenges than in well-established regions, which may affect procurement choices. Results corroborate prior findings that quality considerations and the need to safeguard investments in specialized assets, respectively, increase usage of more formal coordination mechanisms like written contracts and vertical integration or ownership. Consistent with prior findings of studies of wineries in established wine regions, we find that perceived difficulty in measuring grape quality attributes leads to tighter coordination; a point previously undocumented for emerging regions. [EconLit citation: Q130] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The median time required to perform a surgical procedure is important in determining payment under Medicare's physician fee schedule. Prior studies have demonstrated that the current methodology of using physician surveys to determine surgical times results in overstated times. To measure surgical times more accurately, we developed and validated a methodology using available data from anesthesia billing data and operating room (OR) records.Data Sources: We estimated surgical times using Medicare 2011 anesthesia claims and New York Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System 2011 OR times. Estimated times were validated using data from the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program. We compared our time estimates to those used by Medicare in the fee schedule.Study Design: We estimate surgical times via piecewise linear median regression models.Principal Findings: Using 3.0 million observations of anesthesia and OR times, we estimated surgical time for 921 procedures. Correlation between these time estimates and directly measured surgical time from the validation database was 0.98. Our estimates of surgical time were shorter than the Medicare fee schedule estimates for 78 percent of procedures.Conclusions: Anesthesia and OR times can be used to measure surgical time and thereby improve the payment for surgical procedures in the Medicare fee schedule. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents information on the annual business meeting of the rural sociology section of the American Sociological Society. The meeting was held at the Commodore Hotel, New York city on 29 December, 1935. In the meeting, Mr. B.L. Hummel, Chairman of rural sociology section of the American Sociological Society, described the problems he had encountered in preparing the program for the rural section. He emphasized the difficulty of obtaining an adequate number of sessions because of the regulations of the general society concerning section meetings. Several members of the section suggested the need for improved publication facilities for rural sociologists and for an improved and enlarged annual program to include material of interest to teachers of rural sociology as well as the research and extension personnel. It was also agreed upon in the meeting that those who are interested in discussing the promotion of rural sociology research in the experiment stations and those interested in the development of the research program in the Division of Farm Population and Rural Life will meet later at Room A, of the Commodore Hotel for an informal afternoon discussion with Dr. Carl Taylor.

We investigate the effect of speaking Spanish at home as a child on completed schooling and aptitude test scores using data from the NLSY79 on Hispanics who grew up in the United States. We model the accumulation of traditional human capital and English fluency, leading to the joint determination of schooling and test scores. We find that speaking Spanish at home reduces test scores, but has no significant effect on completed schooling. The reduction in test scores (1) increases in magnitude in three of the tests when the parents are more educated; (2) is much more dramatic when the choice of home language is made endogenous; and (3) is not systematically greater for the verbal than for the math tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article tells the story of how the remains of victims of the 9/11 terrorist attack on the World Trade Center have been mistreated and misused over the past 10 years. The article focuses on the experiences of some of the victims' families as they have sought to recover human remains dumped in the Fresh Kills landfill and to engage with officials about plans to house unidentified remains in a museum complex. The story reveals the institutional violence of a process in which human remains are devalued and subject to continual control by both state authorities and a private museum, a process that has turned victims into victims yet again. This second victimization lies in the gap between the shared heritage of that tragic September day and the individual rights of American citizens to care for their kin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]