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This paper uses microeconomic data for more than 100,000 European individuals in order to analyse whether the individual economic returns to education vary between migrants and non-migrants and whether any differences in earnings between these two groups are affected by household and/or geographical (regional and interregional) externalities. The results point out that while education is a fundamental determinant of earnings, European labour markets do not discriminate in the returns to education between migrants and non-migrants. Household, regional and supra-regional externalities influence the economic returns to education in a similar way for local, intranational and supra-national migrants. The results are robust to the introduction of a large number of individual, household and regional controls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the relationship between graduates' skills and their risk of over-education and unemployment in 17 European countries. Distinguishing between field-specific and academic skills, the authors find that, as predicted by the crowding-out hypothesis, field-specific skills offer more protection against the risk of over-education when the excess labour supply in the occupational domain of the graduate's field of study increases. Conversely, academic skills have that effect when excess supply in the overall labour market is higher. Field-specific skills also protect graduates against the risk of unemployment, whereas graduates' level of academic skills appears to be unrelated to the risk of becoming unemployed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses the economic issue of financing education in Europe. Overview of the financial situation of the education sector; Shortcomings of the analytical approach of the problem in the education sector by economists; Issues concerning the field of financing non-market activities.

Discusses the non-monetary benefits (NMB) of education in Europe. Criteria economists use to classify the NMB of education; Dimensions of NMB; List of economic NMB for non-economists.