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Virtually all theories of economic growth predict a positive relationship between population size and productivity. In this paper, I study a particular historical episode to provide direct evidence for the empirical relevance of such scale effects. In the aftermath of the Second World War, 8 million ethnic Germans were expelled from their domiciles in Eastern Europe and transferred to West Germany. This inflow increased the German population by almost 20%. Using variation across counties, I show that the settlement of refugees had large and persistent effects on the size of the local population, manufacturing employment, and income per capita. These findings are quantitatively consistent with an idea‐based model of spatial growth if population mobility is subject to frictions and productivity spillovers occur locally. The estimated model implies that the refugee settlement increased aggregate income per capita by about 12% after 25 years and triggered a process of industrialization in rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To examine how changes in relative national prices affect innovation input, this paper studies the impact of changes in industry‐specific effective real exchange rates on industrial R&D expenditures in Korea. In particular, it explores the heterogeneous responses of industries with different export intensities. Employing dynamic panel data estimation techniques, the results suggest that among industries with medium levels of export intensity a lagged depreciation in industry‐specific effective real exchange rate leads to a decline in contemporaneous industry‐level R&D expenditures. However, this adverse effect is insignificant for industries that either mostly serve the domestic markets or that are heavily engaged in foreign markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In spite of the substantial liberalization of China's film industry, it is still highly regulated and protected from foreign competition through a series of policy measures. In the midst of pushing both liberalization and protectionism, Chinese firms tend to exploit favorable government policies and avoid restrictive regulations through alternative options to maximize profits. Most preceding studies emphasized the liberalization efforts by the Chinese government as a significant contribution to the film industry, while neglecting the response and strategies of Chinese filmmakers that have upgraded their overall competitiveness. Therefore, this paper aims to examine the government‐firm interplay and their influences on the enhanced competitive advantages of Chinese filmmakers and the film industry, by utilizing the theoretical framework of the ABCD model to demonstrate this interaction. Based on the comprehensive analysis of both Chinese achievements and remaining challenges, this study further provides useful policy implications for improving China's film industry. For long‐term industrial development, China should more proactively deregulate the industry to make it more globally attractive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to enormous growth in industrial development, the consumption of cement is substantially increased in the recent times and the cement manufacturing industry produces annually about 1.35 billion tons of the greenhouse gas emissions which are about 7% of the total greenhouse gas emission by man‐made to the atmosphere. At the same time, the thermal power plants have been generating huge quantity of fly‐ash, which is not being recycled properly. This creates huge burden on solid waste management. Hence, to minimize the emission of CO2 from cement industry and to increase the utilization of fly‐ash, a geopolymer technology is one of the viable solutions. In terms of global warming, the geopolymer technology‐based fly‐ash activated by an alkaline activators not only have potential to significantly reduce carbon footprint of ordinary portland cement concrete, but also shows considerable promise for applications in concrete industry as an alternative binder to the Portland cement. This paper provides a brief status of fly‐ash based geopolymer paste and concrete, encapsulates, and analyses critically the most significant research findings on various properties of geopolymer concrete (GPC) over the past two decades. Also, it identifies the important factors to be considered in improving the performance of GPC at elevated temperatures as well as at ambient temperatures. Collation and analysis of more than 100 research papers in this area may provide a valuable stating document for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes environmental convergence and its determinants. We construct our analysis in a bilateral setting and hypothesize that, through foreign direct investment (FDI), one or more investor countries could impact the environmental performance of their hosts, leading thus to a possible environmental convergence between home and host economies. To do this, we construct an original database on bilateral FDI encompassing 128 countries for the period 2000-2012. Our results suggest that, in general, FDI does not directly impact environmental convergence, except for the case of FDI originating from major investor countries. Under specific conditions, FDI can be expected to influence environmental convergence along with other variables such as GDP per capita, industrial development, geographical proximity, or cultural and historical ties. Overall, these effects may vary depending on the type of partnership considered (North-North, North-South, South-North, and South-South). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper traces the institutional root of China's rural industrialization to a historical policy, which paired factories in urban areas with people's communes in the countryside during the Send‐Down Movement in the 1970s. The policy, initially intended to improve the lives of sent‐down youth (SDY), is believed to have provided some initial impetus for industrial development in rural areas before the marketization reform that began in the late 1970s. Based on a manually collected county‐level panel dataset of Zhejiang Province, we find that following the implementation of the pairing policy in 1974, counties that received a higher concentration of SDY, relative to their rural population, achieved faster growth in per capita industrial output of commune enterprises. Our results are consistent with various historical accounts. In addition, our tentative evidence shows that the pairing policy had a prolonged effect on rural economic development, lasting into the 1980s. Overall, our findings reveal the importance of some pre‐reform institutions in shaping China's unique paths towards industrialization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrialization constitutes one of the strategies of structural transformation in many sub‐Saharan African (SSA) countries. In this paper, we re‐examine the effect of financial development on the industrialization of 35 SSA countries over the period 1996–2018. Contrary to previous work, we formulate the hypothesis that there exists a threshold of financial development beyond which financial development positively influences industrialization. Using the dynamic panel threshold regression model, and system generalized methods of moment models, we find two main results. First, financial development has a negative and significant impact on the development of industrialization. Secondly, the findings show the existence of a nonlinear relationship between financial development and industrialization development. Thus, we find that financial development has a negative effect on industrialization below the threshold while the effect is significantly positive on industrialization in countries whose financial development is above the threshold. The results are stable to the different robustness tests used. These findings highlight the need for SSA countries to develop better financial institutions if they hope to boost the manufacturing sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to re-examine from a multidimensional perspective the possible existence of a single path that could have conditioned the degree of welfare state development ( WSD) in Latin America. Economic/industrial development, trade-openness, democracy and the strength of leftist parties-labour movement are used as explanatory variables in the qualitative comparative analysis. In contrast to previous findings, this paper shows that there is no evidence of a common path followed by countries with a relatively high/medium WSD. Nevertheless, countries that experienced a low economic/industrial development combined with a low democratic experience were conditioned to have low WSD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a two-sector growth model in which industrial accumulation is sensitive to the factor-saving bias of technical change in agriculture. Agriculture features low factor substitutability and hidden unemployment and, in the baseline scenario, industrial growth is constrained by aggregate demand. Land-saving innovations are then shown to raise rural employment, enlarge the domestic market for manufactures, and bolster industrial accumulation, in contrast to labor-saving innovations. The baseline model and its extensions illuminate recent empirical studies which established that higher land yields boost industrial growth in developing countries, as well as accounts of the role of agricultural innovations in the industrialization of Japan, East Asia, and Latin America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The climate change arena comprises a diverse set of interacting actors from international, national and local levels. The multilevel architecture has implications for low-carbon technology deployment in developing countries, an issue salient to both development and climate objectives. The paper examines this theme through two inter-related questions: how do (or don't) low-carbon technologies get deployed in India's built environment, and what implications can be drawn from the Indian case for effective low-carbon technology development and transfer for developing countries? By examining the multilevel linkages in India's buildings sector, the paper shows how the interactions between governance levels can both support and hinder technology deployment, ultimately leading to inadequate outcomes. The potential of these linkages is hobbled by aspects of the national context (federated energy governance and developing-country capacity limitations), yet can also be enabled by other features (the climate policy context, which may motivate international actors to fill domestic capacity lacunae). Reflecting on the India case, the paper makes recommendations for improved low-carbon technology deployment in developing countries: (1) technology development and transfer collaboration on a 'need-driven' approach, (2) development of the specific types of capacity required across the entire innovation chain and (3) domestic strengthening of the coordination and agendas across and between governance levels. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents discussion by various sociologists during the fourth working session of the First World Congress for Rural Sociology held in Dijon, France. Sociologist Antonio M. Arce from Costa Rica briefly commented on Pakistani sociologist A.M. Khan's paper entitled "Impact of changes in agriculture on political life in Asia". These comments refer to three different aspects of the paper and are expected to stimulate discussions from the audience. The paper tries to analyse the dynamic relationship between agricultural development efforts and political ferment in Asia and how this interdependence relates to the residues of Western colonialism and the emergence of Russian and Chinese communism. Another sociologist R. Bičanič from Yugoslavia discussed about the interference of politics in sociology. He also discussed the point dealing with the revival of rural sociology in socialist countries, particularly Poland, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia. The rural exodus linked with accelerated industrialization has become so intense that agriculture is threatened with a depleted labour force, and this leads to a policy of income parity with industrial workers for agricultural producers also which may have wider political implications.

Insects are the largest biological group on the earth, characterized by high biodiversity, easy rearing, and large populations. The utilization of insects in China has a long history and some insect species have contributed to the formation of characteristic industries. Insect products, such as silk and honey, are already familiar to the public; however, many beneficial insects and their products are not well known to most people, for example, lac insect and lac, gall aphid and Chinese gallnut, and insect wax. A new industry featuring the utilization and industrialization of insects has been rising in China. Chemically, insect products are used as raw materials; agriculturally, insects are utilized to pollinate crops for better yield; natural enemy insects have been reared to control pests; insect protein may be used for human food or animal feed; medicinally, chemical compounds may be extracted from insects as active ingredients for pharmaceutical usage; and ornamental butterfly has been applied in travel sightseeing. Insects' new purpose and function will be exploited as they gain recognition for their resources. This paper reviews insect industrialization in China and discusses the prospect of insect commerce in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human agency has become a core topic in economic geography complementing traditional, structural approaches to explain regional development. This paper contributes firstly with a discussion of the theoretical and conceptual relationships between the agency of individuals, organizations, and systems. Secondly, it proposes a novel analytical framework for studying how human agency, combined with external changes affects regional economic development, and how regional structural preconditions and external changes explain the activation of change agency. Thirdly, the relevance of the framework is examined through comparative studies of about 20 years of industrial development in three Norwegian regions. This illuminates the importance of human agency in regional transformation processes, how regional preconditions influence but not determine the activation of change agency, as well as why and how regional policy plays a role in the emergence of change agency. Yet, future research needs to investigate the context conditions, which promote or hinder the activation of change agency, to trace change in economic activities over time and link it to causal mechanisms, and to pay attention to the unintended consequences of change agency in the longer‐term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the mid 1980s, tax rates on corporate income have declined in most industrialized countries. Tax competition between countries for mobile capital has frequently been mentioned as an explanation for this development. A vast empirical literature dealing with tax competition for mobile capital has emerged. This paper categorizes and summarizes the existing empirical studies on this issue. Particular focus is placed on the isolation of the substantive implications the quantitative study outcomes convey. Given the empirical evidence surveyed, it appears that tax rates indeed decline due to tax competition between countries, and in particular due to competition for profits. In addition to summarizing the substantive implications of the existing empirical literature, the paper addresses the question of whether the existing studies can convincingly isolate tax competition as a driver of falling corporate income tax rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to re‐examine the linkages between oil and agricultural development. While Indonesia and Nigeria faced similar adjustment problems after the oil boom of 1974, their food production performance showed significant differences. I find that threats from rural forces matter. Rural threats forced the Indonesian government to pursue agricultural policy reforms and use oil revenue to support these reforms. In contrast, the absence of rural threats gave leeway for Nigerian elites to use oil money to reproduce their interests in infrastructural and industrial development at the expense of peasant producers. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Papers in Regional Science is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

ABSTRACT Industrialisation and urban growth are constitutive aspects of Vietnam's new economy and are important driving forces behind increasing rural-to-urban migration. Growth in informal sector employment is a significant aspect of this development, which has provided for both male and female migrants, although they generally are engaged in different occupations. Based on a case study among porters at Hanoi's Long Bien Market, this paper examines rural-to-urban migrants' gendered migration practices. Two interrelated aspects of gendered migration practices are in focus: the role of migration networks and networking, and remittance practices. The paper is organised around why and how migrants have entered the informal labour market in Hanoi and how they make their livings there while also maintaining ties with their rural homes. In conclusion, we discuss how the migration networks and remittance practices of the female porters demonstrate a particular way of adapting to the migration process. Also, it is emphasised how women's flexible practices are facilitated by women's own village-based networks. It is suggested that 'in-betweenness', which stands for the simultaneous and overlapping presence of urban and rural spaces in migrants' lives, is an insightful way of comprehending the adaptation practices employed by female porters in Hanoi. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are a set of international development targets agreed to by members of the United Nations in 2000. The goals aim to improve many of the dimensions of extreme poverty and are to be achieved by 2015. This paper provides an overview of the issues relevant to the achievement of the MDGs in the Asia-Pacific region. The paper begins by discussing the critiques of the MDGs before assessing whether countries in the region are on track to achieve them. Issues relating to data availability and accuracy are discussed and the need to tailor the MDG targets to the special circumstances of some Asia-Pacific countries is examined. The paper proceeds by discussing the role of international assistance via international foreign development aid and non-governmental organisations in the achievement of the MDGs. The paper concludes with some policy implications for the international donor community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present information systems studies focus on technology from developed countries. Little is known about the development and implementation of indigenous technology in the developing world. This paper investigates China's experience of developing and deploying wireless local-area network (WLAN) standards. First, drawing upon actor-network theory, I interpret WLAN Authentication and Privacy Infrastructure (WAPI) standardization as a process of the actor-network formation. Specifically, different actors were enrolled into two counter-networks, namely the defensive network and the challenging network. These actors and the two counter-networks struggled to dominate the interest inscriptions in the strategy of WLAN standardization. China's WAPI initiative failed because it could not establish a strong defensive network. Furthermore, I analyse the social, institutional and technological elements that determined the process of WAPI standardization. This case study demonstrates that counter-network is a useful concept to analyse the mechanism of actor-network formation. My analytical model in which the macro contexts are connected with the micro network dynamics can be drawn upon by other actor-network studies on technology design and implementation. Practical implications for developing countries to develop the indigenous technologies have been given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents abstracts of research related to economics that were published in the May 2007 issue of the periodical "Asian-Pacific Economic Literature." They include "Investing in Rural China: Tracking China's Commitment to Modernization," "Networks, Scale and Transnational Corporations: the Case of the South Korean Seed Industry" and "Taiwan's Paradigm of Integrated Industrialization With Optimum Macroeconomic Parameters."

Summary: The evolution of Internet of Things (IoT) has led to the development of Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT). IIoT is one the widely applied areas to facilitate people in the manufacturing world. The adoption of IIoT automates sensing, capturing, communicating, and processing in real time. To understand how rapidly IoT and IIoT are growing, this article examines the emergence of 5G‐enabled IIoT, current research trends in IIoT, key milestones achieved in IIoT, and IoT applications specific to 5G‐enabled IIoT. The paper presents the state‐of‐the‐art in networking layered framework of IIoT and comparing relationships of technologies of cloud computing as well as edge computing paradigms. We also explored the type of security attacks and their preventive measures in an IIoT‐driven 5G technology. We have also highlighted the revolution of IIoT‐driven 5G framework which satisfies the demands of IIoT applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is a contribution to a long-standing 'conversation' between Henry Bernstein and Terry Byres on capitalist agrarian transition, encompassing the development of capitalist agriculture and capitalist industrialization. Two themes are central: first, the divergence of view with respect to the possible relevance of past transitions for the present (posited by Byres) and the contemporary, pre-emptive power of globalization (argued by Bernstein); and, second, the basic difference of analytical procedure. There is discussion of how, in India, before 1947, colonialism sought unsuccessfully to replicate an 'English model' of transition in eastern India; and how, throughout India, colonialism through surplus appropriation and remittances to Britain prevented the creation of the underlying structural conditions necessary for successful agrarian transition. Aspects of the nature of the Byres treatment of the Scottish experience of agrarian transition in the eighteenth century are considered, to illustrate the nature of the Byres method. The paper seeks to advance the conversation by clarifying the contrast between the two approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Processes of globalisation in the conventional food provision system have had widespread negative impacts on small-scale farmers. Yet, alternative food networks, which are characterised by more sustainable production/consumption practices and fairer trade relations, have increasingly been 'going global' and, in the process, have been integrating small-scale farms in the South. One such high-value export-led commodity is certified organic shrimp. International third-party certification schemes are becoming popular as a tool to verify the intangible attributes of such commodities. Using concepts of multifunctionality and agrarian change, this paper examines the implications of introducing an international environmental certification programme to a site where the 'peasantry' has been preserved and has limited integration in the global agro-food system. Drawing on a case study that examines the first certified organic shrimp production project in Vietnam, this paper concludes that the current movement towards post-productivism in the global North has potential to keep local farming practices in the global South by justifying the value of peasant-like production methods through international certification. As a result, the development path of agrarian transition might be reshaped into a form not necessarily pursuing industrialisation. This leads to the new interpretation of pre- and post-productivism beyond the North and South divide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the influences of Malaysia's Federation Land Development Authority (FELDA) scheme in fostering inclusive rural development. Based on the model of holistic inclusive development, the paper investigates the performance of FELDA from four perspectives: social development, industrialisation, modernisation and basic needs. The main findings of the study indicate that, to a large extent, the scheme has successfully stimulated both the social and economic development of the community. Nonetheless, establishing a strong trust, social cohesion and rapport between the public authorities and community remain the main challenges in determining the success of this state-led agenda. Moreover, keeping traditional values in the modern system will be the key principle for the sustainability of the programme if plans are made to adopt the scheme in other regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Application of BIM in the context of Construction 4.0 in the Oberbürgermeister‐Karl‐Lehr bridge project The construction industry is facing new demands, such as the creation of a more sustainable building culture and the necessary increase in efficiency. These challenges can only be solved with the help of modern planning and construction methods such as Building Information Modelling, which opens the way to Building 4.0. Due to the increasing requirements for implementing the BIM method in infrastructure projects, it is important for companies to build up experience. For this reason, the Max Bögl Group decided to use the BIM method in the production and construction phase of the Oberbürgermeister‐Karl‐Lehr bridge project. In addition to an overview of the project, this paper provides a summary of the BIM methods used and the lessons learned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microalgae are considered an interesting candidate for the sustainable production of edible oils. Because microalgae contain abundant polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and have high photosynthetic rates and high oil productivity, they are superior to terrestrial oleaginous crops for producing edible oils. Microalgae are cultivated in aquatic environments, and thus, oil extraction methods for microalgae must consider the influence of water. This paper provides an overview of the suitability of microalgal lipid compositions and proposes a selection of species for edible oil production. The numerous technologies currently available for pretreatment, wet extraction and the refining of edible oils from microalgae are collated and presented, with a primary focus on the key parameters influencing process performance. Furthermore, the paper presents a proposed solution for a microalgae integrated system for edible oil production, which is a possible future direction to develop an economical and environmentally friendly process for the resource utilization of microalgal biomass. Practical Application: Microalgae might be the most promising source of edible oils, with potential applications in food industrialization, due to its rich oil content and its characteristic fatty acid composition. The review provides a selection criterion of microalgal species to help researchers exploit microalgae to produce superior edible oils for human consumption. Various process parameters and wet extraction methods are discussed that may be conducive to improving process performance and achieving high oil recovery yields. By considering the maximum utilization of microalgal biomass, an integrated system in this review would assist in economical production during further studies. Microalgae are the most promising candidates for edible oil production. Cell disruption, extraction, and refining are important processes for microalgal oils and on this basis, wet extraction and resource utilization can further promote the economic feasibility of microalgal process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The situation of youth in relation to the labour market is a matter of serious concern for many governments, and an issue of increasing focus in international policy discussions. This paper draws on comparable school to work transition survey data to examine the nature of youth employment in four important and generally successful Asian economies that are relatively engaged in international trade, though to varying extents: Bangladesh, Cambodia, Nepal and Vietnam. In all four, many young people continue to be engaged in self‐employment or unpaid family work; while in some cases, this may reflect the lack of opportunities for wage work in the formal sector, often such outcomes may be positive choices on the part of the young people. The availability of formal jobs for young people varies across the four countries, with the extent and diversity of industrialisation or exports being one important factor, as well as the level of education. In Vietnam, the country most advanced in these areas, the availability of formal jobs is significantly greater than in the other countries and is large on an international scale, while in Bangladesh and Cambodia, the textiles and garment sectors have played an important role in creating formal work opportunities, especially for females. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: High‐resolution RGB organic light‐emitting diode frontplane is a key enabler for direct‐view transparent augmented reality displays. In this paper, we demonstrate 1250 ppi passive displays and semi‐transparent active displays. Organic light‐emitting diode photolithography can provide pixel density above 1000 ppi while keeping effective emission area high because of high aperture ratio. Patterns with 2 μm line pitch were successfully transferred to emission layers, indicating possible further pixel density scaling. Lifetime after patterning, key parameter enabling industrialization, is above 150 h (T90 at 1000 nit). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bauphysik is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper reviews developments in industrial colorants as active ingredients of commercial products that rely on oxidative chemistry for the coloration of human hair. After outlining the regulatory challenges faced by the industry, which are shaping the landscape of colorant usage, the most commercially important actives utilised in oxidative hair colorant formulations are surveyed from the perspective of their chemistry and economics. Some developments in the form of recently introduced actives are also described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates how to exploit big data to increase knowledge in the early design phase within new product development through an industrial application. There are limited research and a scarcity of empirical studies that show the use of big data within new product development in manufacturing industries. Shorter design cycle demand, rapid decision‐making, and the need for data‐driven methodology are evident. An increase of knowledge through big data analytics, closing the loop with a knowledge base, has become a critical success criterion within the various industries. This paper reviews the state‐of‐the‐art in academic literature and investigates a case company. The case uncovered a gap of limited feedback into the early design phase. We developed a generic agile approach to extract value through analyzing big data. To fill in the identified gap, we tested our approach on a sample of big data, including both internal and external user data. Positive feedback from a survey complemented by interviews indicates that our method can aid decision‐making within the early design phase by acquiring a more data‐driven methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on the North American conference on the social implications of industrialization and technological change. The conference, sponsored jointly by UNESCO, the United States and Canadian National Commissions for UNESCO, and the University of Chicago, was held in Chicago, Illinois from September 15 to 22, 1960. Twenty-four technical papers prepared and distributed in advance were discussed during the conference. In addition, a series of some twelve working papers surveying the research results for the major regions of the world on the topic of the conference were assembled and distributed to participants by the Research Office of the International Social Science Council. The various aspects of the social implications of industrialization were dealt with quite fully in the technical papers and at the several sessions of the conference. The discussion of the specific social implications of industrialization started with what some would regard as the fundamentals, the human motivation to make constructive innovations. The papers and discussions seem to warrant certain conclusions with regard to research strategies and procedures, on the one hand, and major gaps in reliable knowledge, on the other.

Using a panel data covering more than 100 countries worldwide, we have estimated a dynamic panel model to investigate the relationship between financial development and manufacturing industries' growth. More specifically, we have estimated the effect that institutional quality might have in this relationship in sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA). The results show that lower quality institutions in SSA are a hindrance to the role financial development plays in the growth of the manufacturing industrial sector, as compared with developed countries. These findings are robust when a quantile regression model is used. Furthermore, the results confirm that the relationship between per capita GDP and industrialization is nonlinear. Finally, in SSA, the abundance of natural resources has an adverse effect on the manufacturing industrial value added, providing more evidence for the Dutch disease hypothesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of family farming is approached from different angles in three empirical studies on the Great Britain, Norway, and a village in the south of France. The three studies all describes the survival and revival of the family farm in a period of capitalist and industrial development. In the first paper Michael Winter examines the Milk Marketing Board in the Great Britain as a particular aspect of policy management by the state. Using Panitch' theory of corporatism, Winter shows that the MMB is a state-induced collaboration between different classes of agricultural producers, acting as a powerful agent in the implementation of state policy. The third paper by koel Puijk has a different perspective. It starts with a review of some French theories of agricultural development and capitalism. Puijk criticizes these theories for not taking into account the internal dynamics of the agricultural production unit. The failure or success to adapt to changing circumstances depends on the familial situation, personal factors and desired standards of living. Puijk develops a framework based on Chayanov's consumer/producer ratio and uses this to analyse the survival strategies of winegrowers. In his paper Puijk touches upon an important point, which is neglected in the sociology of agriculture. The reproduction of family farmers has often been seen in purely economic, technical and physical terms.

ABSTRACT This paper aims to provide empirical evidence on the extent and possible channels of tax competition among provincial governments in China. Using a panel of provincial-level data for 1993-2007, we find strong evidence of strategic tax interaction among provincial governments. Tax policy is approximated by average effective tax rates on foreign investment, taking into account the tax incentives available to foreign investors. In line with the predictions of the theoretical tax competition literature, we also highlight the impact of each province's characteristics (including its size and level of industrialization) on the strategic interaction with its neighbors. Finally, the paper explicitly identifies the establishment of development zones as an important conduit for tax competition among provinces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines empirically how the multiple-cone version of the Heckscher- Ohlin ( HO) model fits the 'flying geese' patterns of industrial development: a series of industries appear, prosper, then decline and finally disappear one after another. Using Japanese manufacturing data from 1975 to 2006, the analysis shows that the multiple-cone model fits well with the flying geese patterns of Japanese industrial development. The result suggests that part of the industrial upgrading can be explained by the multiple-cone HO model. This also implies that an underlying mechanism of macroeconomic growth is industrial upgrading, part of which can be attributed to capital accumulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we aim to present a comprehensive analysis on the emerging phenomenon of distributed innovation in commons‐based peer production (CBPP) platforms. Starting with the exploration of the widely held belief on value‐creation confined to industrial settings, we raise several questions regarding the feasibility of, and a need for, an inclusive innovation process that can tap grassroots capacity into both traditional (industrial research and development) and emerging (peer‐to‐peer) innovation models to yield sustainable solutions. In particular, we explore the emergence and structuration of digital innovations in the maker movement, as it presents an alternative construct of innovation wherein access to and sharing of knowledge is predominantly distributed. With innovation outcomes often freely revealed, its very structuration could pose a principal challenge to our conceptualizations of value creation and competitive advantage in the current economic model. Drawing from responses received from 200 collaborative innovation platforms, six semi‐structured interviews focusing on socio‐technical innovation cases, as well as four in‐depth narrative interviews with maker turned entrepreneurs, we present a detailed analysis on the topology of network, typology of actors, as well as the underlying innovation ecosystem in CBPP networks in Germany. In doing so, we contribute to the conceptualization of peer‐to‐peer distributed innovations in collaborative platforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The catalysts used to catalyze the hydroboration of nitriles or carbodiimides usually have some disadvantages such as complex structure, high cost, large pollution of environment and so on. It is an important development direction to use the main group metals instead of the transition metals to reduce the costs and realize green catalysis. In this paper, using NaH or NaOH as a catalyst, an efficient reaction of nitrile or carbodiimide with pinacol borane (HBPin) has been achieved. It was found that 3.5 mol% of NaH participated in the hydroboration reaction in a simple and effective method under slight solvent‐free circumstances. In addition, intermolecular chemoselectivity hydroboration of nitrile and substrates with different functional groups was also investigated by employing three different catalysts. This reaction uses the inorganic alkali with simple structure, commercially available and low cost to synthesize organoborane compounds, which provides ideas for industrial development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a critical discussion of the political economy of hydropower construction in the communist space. We use political economy, economic history and political ecology literature in order to reveal the economic and political relations in which hydropower is embedded in socialist states. The case analysed is the Iron Gates, a joint Romanian-Yugoslav project which raises specific questions about the techno-political framework of the new 'hydraulic landscape' and its place in socialist economies and societies. The case reveals important transformations in the political and economic relations within the Soviet bloc and provides a description of the complex institutional setting used in the construction of the hydropower system. In parallel, the paper explores the contribution of political power in the construction of the Iron Gates and especially its use in connection with the ideological production of the new communist regime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental deterioration from industrial development in mainland China has become a focus for public concern. The emerging environmental protection (EP) industry has become prominent recently because it has set high standards for technology and equipment, and has been tasked to provide solutions to difficult environmental problems. In this paper we looked at the performance of the EP industry using econometric software, intellectual capital architecture and data collected from 35 Chinese enterprises for 2010 through 2014. Intellectual capital (IC) is subdivided into human capital (HC), innovation capital (INC) and structure capital (SC). Using the Value Added Intellectual Capital coefficient (VAIC), we have built a multiple regression model to explore the relationship between the performance of IC and EP. We found that while the human and structural components of IC exert a significant positive influence on enterprise performance, innovation capital does not. We have offered suggestions for performance improvements to the EP industry through IC management. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 36: 1056-1066, 2017 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we generalise conventional measures of the effective rate of protection by: (i) relaxing their small‐country assumptions; (ii) taking into account multiple stages of production; and (iii) abstracting away from their assumptions on the time‐invariance of the underlying technology using annual IO tables. We apply our new measure to China's structure of tariff protection from 1992 to 2010. When compared to conventional measures, we find its effective rates of protection to be smaller in magnitude and even negative in some sectors. The new measures are also related to industry characteristics in sensible ways, calling into question the applicability of conventional measures in the context of present‐day China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are large differences in intergenerational mobility between countries. Little is known, however, about how persistent such differences are, and how they evolve over time. This paper constructs a data set of 835,537 linked father-son pairs from census records and documents a substantial increase in intergenerational occupational mobility in Norway between 1865 and 2011. The increase is most pronounced in non-farm occupations. The findings show that long-run mobility developments previously described for the US and UK are not necessarily representative for other countries, and that high mobility in a given country today need not reflect high mobility before industrialization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper, which is positioned in the interface of innovation economics and economic geography, contributes to the debate about the path-dependent evolution of regional innovation systems (RIS) in emerging and transitional economies. Drawing on an empirical study conducted in Shenzhen and Dongguan, China, a path-dependent nature of governance modality for initiating industrialization within the transitional context has been uncovered. The paper shows that the dirigiste globalized production system in Shenzhen, where the government exerted strong directive influence in the 1980s, has gradually evolved and reached a higher form of interactive RIS than the grassroots globalized production system in Dongguan, where innovation activities are few and are still passively managed by global players. The review of the evolutionary path of the electronics industry in Shenzhen and Dongguan reveals that the locational first-mover advantage in Shenzhen is further strengthened by the institutional first-mover advantage, incubating competitive and diversified firms in the business sector, which facilitate the interactive learning mechanism in RIS. Finally, policy implication is discussed for the construction of RIS under different governance modalities in the initial industrialization phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines how international openness can change firm productivity in south-eastern Europe (SEE), a crucial question for middle-income countries. Using firm-level data for six transition economies over the 1995–2002 period, we identify whether foreign ownership and propensity to trade with more advanced countries can bring about higher learning effects. We find that: (i) foreign ownership has helped restructure and enhance the productivity of local firms in four out of six countries; (ii) exporting to advanced markets has a larger impact on productivity growth in four countries, especially when the firm's absorptive capacity is taken into account; (iii) in contrast, exporting to the less competitive markets of the former Yugoslavia seems to negatively affect productivity growth in three countries; and (iv) learning effects from importing are similar to those from exporting. Our results suggest that trade liberalization is not uniformly beneficial. Regional composition of trade flows and absorptive capacity of local firms matter. Thus, trade liberalization within the SEE region may not provide a substitute for a general trade liberalization which includes access to the more competitive markets of countries belonging to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two theoretical paradigms namely, the 'resource curse' and 'developmental state' would predict that industrial development in countries with abundance of capital‐intensive natural resources and in states with patrimonial tendencies is doomed to failure. Iran's success in developing a dynamic auto industry, which in 2011 became the world's 12th largest automobile manufacturer with 1.6 million vehicles produced per year seems to contradict these perspectives. How was this technical capacity created in an oil‐based economy—which provides little incentive for industrialization—and, in a country that has been under the United States and international sanctions since 1979 Revolution? In this paper, I will expand on the implications of these theoretical traditions to identify the structural factors that enabled the Iranian state to develop a large automobile sector and relatively diversify the economy. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world is experiencing the fourth industrial revolution, and developing countries are experiencing it differently than developed countries. Developed countries have an advantage over developing countries in that they adopted industrialisation early, and this created a large gap between the two. Developed countries are not necessarily sustainable. Sustainable development is equally important in both developed and developing countries, but in different ways. Developed and developing countries will try to achieve sustainability development goals in different ways. Developed countries will most likely use the fourth industrial revolution to integrate technology into achieving their goals, while some developing countries might first need to catch up on industrial revolutions that they have skipped. Industrialisation, specifically that of the current revolution, will occur differently in developing countries. This paper describes this and discusses some of the hurdles that might hinder developing countries from adopting Industry 4.0, and develops an initial framework for readiness assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The "Belt and Road" (B&R) initiative not only promotes international economic prosperity but also inflicts enormous pressure on natural resources and create severe environmental problems. Therefore, to achieve a sustainable development, B&R countries should analyse their environmental efficiency and improve such efficiency by adopting effective measures. This study estimates and compares the environmental efficiency of B&R and non‐B&R countries from 1990 to 2014, analyses their environmental efficiency based on their income levels and geographical locations, and identifies some paths that these countries should take to achieve an optimal environmental efficiency. This paper applies the Super‐slack‐based measure model that considers undesirable outputs. The empirical results reveal that the current performance and future prospects of these B&R countries in terms of environmental efficiency are generally poor, with only 30% of these countries exceeding the optimal efficiency. Some significant differences have also been reported amongst these countries in terms of their industrial development at the geographical and income levels. These findings provide a valuable reference for B&R countries to identify unique strategies that can promote their environmental efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the long‐term relationship between regional inequality and economic development. Our data set includes information on national and regional per capita GDP for four countries: France, Italy, Portugal and Spain, compiled on a decadal basis for the period 1860–2010. Using parametric and semiparametric regressions, our results confirm the rise and fall of regional inequalities over time although in recent decades they are on the rise again. Finally, we identify structural change as being a significant transmission mechanism of the inverted‐U relationship. The arrival of technological shocks, beginning during the onset of industrialization, and the transition from agrarian to industrial economies, would explain this result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the effect on the industrialization process of developing countries of foreign aid given to agriculture to expand its productive capacity. According to our theoretical analysis, this effect is conditional on the openness of receiving countries. Our empirical results based on panel data for developing countries confirm this analysis, as we find that the effect of this kind of agricultural aid on the rate of growth of the industrial sector of landlocked countries is indeed positive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eco‐cultural island tourism is a global phenomenon. Accordingly, island studies has engaged with it through a variety of approaches, including relational geography perspectives. However, prevalent relational island studies theories tend to be based on remote, peripheralised archipelagos or urban island power centres and may thus be inappropriate for certain kinds of small, near‐shore islands. This paper uses a case study of Qi'ao, Zhuhai, China to argue that such islands may function as enclaves within mainland societies rather than enclaves for mainland societies, rooted in a number of interrelated geographical imaginaries. These imaginaries consolidate Qi'ao's present identity as an urban enclave against industrialisation and the collective intuition of historical discontinuity. It is also argued that, despite its many utilitarian benefits, the model of enclavising small, near‐shore islands for tourism begs an ethical question: for whom do these islands serve as enclaves? In response, I call for a new theorisation of small, near‐shore island relationality that considers some islands' roles within, rather than simply external to, mainland societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]