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The climate change arena comprises a diverse set of interacting actors from international, national and local levels. The multilevel architecture has implications for low-carbon technology deployment in developing countries, an issue salient to both development and climate objectives. The paper examines this theme through two inter-related questions: how do (or don't) low-carbon technologies get deployed in India's built environment, and what implications can be drawn from the Indian case for effective low-carbon technology development and transfer for developing countries? By examining the multilevel linkages in India's buildings sector, the paper shows how the interactions between governance levels can both support and hinder technology deployment, ultimately leading to inadequate outcomes. The potential of these linkages is hobbled by aspects of the national context (federated energy governance and developing-country capacity limitations), yet can also be enabled by other features (the climate policy context, which may motivate international actors to fill domestic capacity lacunae). Reflecting on the India case, the paper makes recommendations for improved low-carbon technology deployment in developing countries: (1) technology development and transfer collaboration on a 'need-driven' approach, (2) development of the specific types of capacity required across the entire innovation chain and (3) domestic strengthening of the coordination and agendas across and between governance levels. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reservation of goods to be produced in the micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSME) sector, in the early years after India's independence, addressed the dual needs of development of the industrial sector and production of goods. However, these industrial policies created an incentive for firms to remain small so that they can continue to avail of the benefits provided by the Government. On the positive side, the MSMEs typically employ more labor intensive production processes and consequently contribute significantly to the provision of employment opportunities, generation of income, and poverty reduction. But, on the negative side, the policies have also partly facilitated the creation of a divide in terms of productivity between the MSMEs and large sized firms. In particular the policy raises important questions for a firm auctioning supply contracts among suppliers with a significant cost differential. In this paper we propose an idea to allocate supply contracts wherein a manufacturing firm partitions the stochastic demand into mutually exclusive portions and awards each portion to a different supplier. We characterize such an optimal procurement mechanism when there are two types of suppliers and an arbitrary number of demand portions. We show that the optimal procurement may require the manufacturer to intentionally withhold some demand portion, and this arises when one type of supplier is considerably inefficient in serving a demand portion. We extend our analysis to the cases with multiple types with two suppliers and two types with multiple suppliers. The optimal partition is composed of at most six contiguous demand portions, and it may include a detrimental demand portion that only generates a negative expected payoff to both supplier types. Our demand partitioning mechanism leads to a strictly higher manufacturer's expected payoff than the conventional winner‐take‐all case unless one supplier type completely dominates the other. We present numerical experiments that indicate when such a mechanism holds the greatest advantage for the buyer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper compares the species richnesses, Bray-Curtis similarities, species diversities, evennesses, and the results of various analyses (multivariate, logarithmic series, and lognormal distribution analyses) of insects from four orders (viz., Hemiptera, Orthoptera, aculeate Hymenoptera, and Coleoptera) inhabiting a medicinal plant, Calotropis procera among eight sites within industrial and nonindustrial zones in the Purba Medinipur district (erstwhile Midnapore), West Bengal, India. Both cluster analysis and principal component analysis indicate an effect of industrialization on the diversity of the four insect orders. The species community at each site exhibits an almost pure lognormal distribution. Bootstrap estimation of species diversity also points to the effect of industrialization. A comparison of the values of x and N/ S of the logarithmic series indicates a typical relationship between the species community and its diversity. The number of unique species among the eight study sites is 6 according to jackknife estimation. Beta-diversity analysis of the samples shows the impact of industrialization on the abundances and species richness of the insects. Altogether, 16 types of analytical procedure are applied for this purpose, and their suitabilities for this kind of data set are assessed. Disturbance, probably due to industrial emissions, has changed the compositions and structures of the insect communities out to a distance of at least 6 km from the core industrial area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we address two major questions. First, the question of whether China and India are displacing the African manufacturing export from the third market. Second, whether there is an evidence of shifting comparative advantage from China and India to Africa. We employed a gravity model with a panel data using 13 African exporters of clothing and accessories for the period 1995–2005 to answer the first question. To answer the second question, we used a flying-geese model and estimated Spearman's rank correlation coefficients on indices of the revealed comparative advantage vectors of the African exporters and China and India for the same period. Both the gravity and flying-geese models predicted similar outcomes. We found that there is strong evidence that China has been displacing African manufactures from the third market while India has been complementing it in the early years of the study. However, the overall third market impact of China and India has been that of complementarity in the later years of the study period. This result is found to vary across countries. Furthermore, we found evidence of shifting comparative advantage from China and India to Africa as the flying-geese theory predicts, South Africa being the leading goose followed by Kenya. The major implication of the study is that, in the world where China and India are reshaping the global economic order dynamically, the outcomes of the traditionally received wisdom of trade liberalization and industrialization policies through export promotion may be uncertain and requires strategic thinking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers a broad strategic assessment of the experience of rural industrialization in India. It does so from a policy perspective with the aim eventually of highlighting specific outstanding policy issues. Rural and small-scale industrialization (RSSI) has held a special place in Indian development thinking and policy formulation from the outset. This privileged position, however, does not derive from a universal consensus with regard to the rationale and policy framework applicable to this sub-sector. However, such has been the symbolic power and populist appeal of RSSI that it has retained its special status within diverse strategic and ideological frameworks. But how has the sub-sector performed? Is the infant industry still in need of paternalistic protection at the age of fifty? Are there any credible indications of a strategic break with longstanding policy frameworks inherited from the past? Can any crucial policy gaps be identified? How well does rural small-scale industry satisfy the extensive developmental claims made by its proponents? These are the general questions addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we empirically test hypotheses derived from the "convergence-divergence" theory of occupational attainment. The occupational structure of 1962 samples from rural India and rural United States have become quite divergent. The hypotheses are tested by comparing the permeability of the occupational structure of the two samples, the occupational attainment of rural males, and the occupational attainment for those who are in agricultural and non-agricultural pursuits. The data fail to support the hypothesis that the greater a society's industrialization, the weaker the influence of father's occupational status on son's education achievement. On the whole, our findings lend limited support to the convergence hypotheses and suggest a more parsimonious explanation, such as the proportion of the labor force engaged in agriculture, rather than industrialization, as a cause for such a convergence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on a seminar on high technology and the labor market held in New Delhi, India. This seminar was organized by the International Institute for Labour Studies and the Indian Council of Social Science Research. It brought together an informal network of academics, policy-makers and trade unionists concerned with the relationship between high-technology industrialization, labour markets and general issues of economic and social development. Much of the debate was dominated by discussion of the Indian experience, although China also was represented by a strong contingent. Three main issues discussed were the role and likely impact of high-tech industrialization for India and China, autarkic versus more open paths to development, and the significance of state policy. Whether high-tech should or could play a major role in a country's development was a major concern of the Indian participants. However Chinese participants were more convinced about the positive aspects of both high-tech and world economy connections.

This article examines the evolution of Indian industrial relations in an historical and structural context. In India, the evolution of industrial relations has been ‘incremental’ and ‘adaptive’ and not ‘discontinuous’ and ‘revolutionary’. The relationship between changing industrialisation strategies and industrial relations institutions and practices in India is considerably more subtle than is often supposed in comparative industrial relations narratives, especially when detailed endogenous political economy considerations are taken into account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the relationship between energy consumption, industrialization, urbanization, economic growth, and financial development in India from 1980 to 2017. The ARDL bound testing; Johansen & Juselius cointegration approach and Gregory & Hansen structural break cointegration technique confirm the long‐run relationship exists among variables. The result of long‐run analysis indicates that the industrialization, urbanization and economic growth play a vital role in increasing energy consumption in India. However, financial development indicates negative relation to energy consumption. The coefficient of error correction term is negative and statistically significant at 1% confidence level, it means last‐period's deviation from a long‐run equilibrium. It is clear from the results of Toda‐Yamamoto Causality, there is a unidirectional causality running from industrialization to energy consumption. However, there is bidirectional causality showing between energy consumption and urbanization, economic growth and energy consumption, and urbanization and Economic growth. Urbanization facilitates fuel switching, as decentralized rural energy sources like traditional wood‐burning are replaced by centralized energy sources. From the above findings, we argue that proper awareness should be made at the urban center regarding use of energy saving equipments and public infrastructure should be improved to harness the effect of urban agglomeration. As rapid development of energy intensive‐industries and economic activity in Indian economy, there is need of energy efficient technology in industry in order to reduce energy consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Indian Government and public-private partnerships are developing and disseminating a dizzying number of innovative, networked solutions, broadly known as the Digital India initiative, to increase the efficiency of safety nets and worker productivity and to improve life. Yet, challenges to turn the power of information and other technologies into a farmer-friendly technological revolution for India's 156 million rural households are considerable, including: (1) reliable, up-to-date, location-specific message content for a diverse agriculture to help stratified households shift to productive, knowledge-intensive agriculture as a business-government, private sector, and civil society have big roles to play; (2) digital literacy, i.e., teaching farmers how to choose and use apps, even where the digital divide is absent; apps are, or soon to be, in regional languages; and (3) monitoring actual use and impacts on users' lives by understanding the adoption and adaptation processes. These challenges call for bottom-up, complementary investments in physical, human, and institutional capital, and farmer-friendly e-platforms, while forging ahead with many top-down policy and institutional reforms currently underway, in which progress is real and constraints holding back greater success are better understood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses arranged marriage and marital change in India. Topics discussed include family behavior, impact of urbanization and industrialization on families and interpersonal compatibility. Other topics which includes modernization theory, nuclear families and family change in the country are also discussed.

Self-employment in general and microenterprise in particular is evolving as a prospective option for income generation and the reduction of poverty in developing economies such as India. However, a lack of skills among the poor has been identified as one of the key hindrances in promoting microenterprises and, therefore, in reducing poverty. Various initiatives have been taken to promote entrepreneurship among the poor and the present study seeks to examine the role of training in this process. The conclusion is that provision of training alone may not always help in promoting entrepreneurship. The training itself must meet the needs of the trainees, and other strategic variables, particularly access to finance, may need to be in play. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The geographical space did not get sufficient attention in the early writings of Karl Marx. He had a conviction in the universal path of capitalist industrialization up to a point in his career. But, there was a significant shift in Marx's thinking in the later phase of his intellectual journey. This is evident in Marx- Zasulich correspondence (1881). Marx criticized N K Mikhailovskii of Russia for his attempt to transform his ( Marx's) theoretical formulation in Capital into a 'supra-historical theory.' Actually, Marx took England as the chief illustration in the development of his theoretical ideas in Capital. The fact that the British model of capitalism was not followed by other nations has been testified to by historical research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article compares land dispossession for industrial development under state-developmentalism and neoliberalism in India. Drawing on interviews, ethnography and archives of industrial development agencies, it compares earlier steel towns and state-run industrial estates with today's Special Economic Zones (SEZs) and argues that they embody different regimes of dispossession. While steel towns and industrial estates reflected a regime of land for production with pretensions of inclusive social transformation, SEZs represent a neoliberal regime of land for the market in which 'land broker states' have emerged to indiscriminately transfer land from peasants to capitalist firms for real estate. The present regime has been unable to achieve the ideological legitimacy of its predecessor, leading to more widespread and successful 'land wars'. The article argues more broadly that variations in dispossession across space and time can be understood as specific constellations of state roles, economic logics tied to class interests and ideological articulations of the 'public good'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Like many economic exchanges, industrial symbiosis (IS) is thought to be influenced by social relationships and shared norms among actors in a network. While many implicit references to social characteristics exist throughout the literature, there have been few explicit attempts to operationalize and measure the concepts. The 'short mental distance,''trust,''openness,' and 'communication' recorded among managers in Kalundborg, Denmark, set a precedent for examining and encouraging social interactions among key personnel in the dozens of eco-industrial networks around the world. In this article we explore the relationships among various aspects of social embeddedness, social capital, and IS. We develop a conceptual framework and an approach using quantitative and qualitative methods to identify and measure these social characteristics, including social network structure, communication, and similarities in norms and conceptions of waste, and apply them in an industrial network in Nanjangud, South India. The findings suggest that there is a fairly high level of shared norms about dealing with waste-the 'short mental distance'-in this network, but by-product transactions are only weakly correlated with the structure and content of communication among managers. Replication of this approach can increase the understanding and comparability of the role of social characteristics in eco-industrial activities around the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé. Les auteurs utilisent des matrices de comptabilité sociale dans un modèle de multiplicateur de Leontief pour évaluer les effets du développement du commerce sur l'emploi et les revenus en Inde et en Afrique du Sud. L'évaluation porte sur la période de libéralisation rapide des échanges commencée début 1990, et distingue le commerce avec les pays développés et celui avec les pays en développement. Les auteurs identifient ainsi les secteurs où l'emploi progresse et ceux où il régresse, ainsi que les différences entre hommes et femmes et entre travailleurs qualifiés et non qualifiés; ils évaluent les inégalités de revenu en fonction de leur répartition dans les ménages (ruraux et urbains). Les résultats sont confrontés à la théorie du commerce international pour ce qui concerne les mécanismes d'équilibrage des échanges et les effets de la spécialisation sur le développement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the start of the so-called development race sixty years ago, China, showcasing revolutionary socialism, and India, boasting parliamentary democracy, had close similarities in economic structures and levels of development, but striking differences in terms of cultural cohesion, institutional flexibility and political orientation. The outcome of the race is unambiguous: the question is not who won, but why and how? It is argued here that a wide margin had already opened up in China's favour by the time of the systemic or policy-regime switch-points, 1978 in China, and shortly thereafter in India. The author seeks explanations for this differential performance in the divergent institutional configurations of the two societies and economies, especially in the rural sector in the pre-reform period, and highlights the contrast between the power of the Chinese mass mobilization mode of transformation and the persistent institutional rigidities and obstacles in the Indian case. Post-reforms, processes of ‘pervergence’— an emerging congruence in negative social features — appear to dominate over tendencies towards conventional convergence. The author reflects on the historical significance of the two development paths: did Nehruvian state-led planned development and Maoist socialism serve essentially as pioneers of capitalism, leveraging the re-launching of the two once-powerful Asian giants back into the global capitalist game on dramatically revised terms of engagement? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analytical accounts of South Asian economic history often suggest that the principal effects of nineteenth century globalisation on the region were deindustrialisation and agrarian expansion, and that deindustrialisation contributed to an increase in poverty despite agricultural growth. Available wage datasets show that artisans did relatively well and rural workers relatively worse in the period in question, suggesting that poverty did increase but deindustrialisation was an unlikely cause. I discuss the wage statistics to show this, and propose that, in order to complete the globalisation story, we need to consider three local factors: limits to deindustrialisation, limits to labour mobility, and limits to agrarian expansion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the development of the London East India agency houses during the first half of the nineteenth century, and their evolving commercial and political relationships with merchants and manufacturers in the British provinces. It outlines the emergence of pressure groups in Britain concerned with influencing British economic policy in India and the Far East, and their role in shaping policy as the East India Company receded in importance following the Charter Acts of 1813 and 1833. What emerges is a complex picture of collaboration between interest groups in London and the provinces. This challenges and refines aspects of the gentlemanly capitalism thesis of Cain and Hopkins, which emphasizes both the supremacy of London-based financial and mercantile interests in the formation of British policy towards the empire, and the separateness of City-based ‘gentlemanly capitalists’ from provincial mercantile and industrial interests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents an empirical analysis of two questions relevant to the research and development of the contemporary newly industrializing countries (NIC), focusing on India. The first question pertains to the aim of self-reliance in technology. The second, and related, question is whether the expenditures on adaptive research and development are likely to differ between certain types of enterprises, large and small, indigenous and foreign-owned, private and public. The article also considers the notion of self-reliance in technology.

Examines the social and cultural factors in management development in India and the role of the experts. Historical background of industrialization and the management practices that emerged in the country; Examination of the Indian family system and its influences on management practices; Details on the management development programs organized by the Indian Institute of Management.

This article seeks to analyze five developing and transition economies to see how they compare in terms of freedom and emissions profiles. All the countries which include China, India, Indonesia, Russia and South Africa have freedom indices at the low to mid-range of economic freedom, Russia the least free of these countries and South Africa the most free. The implications from the analysis are significant. Of course, free nations produce more of everything consumers want, and total emissions may rise if repressed countries became free, but there is no doubt that the world will be richer and more able to adapt to any dangers from the climate if it changes dangerously.