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The research presented in this paper introduces a novel environmental energy‐harvesting technology that harnesses electricity from the evaporation of water using porous structural materials. Specifically, a strategy employing paper‐based hydroelectric generators (p‐HEGs) is proposed to capture the energy produced during water evaporation and convert it into usable electricity. The p‐HEGs offer several advantages, including simplicity in fabrication, low cost, and reusability. To evaluate their effectiveness, the water evaporation‐induced electrical output performance of four different p‐HEGs are compared. Among the variants tested, the p‐HEG combining wood pulp and polyester fiber exhibits the best output performance. At room temperature, this particular p‐HEG generates a short‐circuit current and open‐circuit voltage of ≈0.4 µA and 0.3 V, respectively, thereby demonstrating excellent electrical stability. Furthermore, the electrical current and voltage generated by the p‐HEG through water evaporation are able to power an LED light, both individually and in series and parallel connections. This study delves into the potential of electricity harvesting from water evaporation and establishes it as a viable method for renewable energy applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new paper‐based anti‐reflection coating for solar cells is presented showing a large reduction in the reflection over the entire solar spectrum for a wide range of angles. This process is simple and inexpensive, requiring no high temperature or vacuum‐based processing, and is made from renewable cellulose fibers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate parameter identification plays a crucial role in realizing precise modelling, design optimization, condition monitoring, and fault diagnosis of photovoltaic systems. However, due to the nonlinear, multivariate, and multistate characteristics of PV models, it is difficult to identify perfect model parameters using traditional analytical and numerical methods. Besides, some existing methods may stick in local optimum and have slow convergence speed. To address these challenges, this paper proposes an enhanced nature‐inspired OLARO algorithm for PV parameter identification under different conditions. OLARO is improved from ARO incorporating existing opposition‐based learning, Lévy flight and roulette fitness‐distance balance to improve global search capability and avoid local optima. Firstly, a novel data smoothing measure is taken to reduce the noises of I–V curves. Then, OLARO is compared with several common algorithms on different solar cells and PV modules using robustness analysis and statistical tests. The results indicate that OLARO has better ability than others to extract parameters from PV models such as single diode, double diode, and PV module models. Moreover, the convergence performance of OLARO is more excellent than the other algorithms. Additionally, the I–V curves of two PV modules under different irradiance and temperature conditions are applied to verify the robustness of the proposed parameter extraction algorithm. Besides, OLARO is successfully applied to two real operating PV modules, and it is compared with two recent well‐known methods improved by FDB. Finally, sensitivity analysis, stability analysis, and discussion of practical challenges are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aggregation of the remaining battery capacity of electric vehicles (EVs) can be used as distributed energy storage to participate in the microgrid optimisation through vehicle‐to‐grid (V2G) technology. However, the reliability of this service to be delivered is affected by the uncertainty of EVs' behaviour. The un‐reliable service will bring risks in the operation of microgrid when EVs' V2G electricity is regarded as an important flexibility resource. This paper, first proposes an analytical method to quantify the reliability of EV aggregation's (EVA's) V2G electricity based on the analysis of historical charging data and compound Poisson process. Based on this model, electric vehicles aggregators can evaluate the V2G bid quantity for any time slot on day t+1 according to the reliability requirements. Secondly, an optimal operation model of microgrid with consideration of V2G's reliability is considered. Finally, a test system with photovoltaics (PVs) and EVA on top of the original IEEE 33‐node system is used to verify the effectiveness of the proposed model. The results show that with the proposed reliability evaluation method of V2G electricity, the optimal operation of the microgrid can be reached with appropriate evaluation of the capability of the EVA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although a recent report by the U.S. Energy Information Administration indicates that CO2 emissions from power generation have now fallen below emissions from the transportation sector, electricity use remains a significant part of human's environmental footprint since fossil fuels are the major energy resource for electricity generation worldwide. This explains the continual effort by policy makers to develop a remedy to mitigate carbon emissions. It is then critically important to properly account for the emissions associated with electricity generation, delivery, and consumption. In particular, it is critical to be able to allocate emissions to the relevant electricity consumers creating the demand that results in a polluting emission. Therefore, in this paper a virtual carbon emission tracing method in power systems is thoroughly presented to facilitate allotting carbon obligation. The method is developed based on the proportional sharing principle that has been used in power system operation. The proposed methodology is implemented on the IEEE 5‐bus and 9‐bus systems, two widely used and recognized power grid benchmarks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this contribution, a unique donor‐acceptor conjugated organic‐small‐molecule photothermal material, namely GDPA‐QCN, is presented. Bulky dendritic triphenylamine (GDPA) was grafted onto quinoxaline‐6,7‐dicarbonitrile (QCN) with a phenyl ring as a bridge to form an "umbrella" architecture. Benefited from the particular molecular structure, in solid state, GDPA‐QCN molecules adopted a loose packing mode due to the steric effect of "umbrella head" dendritic triphenylamine and flexible molecular structure feature, which allows efficient intramolecular motions and consequently elevates energy dissipation by taking the pathway of thermal deactivation within broad absorption range. The GDPA‐QCN solid has high solar‐thermal conversion efficiency with an absorption range from 300 to 1100 nm, which can promote superior water purification and electricity generation performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autonomous microgrid is known to lack appropriate inertia and damping for grid stabilization. Due to this, virtual synchronous machine (VISMA) has been introduced to provide necessary ancillary services through control of power converters. In a multi‐VISMA (n‐VISMA) microgrid, relative rotor angle stability of the power system is dependent on the active power balance after small perturbation. Thus, the use of relevant analytical models are essential issues for microgrid stability analysis. This paper presents a comprehensive small‐signal stability analysis to study inherent electromechanical oscillations in the virtual rotors. The subsystems of the microgrid consisting of VISMA, network, load and the outer power control were all modelled in Synchronous Reference Frame. The small‐signal model (SSM) was tested on IEEE‐9 bus system with VISMA replacing electromechanical synchronous machines on the network. To validate the developed numerical analytics, dynamic responses of the SSM are compared with those of the non‐linear (NL) system dynamics and the results reveal that the developed linearized SSM is sufficient to accurately characterize behaviour of the VISMA microgrid when operated in autonomous mode. Eigenvalues analysis and parameter sensitivities of the critical modes were investigated. Oscillatory participations of the VISMAs and steady state stability limit of the microgrid have also been investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pan‐European power grid is experiencing an increasing penetration of Variable Renewable Energy (VRE). The fluctuating and non‐dispatchable nature of VRE hinders them in providing the Ancillary Service (AS) needed for the reliability and stability of the grid. Therefore, Energy Storage Systems (ESS) are needed along the VRE. Among the different ESS, a particularly viable and reliable option is Pumped Hydro Storage (PHS), given its cost‐effective implementation and considerable lifespan, in comparison to other technologies. Traditional PHS plants with Francis turbines operate at a high head difference. However, not all regions have the necessary topology to make these plants cost‐effective and efficient. Therefore, the ALPHEUS project will introduce low‐head PHS for regions with a relatively flat topography. In this paper, a grid‐forming controlled converter coupled with low‐head PHS that can contribute to the grid stability is introduced, emphasising its ability to provide different AS, especially frequency control, through the provision of fast Frequency Containment Reserve (fFCR) as well as synthetic system inertia. This paper is an extended version of the paper "The Contribution of Low‐head Pumped Hydro Storage to a successful Energy Transition", which was presented at the 19th Wind Integration Workshop 2020. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared with the traditional solution, the microgrid (MG) employed capacitive coupling inverters (CCIs) with higher reactive power capacity can effectively reduce the probability of low voltage. However, because of the special coupling structure, different power flow control methods will greatly affect the cost and operation efficiency of the CCI. A multi‐layer and timescale optimal power flow control considering inverter‐layer is therefore proposed in this paper. Firstly, the power output characteristics of CCI are analyzed, and the power flow control model of CCI with an energy storage unit is established. Secondly, an optimal control method on different timescales was proposed. By coordinating the active power output and the reserved charging state margin of the energy storage unit, the CCI‐MG reactive power regulation with the most economical and minimum loss was realized, so as to achieve long‐term voltage stability and dynamic satisfaction of load demands. Furthermore, the optimal power flow control of CCI is proposed. The simulation results show that the proposed method can effectively realize the optimal control of active and reactive power of MG, and also improve the voltage stability of AC bus under the economical operation of CCI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar‐based Distributed Generation (DG) powered Electric Vehicles (EVs) charging stations are widely adopted nowadays in the power system networks. In this process, the distribution grid faces various challenges caused by intermittent solar irradiance, peak EVs load, while controlling the state of charge (SoC) of batteries during dis(charging) phenomena. In this paper, an intelligent energy management scheme (IEMS)‐based coordinated control for photovoltaic (PV)‐based EVs charging stations is proposed. The proposed IEMS optimizes the PV generation and grid power utilization for EV charging stations (EVCS) by analysing real‐time meteorological and load demand data. The coordinated control of EMS provides power flow between PV generation, distribution grid, and EVs battery storage in a manner which results in the reduction of peak power demand by a factor of two. Further, the adaptive neuro‐based fuzzy control approach includes forecasting solar‐based electricity generation and EVs loads demand predictions to optimize IEMS according to the Indian power scenario. The proposed IEMS optimally utilizes the buffer batteries system for reducing the peak electricity demand with low system losses and reducing the impact of EVs charging load on distribution grid. The results are analysed using the digital simulation model and validated with real‐time hardware‐in‐loop experimental setup. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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With the integration of wind, electricity and heat, the combined heat and power system has the characteristic of multi‐time scales, in which the wind power has high uncertainty, the thermal system is difficult to synchronize with the power system for the large inertia and delay. Therefore, the fixed time‐scale dispatching is unable to guarantee the reliability of the system. Given the above problems, this paper proposes a time‐scale adaptive dispatching strategy of the combined heat and power system considering thermal inertia. This strategy analyzes the time characteristics of wind power forecasting error and the thermal inertia, while later establishing time‐scale adaptive dispatching sub‐main model of combined heat and power system. Specifically, in the time‐scale adaptive method, the system available reserve model is improved due to the power support of the thermal inertia. Based on the existing fixed time‐scale dispatching, this method dynamically adjusts the steps of forecasting and the time‐scales of dispatching when the system available reserve is inadequate to compensate for the wind power forecasting error. Taking the 4‐h fixed time‐scale dispatching as an example, the simulation results suggest that the proposed strategy achieves the dynamic dispatching of the combined heat and power system, while improving its reliability and stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Municipal solid waste (MSW) management is a crucial issue in socioeconomic metabolism and requires multicategory and high‐resolution data, and data on the physical composition of municipal solid waste (PCMSW) are fundamental in MSW research. Extensive financial resources have been invested in the research on field investigations of PCMSW; however, it is time‐consuming and sometimes not truly representative of the studied case. In this work, two bottom‐up and two top‐down approaches were applied for analyzing the PCMSW, namely, field investigation (FI), BP neural network (BPNN), material flow analysis (MFA), and inversion algorithm based on electricity generation of waste incinerator (IAEI). Wuhan City, China, was chosen as the studied case for analyzing and comparing the PCMSW results. The PCMSW values obtained by applying those four methods showed acceptable differences, and the standard deviations of organic fraction, ash and stone, paper, plastic and rubber, textile, wood, metal, glass, and others were 3.94%, 2.77%, 6.57%, 2.22%, 2.49%, 1.36%, 0.53%, 1.19%, and 0.28%, respectively. Use of the MFA, BPNN, and IAEI methods could reduce time and labor spent on manual sampling, sorting, and weighing of MSW, compared to the FI method. BPNN algorithm advances in providing PCMSW data in history and by trajectory throughout the year, whereas IAEI contributes PCMSW data with much higher temporal resolution. Data quality and applicability of different methods were discussed, considering the availability of time, labor, and reference data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The indirect benefits of battery energy storage system (BESS) on the generation side participating in auxiliary service are hardly quantified in prior works. Nevertheless, the configuration of BESS could be affected by its indirect benefits. In this paper, the authors purpose a quantitative economic evaluation method of BESS considering the indirect benefits from the reduction in unit loss and the delay in investment. First, the authors complete further the cost model of BESS for frequency and peak regulation based on the whole life cycle theory. Second, the authors quantify the indirect benefits of BESS in thermal power plants based on the theory of rotor fatigue life loss and establish a benefits model that considers the unit loss reduction during frequency regulation and the delay in investment during peak regulation. Finally, the authors propose a set of indexes for economic evaluation of the thermal power plant with BESS. The simulation results show that the total benefits of BESS can be improved effectively by considering the indirect benefits from unit loss reduction and the delay in investment, proving the effectiveness of the proposed approach which can be meaningful for the future investment in BESS on the generation side. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper gives an overview of the status of implementation of photovoltaic (PV) systems among 34 member countries involved in the COST Action PEARL PV in the year 2018. Besides this, influencing factors that have an impact on the implementation of PV systems in each country have been assessed. The implementation of PV systems varies in European countries due to differences in solar irradiation and weather conditions, electricity consumption, national economic situation, and governmental approaches to promote PV. For this paper, data sets covering, among others, numbers installed PV systems, and the variables mentioned above, were collected, processed, and synchronized. Subsequently, relations between data were analyzed by geographic mapping and mutual correlations. The 34 countries evaluated produced together 120 TWh of PV electricity in 2018. It was notable that Germany produced the highest amount (45 TWh) and has the highest share (8.4%) of PV in its electricity generation. Weak correlations were found between the different variables and the gross domestic product, annual global irradiation, number of subsidy schemes, cumulative installed capacity, annual electricity generated by PV, the share of RE, and share of PV. Logically, as expected, strong correlations (R2 = 0.9) were found between the number of inhabitants and the annual electricity production and consumption. From our analysis, we conclude that four different groups of countries can be identified to categorize the usability of PV. One type covers countries with a significant unused PV potential while local–global irradiation is redundantly available, such as Turkey, Spain, Cyprus, Portugal, and Israel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Virtual synchronous generator technology can effectively improve the anti‐interference characteristics of the system frequency and bus voltage in the microgrid, and solve the problems of insufficient damping and low inertia of the system. However, in an islanded microgrid with multiple distributed generation, the difference in line impedance will cause local voltage deviations, which in turn leads to a series of problems, such as reducing power distribution accuracy and increasing bus voltage drop. Therefore, for the island‐type microgrid multi‐inverter distributed power generation parallel system, in order to solve the problem of low power distribution accuracy and large frequency oscillation caused by system parameters in virtual synchronous generator control, an improved virtual synchronous generator control algorithm based on adaptive droop coefficient is proposed in this paper, which not only eliminates the resistance component of the line impedance, makes the system impedance characteristic present a purely inductive nature, but also realises real‐time adjustment of active and reactive power. While maintaining the stability of the bus voltage and system frequency, it maintains high power distribution accuracy and improves the dynamic performance and operational stability of the power grid system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: LLC resonant converters have attracted much attention for its characteristics of high efficiency and high‐power density in recent years. Yet, with the diversity of application needs such as photovoltaic power generation and electric vehicles, traditional control solutions have gradually been unable to meet the increasing requirements, such as fast response to parameters perturbations. Besides, LLC converter is a high‐order nonlinear system, and it adds complexity to controller design. In order to solve these issues, taking the HB‐LLC converter as an example, this paper presents a simplified model‐based nonlinear control with fast response and simple design. The proposed controller is based on a second‐order model of LLC circuit, and the reverse design idea of the backstepping method is used to simplify the controller design. An experimental platform is built, and the results show that compared with PID control and linear active disturbance rejection control (LADRC), the proposed method has much smaller voltage undershoot (approximately 53.1% of PID and 68.4% of LADRC) and shorter settling time (approximately 27.8% of PID and 39.3% of LADRC) under input voltage change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2021, Bangladesh reached 97% nation‐wide electricity access. With over 4.1 million solar home systems (SHS) installed by 60 Partner Organisations (POs) providing renewable electricity to more than 22 million rural people, SHS and microfinance have been instrumental in bridging and achieving the country's universal access goal. However, a huge gap remains in achieving the country's 100% use of renewable energy by 2050, with only 3.1% of current electricity generation accounted for by renewables. While at centralised level, governmental institutions are struggling to move past the legacy mandate of grid extension to an energy transformation paradigm at decentralised levels, rural Bangladeshi villages are already leading this transformation. Today, 100 solar peer‐to‐peer microgrids, built following the swarm electrification pathway, allow end‐users to run appliances, charge vehicles, and to trade renewable electricity for income. In this paper, we describe the organisational model of the partnership between Grameen Shakti, Bangladesh's largest PO, and climate‐tech start‐up ME SOLshare, the swarm electrification implementer. We assess, using data from the peer‐to‐peer grids, their socio‐economic and environmental impact, and their contribution to the SDG 2030 Agenda. Finally, we give an outlook towards the potential of achieving sustainable energy development through a scale‐up of the swarm electrification approach, including under a scenario of 100% national grid electrification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In light of the increasing share of renewable energy sources (RES) in electricity generation, the research community is directing their attention toward developing highly efficient DC‐DC high‐gain step‐up converters. These converters are designed to exhibit reduced voltage stress on the switching devices (semiconductors). This paper presents a comprehensive study of a switch voltage stress‐reduced step‐up converter that offers a range of additional features, including the availability of a common ground point, continuous input current, simple two‐mode continuous conduction mode (CCM) operation, wide duty cycle range, and quadratic boosting factor. To achieve the aforementioned features, the converter utilizes two switches with the same operating modes, eliminating the need for complex switching circuitry. Operational modes, steady‐state analysis, and design considerations have been presented in detail. Comparative analysis indicates that the voltage conversion ratio per number of devices in the proposed topology is significantly higher than that of similar topologies. In addition, the voltage stress of switches is considerably less than the topologies addressed in the literature. The study further includes detailed mathematical and experimental analyses, small signal analysis, and hardware implementation to support the theoretical findings. The converter's efficiency has been thoroughly analyzed along with thermal analysis to ensure its reliability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the strong dependence between electricity generation and heating supply and the need for optimal use of renewable energies to supply power and heat loads, it is essential to provide an integrated energy management structure for electricity and heating systems. This paper studies the techno‐economic and environmental aspects of a combined electricity distribution and district heating system by considering multi‐type flexible energy resources and the environmental and practical constraints of both networks. The integrated energy system (IES) is equipped with wind power plants, combined heat and power plants, gas boilers, heat pumps, multi‐energy storage systems, electric vehicle parking lots, and multi‐energy demand response, as well as the IES operator can take part in the energy market to supply thermal and electrical demands. Besides, a robust strategy is adopted to control the power price uncertainty in the day‐ahead scheduling of IES, where a robustness parameter is considered to adjust the risk level of scheduling. The numerical results show that technical and environmental constraints can significantly increase the operation cost of IES by 11.8% and 3.6%, respectively. In addition, multi‐type flexible resources can improve the operational flexibility of IES by 16.1%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although FRT capability is claimed in Japanese grid code for RE, DVS capability is not. In some European countries, not only FRT but also DVS is claimed. Whether this choice of our grid code is pragmatically adequate or not? To answer the question, it is necessary to evaluate FRT and DVS capabilities. But the past studies only evaluated qualitative merit of FRT and DVS, or evaluated quantitative merit on fictional system models. Since the authors intend to evaluate FRT and DVS capabilities in existing power system of Japan, some method for the evaluation must be invented. For the evaluation, values of FRT and DVS capabilities are evaluated by reduction amount of stabilizing equipment (i.e. SVC in the paper). The evaluation based on strict optimal SVC disposition is quite difficult, because existing power system must be adequately modeled, because number of SVCs is large and because every power flow conditions must be considered. However, semi‐optimal SVC disposition can be calculated as shown in the paper. As the result, value of FRT is quite larger than value of DVS. And then, our grid code is proved as pragmatically adequate, except some flaw in claimed FRT design that is introduced in the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last decades, electricity generation from natural gas has substantially increased, mostly driven by low natural gas prices due to fracturing and lower extraction costs. The geographic distance between natural gas resources and load centers calls for a holistic tool for joint expansion of power systems and natural gas networks. In this paper, a Dynamic Stochastic Joint Expansion Planning (DSJEP) of power systems and natural gas networks is proposed to minimize the investment and operational costs of power and natural gas systems. Electrical and natural gas storage (ENGS) are considered as an option for decision‐makers in the DSJEP problem. The proposed approach takes into account long‐term uncertainties in natural gas prices and electric and natural gas demands through scenario realizations. In dynamic planning, more scenario needs more time for computation; therefore, scenario reduction is implemented to eschew unnecessary scenarios. The proposed formulation is implemented on a four‐bus electricity system with a five‐node natural gas network. To demonstrate the efficiency and scalability of the proposed approach, it is also tested on the IEEE 118‐bus system with a 14‐node natural gas network. The numerical results demonstrate that ENGS can reduce the total investment cost, up to 52% in the test cases, and operational cost, up to 3%. In this paper, co‐planning of power and natural gas systems considering natural gas and electrical storage is represented. Also, electrical and natural gas load growth uncertainties are taken into account to model the real situations. The purpose of the model is to minimize investing and operational costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The switched‐capacitor DC‐DC converters have been widely applied to convert energy from low voltage to DC bus for the power generation systems with fuel cells, photovoltaic array, and so on. However, the large capacitance is generally selected to eliminate the high current spike of switched‐capacitors in the hard‐switching switched‐capacitor (SC) DC‐DC converters, which will lead to the large volume and weight of capacitors and of converters. To solve this problem, a non‐resonant soft‐switching (NRSS) technique with linear current on switching cycle time‐scale for switched‐capacitor DC‐DC converters is first proposed in this paper, which achieves zero‐current‐switching (ZCS) turn‐on of switches and ZCS turn‐off of diodes with linear current on switching cycle time‐scale. In detail, the NRSS technique is proposed based on the idea that the current of an auxiliary inductor on switching cycle time‐scale is considered as the linear parts for the resonant current of the auxiliary inductor on resonant cycle time‐scale. The proposed NRSS technique is utilized into SC DC‐DC converter and the current spikes of switches can be reduced to two third by using the same capacitance compared with the hard‐switching SC DC‐DC converters and be reduced to a third compared with the resonant soft‐switching SC DC‐DC converters. Further, nine new soft‐switching SC DC‐DC converters, with single switch and double switches, are built based on the proposed non‐resonant soft‐switching technique. Finally, the non‐resonant soft‐switching technique is verified theoretically and experimentally by three of the nine proposed SC DC‐DC converters. This paper provides a new way to realize soft‐switching during the non‐resonant interval on switching cycle time‐scale and a new method to significantly reduce the required capacitance in SC DC‐DC converters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current‐controlled inverters (CCIs), often used in renewable power generation, are prone to harmonic instability under weak grids with a low short‐circuit ratio (SCR). This paper proposes that this type of instability can be prevented by configuring part of the energy storage system (ESS) converters in the distribution network as voltage‐controlled inverters (VCIs). The main contributions of this paper are as follows: (1) A model of the CCI/VCI hybrid grid‐connected system is established, which can characterize not only the plant‐level stability, but also the unit‐level stability. (2) A rapid power control method for VCIs is proposed, which can improve the power control bandwidth of VCIs to tens of Hz to meet the rapidity requirements for ESS power control. (3) A capacity planning method is proposed, which can give the required minimum VCI/ESS capacity for a specific stability margin and SCR range. Analysis shows that as long as the ESS converters with a capacity of no less than 6% of the CCIs are configured as VCIs, large‐scale CCIs that are originally critically stable at SCR = 1.9 can operate stably under the very weak grid with SCR = 1.2. Finally, the proposed method is verified by simulations and experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The object of this paper is to investigate the dynamic causal relationship between economic growth and renewable energy in Canada. The causal relationship is examined under the neoclassical production function framework. We employed a panel autoregressive distributed lag model controlling for different states of the economy by incorporating a dummy variable, which indicates the economic peak and trough. The data set consists of annual real GDP, capital formation, labor, and electricity generation by renewables for nine Canadian provinces covering from 1981 to 2015. The empirical results find that there is a unidirectional causality from renewable energy to economic growth in the long run. In the short run, a unidirectional causality going from renewable energy to economic growth only during the expansion period is observed. Our study suggests that renewable energy policies should be designed and implemented in a way that takes into account the nonlinear relationship between renewable energy and economic growth. This could involve promoting the development and deployment of renewable energy sources as part of their economic stimulus packages during economic upturns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economic operation and reliable supply‐demand balance are problems of paramount importance in power grids with a massive share of intermittent renewable energy sources (RESs) of great interest. This paper sought an optimal coordinated generation scheduling for day‐ahead power system operation considering RESs and energy storage units. Renewable power generation, particularly, wind and photovoltaic are uncontrollable, whereas can be predicted using forecasting models. Within the proposed framework, a hyperparameter‐optimized long short‐term memory (LSTM) regression model is employed to forecast the day‐ahead weather from the historical time‐series weather data. Eventually, an empirical formula is used to estimate the power conversion from the day‐ahead weather forecasts for a selected PV module and wind turbine. The objective of the scheduling framework is to keep a delicate supply‐demand balance at the lowest possible cost of generation while maintaining the prevailing generation and system constraints. A variance measure uncertainty handling‐based grey wolf optimizer (GWO) technique is used to find the optimal day‐ahead generation schedules and dispatches under RESs forecast uncertainty. The proposed generation scheduling framework is examined on the IEEE 6 and 30‐bus systems. In the studied scenarios, the coordinated operation of generators can decrease the total day‐ahead operating cost for the modified IEEE 6‐bus system by 2.57% compared to supplying electricity generation with conventional generators alone. Likewise, the total operating cost from the coordinated operation of all generation portfolios was reduced by 6.93% from the operating cost of generation during base case simulation (supply only from dispatchable thermal units) on the modified IEEE 30‐bus system. Moreover, the case studies show that coordinated generation scheduling can mitigate the RESs power variability problem, provide secure supply‐demand operation, and minimize the operating cost of electricity generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Variable renewable generation and load fluctuations induce significant balancing cost in power system operation. To overcome this issue, this paper proposes a control architecture that leverages inherent regulation capabilities of wind turbines to minimize the system‐wide balancing costs. Instead of handling wind power fluctuations via power filtering algorithms that are agnostic to system‐wide power imbalance, this paper aims to optimize the wind power generation profile from system perspective. In the proposed method, wind turbines are modelled as semi‐dispatchable units, where the dispatch command is dynamically generated at every automatic generation control cycle by considering mileage payments as an indicator of system‐wide imbalance. As a result, local resources of wind turbines are optimally leveraged in real‐time to mitigate system‐wide power imbalances. The proposed strategy and state‐of‐the‐art techniques are compared in comprehensive high‐fidelity case studies. Our simulation results demonstrate that the proposed system‐aware regulation scheme can alleviate system balancing costs without investments into energy storage systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fault location method based on the natural frequency of the fault travelling wave has outstanding superiority in high‐voltage dc system, because of high operation speed, acceptable sampling rate, and so on. However, in flexible dc grid, the natural‐frequency characteristic is quite different from that in conventional high‐voltage dc system, meaning the existing fault location method cannot be directly used. This paper analyses the distance‐frequency characteristics in different stages of fault period (from fault occurrence to fault isolation) in flexible dc grid, to find a suitable stage for fault location. On the basis of this, the improved fault location method based on clustering and iterating algorithms is proposed. Compared with the traditional method which directly uses the multiple signal classification algorithm to estimate the natural frequency for fault location, the proposed method can effectively eliminate the large error caused by signal dimension fluctuation and false spectrum peak of multiple signal classification algorithm. Finally, simulation cases are carried out to prove the feasibility and superiority of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper a new topology of non‐isolated high step‐up DC‐DC is proposed for renewable applications like photovoltaic (PV) power generation. This converter is designed based on coupled inductor and VMC techniques. The main benefits of the presented topology are: (1) Continues input current with low ripple, (2) low voltage stress across semiconductors, (3) soft switching of diodes (ZVS and ZCS), (4) high voltage gain with low duty cycle, (5) low volume and cost, and (6) high power efficiency. To obtain a high output voltage, the secondary side of the coupled inductor is integrated with VMC, resulting in a large voltage gain with low duty cycles and reduced conduction loss of power switches. Additionally, diodes' zero voltage switching (ZVS) and zero current switching (ZCS) improve the efficiency of the proposed converter. The used VMCs act as a voltage clamp, and the peak voltages across power switches are reduced. The presented converter's operational modes, steady‐state, and efficiency analysis are discussed. Additionally, to indicate the performance of the suggested structure, a 200 W prototype with Vin = 33 V and Vo = 403 V voltage conversion is built, and the experimental results are presented. The experimental efficiency at Po = 200 W is measured 95.29%. Also, efficiency is measured more than 95 % for Po = 20 W to 200 W. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moisture‐enabled electricity generation (MEG) is highly promising in next‐generation energy conversion. However, the practical applications of existing MEG devices are limited due to their low current and voltage outputs, strong dependence on high moisture, and inflexible nature. Herein, an efficient MEG integrated with flexible, all‐weather, and scalable fabrication characteristics based on the rational combination of carbonized polymer dots (CPDs) and liquid metal (LM) active electrodes is developed for the first time. Remarkably, the fabricated MEG device can produce a stable voltage output of 800 mV and a record high current density of 1640 µA cm−2. Even at a low air humidity of 15%, the MEG device can provide a high voltage output of 0.65 V and a considerable current density of 12 µA cm−2. The prompted diffusion of hydrogen ions in CPDs and the additional metal ions ionized from the LM electrode contribute synergistically to the high electricity generation. Additionally, the device can be easily integrated on various flexible substrates and generate an ultrahigh voltage of 210 V to power commercial electronics, showing great potential in large‐scale fabrication and application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to minimise the electricity costs of the power system, this paper proposes an optimal operation scheduling for large-scale new energy power stations with the uncertainty of wind and light power. The proposed scheduling method provides the optimal unit commitment and the economic operation, and it not only considers the generating costs of new energy power stations and thermal power plant but also considers switch machine cost of conventional thermal generating unit. The unit commitment of wind and light integrated power systems has a numerous of non-linear characteristics, so the uncertainties require algorithm that can handle large amounts of robustness. Adjustable Robust Optimisation (ARO) can handle the uncertainty very well and is determined to be the main optimisation. At the same time, Particle Swarm Optimisation Algorithm (PSOA) is used to speed up the convergence. In summary, PSOA and ARO combination scheduling is demonstrated by the standard IEEE 10-generator 39-bus system. The improved ARO of simulation results prove that the conclusion of this paper is correct. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The renewable energy system integrates various power generating units, heating units, energy conversion devices, and energy storage devices, which is an effective way to improve energy efficiency and realize clean energy utilization. In this paper, a renewable energy system integrating with photovoltaic electric power generation systems, wind‐driven generators, gas‐driven generators, gas‐fired boilers, electric chillers, electric and heating energy storage devices is constructed in an isolated tourist area. Considering the complex multi‐energy flows in renewable energy systems, an energy hub with power and heat is established to concentrate and distribute electric and heating energy flow for balancing energy supply and demand in a CCHP system. Introducing the constraints of renewable energy penetration index and energy supply reliability index, a collaborative optimization framework for system configuration is constructed to minimize annual capital cost, fuel cost, and maintenance cost. The simulation results show that the model and algorithm in this paper are feasible and applicable, and the optimization scheme has good economic benefits and optimal performance, which can promote the consumption of renewable energy and reduce the surplus of electric energy and heat energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ubiquitous energy harvesting technologies require new types of renewable, sustainable, and clean energy to solve the problems of fossil fuels. Although various nanogenerators have been developed over the last decade, low current density, requirements for complicated management circuits, generation of direct current (DC) outputs, and significant performance degradation under humid atmospheres have been problems limiting practical applications. This paper reports that the tribovoltaic and moisture‐enabled electricity generation effects can be achieved in a layered double hydroxide (LDH) by applying a metal brushing mode. The ZnAl‐LDH shows enhanced tribovoltaic nanogenerator (TVNG) performance even in a high‐humidity environment coupled with the moisture‐enabled electricity generated by the concentration gradient of a water molecule through the interlamellar structures of the LDHs. The spontaneous dissociation of water in the interior of LDHs removes the hole generated by the tribovoltaic effect, allowing high efficiency of an output voltage of 693.38 mV and current density of 65.48 mA m−2 even under low‐applied force (≈3.5 mN) at relative humidity 80%. The proposed TVNG provides a proof of concept for an all‐in‐one device consisting of a generator and capacitor because the LDH reveals a spontaneous charging performance similar to that of a capacitor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes different topologies of hybrid photovoltaic (PV)/fuel cell (FC) power system in standalone applications. Proposed topology with a compact conversion system using less number of power semiconductor, switches will improve hybrid system power quality. The MATLAB SIMULINK tool is utilized to design and develop the proposed system by which voltage regulators common coupling point voltage is controlled and regulated. Simulated results are compared with IEEE 1547 standard to authenticate the effectiveness of the proposed model. The proposed system will be implemented in real time prototype model. The real time prototype model results are compared with simulation results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lignite is one of the most used Turkey's energy sources for electricity generation as there are large lignite reserves in the country. Lignite power plants are one of Turkey's main sources of GHG emissions. Therefore, understanding the environmental sustainability of generating electricity from lignite burning is essential for reducing environmental impacts. This research aims to assess the life cycle environmental impacts from a typical Turkish lignite power plant. In this paper, a system of the electricity from the lignite power plant is presented which covers all the life cycle stages—starting from the lignite mining up to the delivery of electricity to the grid. For this work to generate 1 kWh of generated is defined as the functional unit. The principal conclusion, to be drawn from this LCA of lignite power in Turkey, is that the majority of the emissions mostly originate from lignite burning to and lignite mining stages. The global warming potential associated with electricity generation from lignite power is estimated at 1,290 g CO2 eq./kWh. The results obtained from this study provide a baseline for future scenarios to reduce the environmental impacts from the energy sector and to build a sustainable energy policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the dismay of the British manufacturing industry organization, Engineering Employers Federation (EEF), on the Electricity Market Reform white paper of the government which proposes to change the supply of electricity from fossil fuel to gas to renewable alternatives resulting to electricity cost increase.

The penetration of photovoltaic systems (PVs) to existing power grids is increasing as they are considered attractive options for electricity generation in distribution networks. This paper focuses on estimating the total power generated by a group of neighbouring PVs, spread over a distribution network using a single pyranometer for measuring the solar irradiance. A new empirical-based model that employs the Gene Expression Programming (GEP) technique is proposed to correlate the distribution of the PVs and the irradiance measured by the pyranometer and estimate the total power generated by the PVs. The geographic variability reduction index has been considered in developing the proposed model that also employs a Wavelet Transform technique to enhance its accuracy. The effective performance of the proposed model is validated using real data collected by the Solar Project at the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. Results reveal that the proposed technique yields more accurate results when compared with other existing approaches in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Recently, wind power generation are installed as a countermeasure for the environmental issue in Japan. However, wind power generation output is fluctuated due to wind condition. Moreover, it is some negative impact for system operation such as the economic load dispatching control and the load frequency control. In Japan, NEDO has started the project as a countermeasure for massive penetration of wind power generation in 2014, called “R&D Project on Grid Integration of Variable Renewable Energy.” In this paper, we proposed the output fluctuation suppression control method of wind power generation using the battery and forecast data of wind generation output. Specifically, the target value of wind power generation output is calculated to decrease the deviation output from fluctuation suppression code for ramp event using deterministic optimization method. The effectiveness of proposed method is evaluated through the computational simulation using forecast data and actual wind power generation output in Tohoku area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

All kinds of power interruption, which cause heavy economic loss to the electrical power company and users, occur in the operating process of distribution networks. Among them, stochastic line fault has a high probability of occurrence. Distributed generation (DG) as an environmental and independent power source has drawn worldwide attention. However, the introduction of DGs has brought increase in the number of system components and expansion of the scale of power systems, which make risk assessment and management more difficult. Therefore, a new method of risk assessment for power failure and control method of distribution network with DG based on stochastic lines failure is presented in the paper. In order to improve the accuracy and rapidity of evaluation, an assessment method with a new island partition strategy is proposed, in which two new parameters are defined to weaken the dependence on the network structure during the course of island partition. This paper also establishes a risk management model based on line maintenance and replacement for selecting an optimized risk management scheme, and applies the genetic algorithm (GA) to calculate the same. The presented method can provide the reference for planning and operating staff, and the example result proves its favorable guiding benefits. © 2018 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper empirically examines the determinants of electricity power losses (EPL) for the Ghanaian economy. Since 2001, EPL for the economy has been more than 20% of the total electricity generated which already is inadequate to meet growing electricity demand. The Fully Modified Ordinary Least Square was used to estimate the drivers of Ghana's EPL, using annual time series data from 1971 to 2013. The results showed that education, price of electricity, capital investment, income, manufacturing and population have significantly influenced the trend of Ghana's electricity losses over the years. The paper recommends the need to intensify capital investment in the power sector as well as public education to deal with EPL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY This paper examines the influence of aggregated power output fluctuation of photovoltaic power generation system (PVS) on the power system frequency focusing on ramp events of aggregated PVS power output. A numerical simulation model of economic load dispatching control (EDC) and load frequency control (LFC) is used together with a PVS power output forecasting model and a unit commitment (UC) scheduling model developed in our preceding study. As a result, in the case of ramp event with long duration and high ramp rate, the frequency violation occurs when the power output of controllable generators with high load-following capability reaches to upper/lower limit even if the power output of low load-following capability generators is still available. If the load dispatching scheme is tentatively changed from the conventional EDC using an equal incremental fuel cost rule to, for example, a dispatching policy based on the capacity without the consideration of fuel cost, the aggregated load-following capability can be kept, avoiding the frequency violation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY In a distribution line, power system control and power equipment investment are planned based on a measured power system current. However, recently the mass introduction of photovoltaic (PV) make it difficult for us to precisely measure the demand curve that is a current consumed by electrical equipment because the reversal power flow from PV systems is superposed. Therefore, the prediction of demand curves of distribution line is indispensable for power system management. In addition, it is also necessary to estimate the reliability of the predicted values as well as predicted current itself. In this paper, we propose the estimation method of the prediction interval that is the index of reliability based on the past demand curve database. The feature of the proposed method based on Just-In-Time (JIT) modeling make it possible for us to accurately estimate the prediction interval by the normalized database of demand curve. In this paper, some numerical examples are presented, which demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

District Heating and Cooling (DHC) combined with a Cogeneration System (CGS) is one of the most efficient ways to supply energy to the commercial and residential sectors. This paper discusses the feasibility of introducting DHC from the viewpoint of the overall energy saving effect in Japan's energy system as a whole. Although DHC is efficient for congested areas such as urban business centers, these areas are limited in capacity and number. In our evaluation of the feasibility of introducing DHC, we consider the energy demand density profiles of Japan's commercial and residential sectors in order to determine the installed DHC capacity that is optimal for meeting the growth of energy demand. This paper also discusses operating patterns of CGS and of boilers in DHC. In order to improve the efficiency of individual DHC facilities, CGS should be operated so as to satisfy heating demand, resulting in a low annual load factor. On the other hand, the overall efficiency of the energy system requires an improvement of the overall load factor of CGS, which is achievable by combined use of CGS and boilers. Operation of CGS in this manner improves the feasibility of the introduction of DHC. © 2000 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 133(2): 31–42, 2000 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between 1957 and 1990, nearly 100 nuclear reactors were constructed throughout the U.S., and nuclear power currently accounts for 20 percent of electricity production nationwide. Nuclear plants are often constructed in small communities for which they constitute a large source of employment and income. To date, 24 nuclear reactors have undergone decommissioning, and more are expected in the future, particularly as nuclear reactors age and face increasingly strict regulations. This paper examines the effects of nuclear decommissioning over time at the county-level on measures of employment, income, and population using difference-in-differences regression and propensity score matching. Panel data are obtained from the U.S. Census Bureau, and cover the years 1975-2014. The analysis finds that nuclear decommissioning is associated with positive and statistically significant increases in employment and per capita income over time. Results suggest that nuclear decommissioning may actually be a positive force in regional economic development, and concludes with limitations of the approach and implications for future research. As an emerging area of research, this paper is meant to build on previous work, as well as to provide a basis for further discussion and debate on the economic future of nuclear host communities and regional economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global drive to achieve the climate change mitigation targets set during the Paris Agreement and COP26 necessitates sustainable electricity generation from renewable energy sources. However, renewable energy systems face economic challenges due to unattractive feed‐in‐tariffs (FiT). This paper presents a mathematical programming model to optimise the participation and electricity generation by biomass power plants in a FiT programme. A disjunctive fuzzy optimisation approach is adopted in this work due to the presence of several biomass power plants, thus resulting in a multi‐objective optimisation. The newly developed mixed‐integer linear programming (MILP) model maximises the overall satisfaction extent of biomass power plants in power generation. The optimisation model ensures the satisfaction of all biomass power plants' technical and economic constraints. A base case study of seven power plants utilising various palm biomass is used to demonstrate the disjunctive fuzzy optimisation approach for the MILP model. This is followed by a scenario investigating the impact of demand variation. The optimisation of the case studies favours the utilisation of empty fruit bunch (EFB), palm oil mill effluent (POME), and palm mesocarp fibre (PMF) for sustainable electricity generation. Palm kernel shell (PKS) is the least preferred palm biomass due to its lowest net availability of useful energy from biomass combustion. This work provides a decision tool for the selection of biomass type during electricity generation. The MILP model in this work may be readily extended for any number of power plants, handling a variety of biomass feedstocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The static electricity in the powder can easily cause poor packaging accuracy, incomplete heat‐sealing of the packaging bag and certain safety hazards. Therefore, the electrostatic generation and elimination of wheat flour and wheat starch were studied in the process of powder screw feeding. Firstly, taking powder particle size, screw speed and conveying distance as influencing factors, the law of static electricity generation in the process of powder screw conveying is studied. Then, an adjustable DC power supply and an ion fan were used to apply voltage and ion wind during the powder screw feeding process to study the elimination of powder static electricity. The research results show that the electrostatic charge of wheat flour and wheat starch is positive. The greater the screw speed, the more severe the powder collision and friction, and the greater the increase in powder charge‐to‐mass ratio. The larger the conveying distance, the greater the increase in the powder‐to‐mass ratio, and when the conveying distance reaches 5200 mm, the experimental powder‐to‐mass ratio tends to be stable. The gain and loss of the charge of wheat starch with small particle size is obviously greater than that of wheat flour with large particle size. The ability and stability of adding ion wind at the outlet of the screw feeder to eliminate static electricity are obviously stronger than the ability and stability of adding voltage to eliminate static electricity. Practical applications: The static electricity generated in the process of screw conveying and feeding causes trouble to the packaging weighing, packaging sealing and safety production of powder. Therefore, this paper studies the electric characteristics of food powder in the process of screw transportation and the influence of various factors on the electrostatic generation law, and also through experiments to compare the two methods of electrostatic elimination. This study provides ideas and references for reducing the generation and elimination of static electricity in the process of screw transportation of food powder, so as to improve the packaging accuracy, packaging quality and reduce safety risks in actual industrial production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China is actively taking measures to guide the household energy‐saving consumption pattern because the total household indirect energy consumption and CO2 emissions have rapidly multiplied from 2002 to 2017 with an annual growth rate of 5.95%, and 5.56%, respectively. This paper calculates indirect energy consumption and CO2 emissions by four energy sources (raw coal, crude oil, natural gas, and electricity), analyzes the energy structure, and conducts a structural decomposition analysis in urban and rural areas in China from 2002 to 2017. The results reveal that the indirect energy consumption and CO2 emissions of urban households was 3.84 and 3.80 times, respectively, that of rural households in 2017 with most contributions from the 'Agriculture, Forestry, Animal Husbandry, and Fishery', 'Foods and Tobacco', and 'OTHERS' sectors. The energy consumption structure has changed. The percentage of coal consumption falls from 66.87% to 57.62%. Electricity consumption, ranked second, increased substantially from 10.77% to 22.90%. The key sectors of the energy mix have been found to help energy conservation. The high indirect energy consumption sectors with higher indirect energy intensity are the key sectors, especially the 'Processing of Petroleum, Coking and Processing of Nuclear Fuel' and 'Production and Supply of Electric Power and Heat Power'. The consumption structure effect is more obvious in urban areas than in rural areas. In the process of urbanization, its effect has little impact on urban indirect energy consumption. It implies that the focus is on optimizing consumption structure rather than reducing consumption scale. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smart cities will be an important component for the construction of a sustainable future society. This paper focuses on the functionalities of smart cities from the perspective of electric power systems and reviews recent works on the various types of energy management systems (EMSs), particularly those focusing on the interaction among systems distributed in a city. Furthermore, this paper describes the idea of a platform for evaluating cooperative EMS technologies distributed in a city. The related research and demonstration of the EMS technology in real cities that were evaluated using the proposed platform are presented. © 2020 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar photovoltaics (PV) is already the cheapest form of electricity generation in many countries and market segments. Market prices of PV modules and systems have developed so fast that it is difficult to find reliable up to date public data on real PV capital (CAPEX) and operational expenditures (OPEX) on which to base the levelised cost of electricity (LCOE) calculations. This paper projects the future utility‐scale PV LCOE until 2050 in several European countries. It uses the most recent and best available public input data for the PV LCOE calculations and future projections. Utility‐scale PV LCOE in 2019 in Europe with 7% nominal weighted average cost of capital (WACC) ranges from 24 €/MWh in Malaga to 42 €/MWh in Helsinki. This is remarkable since the average electricity day‐ahead market price in Finland was 47 €/MWh and in Spain 57 €/MWh in 2018. This means that PV is already cheaper than average spot market electricity all over Europe. By 2030, PV LCOE will range from 14 €/MWh in Malaga to 24 €/MWh in Helsinki with 7% nominal WACC. This range will be 9 to 15 €/MWh by 2050, making PV clearly the cheapest form of electricity generation everywhere. Sensitivity analysis shows that apart from location, WACC is the most important input parameter in the calculation of PV LCOE. Increasing nominal WACC from 2 to 10% will double the LCOE. Changes in PV CAPEX and OPEX, learning rates, or market volume growth scenarios have a relatively smaller impact on future PV LCOE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CO2 capture and storage (CCS) can be an important feature of a decarbonization strategy involving electricity generation. According to the recently revised Section 45Q tax credits, said credits will be provided for implementing CCS, which is motivating some United States (US) electricity generation companies to revisit their business strategies for CCS. This paper discusses alternative business models being considered by companies for undertaking CCS, including providing a 'template' for evaluating the cost‐effectiveness of CCS with Section 45Q tax credits and storage in saline reservoirs. Using stylized illustrative examples, the paper indicates how use of Section 45Q tax credits should be expected to change dispatch at an electricity generating unit. For situations similar to the examples, the paper suggests that Section 45Q tax credits may need to be modified to achieve its intended impact. Modifications can include extending the time period of tax credit availability beyond the current 12 years. In addition, continued R&D investments in CCS and specific support for first‐of‐a‐kind CCS demonstrations would be valuable complements for the deployment of the Section 45Q tax credit. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]