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The article presents abstracts of economic development research. They include "Recent trends and prospects for major Asian economies," "Unintended consequences: social policy, state institutions and the 'stalling' of the Malaysian industrialization project" and "Vanuatu's economy: is the glass half empty or half full?"

This paper examines the tension between the struggle to survive in a competitive economy and efforts to create more democratic workplaces in the Basque worker cooperative complex in Mondragón, Spain. Data from archival research, participant observation, and interviews are used to outline the historical context of structural change and policy-making in the complex. Language used in internal policy discussions is analyzed to explore the way in which arguments about efficiency have shaped interpretations of structural change and these organizations' policy responses. It is argued that in these cooperatives, the concept of "efficiency" does not operate as a neutral, objective benchmark of organizational performance, but is socially and rhetorically constructed. The predominant approach to efficiency that is emerging in Mondragón aims to make the cooperatives more competitive, but also facilitates a gradual displacement of collectively established organizational objectives such as relative equality, job security, and favorable work conditions for ones that privilege institutional interests of profitability and stability. More importantly, it has helped usher in important changes in the policy-making process itself limiting the range of legitimate participation and weakening broad-based control over the identification of appropriate objectives and means. The paper suggests that reframing an existing rhetorical strategy to highlight more clearly the link between efficiency and any given set of objectives would stimulate a broader discussion of policy issues and help balance more effectively the diverse interests at stake in Mondragon's restructuring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers a two-country, three-good economy in which one country imposes tariffs on import goods at a uniform rate, while the other country engages in free trade. In such an economy, we examine the welfare effects of changing tariff rates toward differential tariffs from uniform tariffs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The implications of the division of labor, capital, and technology for economic growth have long been a fundamental issue in development economics. This paper employs the bounds testing approach to cointegration to examine the relationship between the division of labor, capital accumulation, communication technology, and economic growth for China over the period 1952–99. We find that in the long run, capital stock and the division of labor both have statistically significant positive effects on growth, while in the short run the effects are not significantly positive. Telecommunication technology, rather surprisingly, has a statistically insignificant impact on growth both in the long run and in the short run. Our findings indicate that there exists a long run equilibrium relationship between capital and the division of labor on the one hand, and economic growth on the other, thereby lending support to the division of labor theory of growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines dual-track urbanisation in China, consisting of spontaneous urbanisation and state-sponsored urbanisation. The paper first develops a consistent interpretative framework of urbanisation in pre-reform and post-reform China. The key components in the framework include the mode of industrialisation, central and local states, urban and rural economies, urban and rural citizens, the hukou system and global linkages. Dynamic changes in these components and their interactions drive the urbanisation process in China. The paper then examines how each of the two tracks of urbanisation contributed to the urbanisation process that occurred in China between 1982 and 2000. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a newly developed database for eight transition economies, this paper examines whether reforms and political freedom are important for foreign bank entry. We provide evidence that foreign bank entry positively responds to reform measures. We also find some support for the importance of political freedom. Our estimates suggest that economic reform affects foreign bank entry by enhancing the efficiency of the financial sector and by stimulating domestic investments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regional industrial development has been the focus of a number of very specific policy initiatives in South African since the 1960s. Until the end of the 1980s these initiatives were driven by political imperative: to develop the homeland areas and to stem migration to South Africa's cities. They failed on both counts. In the early 1990s, industrial policy was markedly less focused on location. However more recently the Spatial Development Initiatives (SDI) and Industrial Development Zone (IDZ) programmes have both involved the identification of industrial locations and used incentives to encourage firms to locate in these areas. The SDI programme has specifically taken South African regional industrial policy into the southern African region with its cross-border development corridors. The paper questions the underlying rationale for South Africa's regional industrial policy, and in particular the role of incentives in influencing firm-level decisions, including their location decisions. The tentative conclusion is that there is no reason to suppose that the South African government could or can do better than the market in directing firm-level location decisions, and that industrial policy incentives may be far less important to the firm than macroeconomic and market conditions. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the impact of crude oil boom on the economy of Nigeria particularly the manufacturing sector. In the study, a descriptive analysis of the three major sectors of the economy is undertaken followed by the formulation of a vector autoregression model depicting the relationship existing among the sectors-resource, manufacturing and service. The model was subsequently estimated using appropriate techniques such as unit root test, cointegration test, causality test, variance decomposition and parametric estimation. The unit root and cointegration tests reveal that the data series employed are reliable and the three sectors are most likely to converge in the long run, which augurs well for policy making. The causality test, variance decomposition and parametric estimation reveal that the oil boom led to significant stagnation in the manufacturing sector and a marginal decline in the service sector. The growth of manufacturing sector of Nigeria has thus been severely impaired by the oil boom. In light of this, adequate policy measures need to be taken to resuscitate the manufacturing sector. These measures may include attracting more foreign investment, reducing operating cost in the sector, developing local sources of raw materials, and allocation of more funds from the crude oil revenue to assist the sector. These policy measures may not only resuscitate the manufacturing sector, they would also accelerate growth of the economy as a whole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper surveys research findings since the early 1970s, focusing on the growth processes of both traditional and modern industries and their relations with government activity in the period between the 1870s and 1940. Most of the surveyed research can be seen as a response to two theses: first, that pre-1940 Japan was essentially a market-led economy; and second, that the traditional sector did not decline in the industrialisation process, but in fact prospered. The survey argues that there were a good deal of interactions between the modern and traditional sectors at regional levels and that the regional economy occupied a significant place in the ways in which government business relations were structured. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China's rapid industrialization and recent accession to the WTO makes it difficult for the country to maintain self-sufficiency in agricultural products. Genetic modification technology could ease the situation, but is not without controversy. This paper focuses on the implication of GMO controversy for China. It explores the potential economic effects of China's not adopting versus adopting GMOs when some of its trading partners adopt that technology. The effects are shown to depend to a considerable extent on the trade policy stance taken in high-income countries that are opposed to GMOs, and/or on the liberalization of China's trade in textiles and apparel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the need for a set of policies encouraging economic co-operation within the former Soviet Union states of Central Asia.Central Asia is the focus of this report; however, the argument emphasizing the need for international assistance to support regional cooperation is valid for the countries of the Caucuses and in some of Eastern Europe, especially the Balkan states. Regional co-operation is seen as a means to mitigate the difficulties of managing a transition from Soviet-command economies to market-based institutions given especially the extreme distances to industrialized marketplaces. Co-operation will not be a natural consequence of existing tendencies that encourage a lack of trust and inward looking national policies. Policy commitments are needed to develop transport, trade and transit within and to the region from foreign markets. The international community must encourage economic cooperation that reduces cross-border political insecurity and provides scope for sustainable economic growth. These efforts may require subsuming bilateral relations under coordinated regional programmes. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While there is common agreement that Mexico's industrialization period was helped by a protective commercial policy, there has been little testing of this hypothesis. This paper investigates the possibility that Mexico may have used her changing tariff postures not to provide aid for her growing industries but rather to improve either her terms of trade, her revenues or her balance of payments during the 1930-1965 period. The research shows that except for isolated instances none of the individual arguments examined, nor their combination, could explain Mexico's tariff policy. It is therefore concluded that tariffs for protection were employed to achieve industrial development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews Indonesia's development record and policy framework, focusing in particular on its industrial policy regime. Although not matching the Asian Tigers in its economic performance since 1970, the country has one of the most creditable records in the Third World. Indonesia has resembled its East Asian neighbours in its generally conservative macroeconomic management and, since the mid- 1980s, in its export orientation. However, it is difficult to discern any evidence to support the proposition that the government's industrial policy--in the sense of selective, micro-level interventions--has contributed to Indonesia's rapid industrialization. A case could be made for more non-discretionary intervention to enhance supply-side capabilities, especially in the areas of education and training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past several years, efforts have been made to introduce the 1993 System of National Accounts (1993) SNA) in most of the formerly centrally planned economies. In doing so, a number of problems have emerged, some of which are particular to the situation of these countries. Some of these problems will probably cause overestimates of national accounts variables, others will cause underestimates, and it would be purely coincidental if them effects cancel out. This paper discusses the most disconcerting issues in this situation, and possible solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on some aspects of industrialization and the convergence of contemporary Japan. Thus, this paper examines some of the aspects of change in Japan since the end of the Pacific War, specifically; changes associated with the ways men are managed in the modern sector of the Japanese economy. More recently, some writers have developed the relationship between technology and change. Their examination of the problems of labor and management in economic growth is rooted in the relatively common effects of common technologies in all developing economies. They emerge with a "convergence hypothesis" which argues that almost everywhere the world is in the grip of industrialization. This study takes technology as central in industrialization. Japan remains the only nonwestern nation which can be said to be industrialized. The streets of Japan's major cities are almost as choked with motor traffic as any American city of comparable size. Television antennas obstruct and mar the beauty of Japanese architecture. Yet, by no means can it be said that Japan is a western nation since many vestiges of pre-industrial Japan are readily apparent. Japanese tend to view themselves and their institutions as unique, a view that appears to be shared by many western scholars.

This paper reviews the current state of knowledge about the effects of industrialization upon systems of social stratification. Taking societies as the unit of observation, we consider the relationships between level of industrialization and (I) the distribution of status characteristics in the population (the structure of stratification) ; (2) the pattern of interrelations among status characteristics (the process of stratification); and (3) the form of linkages between status characteristics and other aspects of social behavior (the consequences of stratification). A set of propositions is specified, a few of which are empirically well established but most of which yet require empirical testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article comments on ten essays on the industrialization of Turkey. In a useful introduction the editor, Fikret Senses, summarizes the papers and discusses the important shift of emphasis in Turkish economic policy towards export-oriented industrialization (EOI) during the 1980s. This shift encompasses a change from import-substituting industrialization to EOI accompanied by a stabilization and structural adjustment program. The first three chapters make the volume more comprehensive by going beyond the Turkish case. The subsequent seven chapters analyze the Turkish industrialization experience by comparing the pre-1980 to post 1980 macroeconomic policies. The manufacturing sector, with specific emphasis on trucking, textile and clothing, is also analyzed in some detail.

This article presents an annotated list of books and journal articles on socioeconomic issues and developments in East Asia. Some of the books, listed here, are: "China Statistical Abstract 1990"; "Foreign Investment in China Under the Open Policy: The Experience of Hong Kong Companies," by John T. Thoburn; and "The Newly Industrializing Economies of Asia: Prospects of Cooperation," edited by Manfred Kulessa. The first book, reportedly, compiles basic information on China's economic and social development during 1989 and illustrates major trends since 1978; the second book details Hong Kong investments in China; whereas, the third book includes conference papers addressing economic policies of South Korea, Taiwan and Hong Kong, as well as describing economic relations and competition. Some of the article, listed here, are: "An Unrequited Love or Unreconcilable Difference?," published in the September 1, 1990 issue of the journal "Business Korea" and "The Feudal World of Japanese Management," by Kuniyasu Sakai, published in the November-December 1990 issue of the journal "Harvard Business Review."

Scant discussion exists in the literature about the relative design merits of various R& D schemes, and most authors treat programme design as a black box. In this article, we assess the design features of three major forms of R& D support: entitlement schemes, competitive grant schemes and industry R& D boards. We use a combination of evidence to comment on how well these schemes perform in terms of firm engagement (how does the scheme recruit business interest?), project selection (what criteria are used and who selects the projects?), payment structure (how is financial support structured?) and administrative costs (what is the burden?). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transition economies use their child benefit programmes to provide additional economic support for families with children. However, budgetary pressures limit social spending in many countries. Therefore, targeting child benefit programmes to the poorest households may be a sensible solution to the problem of supporting families with children when social spending is in decline. Few transition economies have attempted to target child benefits. Hence evidence on the efficacy of means-testing for child benefits is scarce. This study considers the implementation of one of the few means-tested child benefit programmes in a transition economy and finds relatively little evidence of targeting problems. Moreover, means-testing for child benefit substantially alters the distribution of benefits in comparison with the distribution in the more typical universal child benefit programme.JEL classifications: I38, H50, P35. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper assesses the impact of industrialization on men's attitudes toward extended- family authority and toward women's rights, interview data were obtained in a larger study from male factory workers in India, Bangladesh, Israel, Nigeria, Argentina, and Chile. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses identify two empirically distinct ideologies- belief in independence from the extended family, and belief in women `s rights outside but not necessarily inside the home. Multiple regression analysis shows that different aspects of industrialization have direct impacts on each of the two ideologies; but when total effects are considered, education and living standard are the primary determinants of both across several cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What drove the precocious industrialisation in Britain was not demand for machines but rather (as Joel Mokyr and his co‐authors have argued) the supply of useful knowledge and the skills needed to put it into practice. They were the force behind early innovation. But they did not act alone. They were reinforced by British institutions, which gave the British economy a century's head start over the rest of Europe and likely too over the rich parts of Asia. The institutions included a uniform fiscal and legal system; an effective means of training apprentices, who had escaped from local guild control; and a parliament that could raise taxes and exercise eminent domain but was at the same time a credible protector of private property. Among other things, these institutions facilitated the transportation of goods such as coal and they were backed up by policies that worked in favour of manufacturing. Together, the institutions and policies generated agglomeration effects that encouraged innovation. The agglomeration effects were more pronounced in western Europe than anywhere else in Eurasia and more developed in Britain than anywhere else. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: From 2002 to 2013, Angola engaged in large‐scale state‐led reconstruction and development alongside an elite‐led appropriation and seizure of national assets. Until the oil price shock, Angola had been succeeding in promoting rapid economic growth, and possibly even significant social development, alongside a massive grab of wealth and power by local elites. Today, though an economic crisis has taken hold, frequent predictions of the country's imminent collapse have yet to be fulfilled. This article reviews the state's development planning and expenditure with a focus on public investment and industrial development to determine to what extent Angola during this period might be considered a developmental or petro‐developmental state. It is argued that, while more significant than generally thought, petro‐developmental outcomes were and are limited by the autocratic and neopatrimonial tendencies of the Angolan elite. Nevertheless, limited success with structural transformation may have lasting effects. Following its long civil war, the conditions existed for Angola to follow a new path of state‐led development. Though it may now be more difficult, structural transformation and economic diversification remain the only path to economic and social development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite numerous governmental attempts to improve women's employment and equality in Pakistan, statistics suggest that these effortxs have not been entirely fruitful. Steps taken by the government are usually in response to pressure from international donors and rights groups. However, there seem to be important contextual and sociocultural differences at play when it comes to how gender equality is to be achieved in organizational practice. Such differences, as well as an apparent lack of genuine commitment at the policy level, may explain why there remains a gap between the policy and praxis of gender equality in Pakistan. Informed by structural and relational perspectives of gender, this article draws on in-depth qualitative interviews with female employees to explore the multilevel issues related to gender equality at the macro-national, meso-organizational and micro-individual levels. In particular, it highlights such issues as societal norms of female modesty and gender segregation (macro), sexual harassment, career-related challenges and income gap (meso), and family status and agency (micro). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Successive governments have attempted to shape the UK's industrial landscape. Hugh Pemberton charts the history of industrial policy and asks, in a post-financial-crisis, Brexit-orientated world, what does a revived industrial strategy amount to and what can it learn from the past? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the role that innovation plays as an engine for economic development, we examined the enabling factor of institutions in Africa. Particularly, attention was given to determining the equivalent effects of institutional development on innovation. A sample of 40 African countries over the period 1996-2012 was employed, and our baseline equation was estimated using the system generalised method of moments ( SGMM) estimation technique. The empirical result reveals that government effectiveness and regulatory quality are two institutional measures that have the most equivalent impact on innovation. The extent of impact is an indication that institutions matter, especially when considering innovation in Africa. Therefore, to advance the rate of innovation in Africa, improving frameworks to drive regulations and enhance government effectiveness is a necessary instrument. Having these in place, Africa will be able to catch up with advanced economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on accepted projects by MOST. This project obtained the MOST label from the Scientific Steering Committee on its meeting of December 1994. The project seeks to take a new look at those economic and social theories of change, which, over the past three decades, have inspired and to some extent governed development strategies in countries from the South. One of the basic premises of the work of this network is an opposition to uniformed approaches to development strategies that make little or no reference to concrete situations and the relevant local specificities that may strongly differentiate one country from another in the development process. A forthcoming MOST Policy Paper documents these variables, and provides a framework for considering them in socio-economic policy formulation, development policies and project development. The second step within the first phase of this five-year research project is to measure the role played by the global international environment, particularly the influence of external exchange on the acquirement of institutional forms and models as well as on the pace of the industrialization process.

This study examines the nature and consequences of China's rise to the center of world economic affairs through manufacturing-led development. Our historical analysis shows that China is still well short of the point in its developmental process where its growth might be reasonably expected to slow, or the energy, resource and carbon intensity of growth to recede. The study argues that the current trajectory of industrialization will have to be altered when China becomes more actively engaged in dealing with structural issues at home and abroad against the background of the unwinding of global imbalances. One profitable strategy that China might employ would be to approximate the incredibly fruitful mass-market integration efforts of the USA that eventually elevated it to its position of global primacy. The cyclical re-emergence of excess capacity in Chinese heavy industry, serious questions about the medium term ability of other major regions to accommodate further large gains in Chinese market share, and the stark conflict between the contemporary style of industrial development and the health of the biosphere indicate strongly that now is the time to catalyze the required adjustment and reform processes that will underpin sustainable long-run prosperity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the wind power situation in Turkey. The country offers wind power potential and wind site efficiencies that are greater than 30% which encourage investor's involvement in wind development. Moreover, its wind power potential is expected to be one of the driving forces for industrial development in the future. Power projects that have applied to the Energy Market Regulatory Authority (EMRA) will provide new perspectives and acceleration to the energy industry. It is also expected that the power potential would be one of the driving forces for the continued installation of wind power in Turkey.

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The article focuses on the significant role of agriculture in economic development. A substantial literature argues that agricultural development is needed the overall economic transformation of a country. Agriculture's contribution in food, raw materials and financial surplus to invest is relevant for the industrialization process in its earlier stages. An alternative approach using Popperian ideas of refuting falsifiable conjectures in country case studies is attempted since cross-sectional econometric studies are proving of quite limited use in sorting out basic issues in economic growth.

This article explores the development of the London East India agency houses during the first half of the nineteenth century, and their evolving commercial and political relationships with merchants and manufacturers in the British provinces. It outlines the emergence of pressure groups in Britain concerned with influencing British economic policy in India and the Far East, and their role in shaping policy as the East India Company receded in importance following the Charter Acts of 1813 and 1833. What emerges is a complex picture of collaboration between interest groups in London and the provinces. This challenges and refines aspects of the gentlemanly capitalism thesis of Cain and Hopkins, which emphasizes both the supremacy of London-based financial and mercantile interests in the formation of British policy towards the empire, and the separateness of City-based ‘gentlemanly capitalists’ from provincial mercantile and industrial interests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been an increased interest in the last two decades in top management teams (TMTs) of business firms. Much of the research, however, has been US-based and concerned primarily with TMT effects on organizational outcomes. The present study aims to expand this literature by examining the antecedents of top team composition in the context of macro-level economic change in a late-industrializing country. The post-1980 trade and market reforms in Turkey provided the empirical setting. Drawing upon the literatures on TMT and chief executive characteristics together with punctuated equilibrium models of change and institutional theory, the article develops the argument that which firm-level factors affect which attributes of TMT formations varies across the early and late stages of economic liberalization. Results of the empirical investigation of 71 of the largest industrial firms in Turkey broadly supported the hypotheses derived from this premise. In the early stages of economic liberalization the average age and average organizational tenure of TMTs were related to the export orientation of firms, whereas in later stages, firm performance became a major predictor of these team attributes. Educational background characteristics of teams appeared to be under stronger institutional pressures, altering in different ways in the face of macro-level change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the 1990s, the introduction of a market economy and the process of rapid urbanization have been accompanied by a new urban poverty related to lay-offs and unemployment as well as by large-scale rural–urban migration, which is different from the traditional urban poverty of the ‘Three Nos’ (no relatives or dependants, no working capacity and no source of income). This article focuses on new urban poverty in China under market transition and discusses the causes of poverty creation. Instead of considering Chinese new urban poverty only as a result of market mechanisms, it argues that the state as the manipulator of institutions and policies does matter in the creation of new urban poverty, and that the cleavages between the old and new institutions further intensify it. Specifically, the following aspects of the creation of new urban poverty are examined in detail: the adjustment of industrial policy, the reform of state-owned enterprises, evolution of the household registration system, and the transformation of the welfare state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human history has witnessed different systemic transitions. Never before, at least in modern history, have the challenges for the given countries and simultaneously for the international community become so clear as in the former socialist countries in Europe. The complex interactions between the past and the present; the political, economic, and social processes; cultural values and institutions; and national and international factors have defined these challenges. The global information revolution, which put the transition process and its consequences into the limelight, added another dimension to the uniqueness of the changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to determine why men and women hold contrasting attitudes about new industrial developments, this study examines the differences between men and women in their attitudes towards proposed energy developments, support for environmental protection, and occupational ties to the energy industry. A telephone survey was conducted of 485 residents of an Appalachian community for which several energy-related industries have been proposed. Results are consistent with the hypothesis that women's lower level of support for energy developments is due (at least partially) to their greater concern with the negative environmental impacts of such developments, while the higher level of support among men is due to their greater concern with the positive economic impacts of such developments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores why Great Britain became an industrialized and urbanized economy long before France. On the eve of the Great War, agriculture, according to official censuses of population, continued to provide employment for up to 41 per cent of the workforce in France and generated around 35 per cent of the country's national income. In Britain only 8 per cent of the workforce could be officially classified as employed on the land, and agriculture accounted for a mere 5 per cent of gross domestic product. Around 1911, 35 per cent of the population of France resided in towns containing populations of 3,000 and above, while the comparable proportion for Britain was 78 per cent. Structural change in France was in large measure predetermined by a combination of geographical endowments and a system of property rights inherited from its feudal past. Both constraints, operating within the context of pre-chemical and pre-mechanical agricultural systems, so limited the scale and scope of French endeavours to follow the path taken by Britain between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries, became almost irrelevant to conditions in France.

This article focuses on the economic development in the Soviet Union between 1926 and 1941. The comparatively brief period of rapid industrial expansion in the Soviet Union between 1926 and 1941 did not initiate the modern industrialization of Russia. But the pace of the interwar development was so rapid and the scale so vast that Russia was transformed by the end of the 1930s into a great industrial power, providing the basis for its emergence as a super-power after recovering from the devastation of the Second World War. Soviet economic development in 1926-1941, as the first attempt at comprehensive state planning of a major economy, is an important if controversial turning-point in the history of world industrialization. in undergraduate courses. After 1945 interwar Soviet development began to be closely scrutinized in the West, both by those whose interest in the Soviet experience had been aroused by Soviet achievements in the Second World War, and by those who feared Soviet power. In the first decade after the Second World War, much progress was made with the quantitative evaluation of Soviet development.

This article discusses the impact of industrialization on literacy and education in Northern England. The first systematic study of literacy in northwest England was completed only recently, and covers the period 1560-1630, when northern England was allegedly still in an economically and commercially primitive state. The low levels of literacy found there, compared with elsewhere in England, have been explained by the supposedly backward and culturally impoverished nature of the society and economy. Nothing is known of 1650-1750, a period before major industrialization, but nevertheless one that experienced pronounced commercial growth associated mainly with the coastal trade plus an important expansion in the scale and intensity of coal-mining and related industries. Yet, by the late eighteenth century, the northeast was one of the most literate areas of England. Study of the intervening period might reveal how long the north continued to lag behind the rest of the country, and when it began to advance to its prominent position. Examination of the occupational profile of illiteracy, of differences between the sexes and between urban and rural areas, and of change over time in these aspects may help to reveal some of the likely relationships between literacy and economic change.

The article discusses the impact of industrialization on state reform and local economy in London, England. The changes in the industrial and labor structures were linked to a revolution in Victorian taste and buying habits. Modern retailing and an era of mass consumption accompanied the decades of prosperity and declining prices. Labor and industry were subject to the indigenous problems of the city's growth. Moreover, technological changes had an impact on the structure of industry and the make-up of the labor force. In addition to new acquisition of machinery, the mode of production within the clothing trades was altered by the introduction of subdivision and sub-contracting of labor. Women workers complained that state regulation had caused a reduction in their employment in regulated industries.

One of the difficulties of integrating environmental variables into sociological analyses is that societies have a dualistic relationship with the biophysical environment. Humans are like other species in depending on the environment, yet humans are also unique among all species in the potential for altering and sometimes evading environmental constraints. A second and related difficulty results from the degree to which humans incorporate the environment into their everyday views of reality; the process often seems so automatic that the biophysical realities can be forgotten, taken for granted, or ignored, both by residents and by those who study them. This problem is particularly significant for studies that fail to be sufficiently comparative to be able to observe significant variations in environmental and technological factors. The problem is illustrated with a study that deals with a relatively traditional social- psychological dependent variable-attitudes toward a proposed development The focus is on the apparent paradox of a form of industrial development that has been welcomed with open arms in one area of the country while virtually opening armed warfare in another, namely drilling for offshore oil. To explain the marked differences across regions, it is necessary to understand the influence of biophysical and technological variables, as well as the social and historical differences across the regions. Implications for further research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional analyses of secularization typically deal with revealed religions and the increasing disenchantment of their adherents with revealed religious doctrines under conditions of rapid industrialization and urbanization. Very little research, however, has dealt with the rise and decline of religiousity or the impact of secularization in social systems organized around a "civil religion." This investigation approaches the development of the Bolshevik party in the Soviet Union as an example of a civil religious movement to test Weber's notions of enchantment and disenchantment against the experience of devoted party activists in order to see how increasing industrialization has influenced the civil religion of Marxism-Leninism and the behavior of individual followers of Marxism-Leninism. Hence, this analysis seeks to discover whether or not a dynamic of secularization, perhaps akin to the growing disenchantment among devoted Protestants from the sixteenth through the nineteenth centuries as discussed by Weber, might be found in post-revolutionary communist societies, like the present-day USSR. If such a dynamic of secularization does exist, then the question of "civil religious revivalism," or revitalization movements, will be addressed to consider how and where such revivalistic movements might develop within post-revolutionary, secularized communist systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A pressing public policy question, particularly since the advent of intense international economic competition from Asian countries in the 1980's, has been whether the institutions of government play a necessary and special role in industrial development and technological innovation. This question has been debated at length since the early 1970's. The debate has grown more heated in recent years, with prominent economists arguing for and against government involvement and the creation of an industrial policy. It has also received increased attention in theoretical and empirical research by various scholars. In particular, empirical studies of the remarkable progress of Japan and other Pacific Rim countries have cited government policy as a major factor in that success. These arguments are compelling, but much remains to be done before the empirical case incontrovertibly linking industrial policy to economic growth is established. The article focuses on the question of economic development, government policy and technological innovation in a particular technological domain — computing technology — and in a particular region-the Asia-Pacific region. INSET: Variables and framework.;Data and analysis..

The neo-liberal interpretation of the Thai state suggests that industrial policy was incoherent, subject to rent seeking and irrelevant to Thai development success. A more nuanced micro-historical analysis of the state's interventions demonstrates that this over-simplification misses important examples of effective selective interventions during first stage import-substitution industrialization in the 1960s, as well as in second stage ISI in the 1970s. In the 1980s there was a systematic turning of the entire industrial policy machinery to promote manufactured exports. Without these selective interventions there is reason to doubt whether Thailand would be where it is today--a next tier NIE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a study that discussed the factors contributing to the instability in export earnings. Determination whether the contributions of manufactures to the market-related and domestic factors are associated with the degrees of industrialization in different developing countries; Forms of equations used in the study.

This article explores and engages with debates concerning the relation between internal and external 'Development' amongst nations. Types, trajectories, and patterns of economic growth and social structuring are investigated. Centering modes of trading and fiscal linkage and flow, the author concludes that 'a perspective from Europe', rather than a narrower 'British' view, has wider implications for the rest of the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disaggregation of farming regions, conditions, and production systems is necessary to unravel the current status of family labor farms in the U.S. and their future in competition with capitalist agriculture. The article draws on a number of themes in the literature on the U.S. agriculture, industrial structure, household economics, economic anthropology and agricultural economics to suggest that the family farm persists in many instances due to economic competitiveness. This competitiveness derives from the technical aspects of agricultural production and its compatibility with certain organizational and operational aspects of the family farm. Large scale production, whether organized as state farms in the Soviet Union, large communes in China or industrial capitalist farms in the United States, has experienced managerial diseconomies in many spheres of agriculture. The present analysis contrasts these features of agricultural production with features of industrial production as one seeks to understand, in essence, why agriculture has not gone the way of the automobile.

Considers the industrial integration of eastern and central Europe into a twin process of transformation in the east and structural adaptation in the west. Examination of the conditions to which Europe must adapt; Changes made to corporate strategies in terms of industrial competition and International Production Networks (IPN); What was suggested by the strategies and production networks; Implications of the developments for European competitiveness.

The article discusses the role of organized labor in economic development in Africa. The following interpretations are analyzed: the interpretation of the Inter-University Study of Labor Problems in Economic Development; the political unionism viewpoint; and the interpretation of those who believe that the role of labor is to contribute to rapid economic growth. The author points that the role of organized labor to regulate conflict has been weakened in the developing areas. Thus, labor's contribution to industrialization and economic development remains an elusive one.