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The article reports on corporate governance in Turkey. For a period of time, concern has been attributed to differences in the institutional structures of countries and their effects on corporate performance. This paper studies some issues that result from different corporate governance systems, with particular attention on their importance to developing countries.

In global pattern reconstruction, ecological civilization construction and integrated urban–rural development in the new era as well as outlining a new framework for rural development and promoting efficient operation of the coordination mechanism for rural development are urgently required. This paper considers three northeastern provinces of China as an example, attempts to analyze the relationship between the subsystems of rural development, and examines the coupling coordination mechanism of population, land, and industry money in the four‐dimensional system. It explores the evolution path and defects of rural development in Northeast China under the background of transformation from a systematic perspective. We found that the coupling degree of "population‐land‐industry‐money" in rural Northeast China is high, while the coordination degree is low. The degree of spatial and temporal differentiation of the coupling coordination degree gradually increases, and the rural development of each province is highly unbalanced. The results also indicate that the main reasons for the low level of the coupling coordination degree are improved land development levels, a relative shortage of labor force, backward industrial development, and increasingly weak rural investment levels. Finally, this paper illustrates that the main solutions to rural revitalization are stimulating rural investment through policies and promoting the revival of agriculture, with financial support as the starting point, before establishing the linkage and mutual feed development of "population‐land‐industry‐money" in rural areas. The results will help countries, especially developing countries, to further consider methods toward achieving rural development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I present a framework for GVC‐oriented industrial policy that merges the so‐called GVC perspective and the so‐called developmentalist perspective—the latter of which is a perspective that industrial policy is most often analysed through, but has been somewhat neglected by the GVC perspective. I argue that the GVC perspective too quickly dismisses the relevance of industrial policy in the East Asian development experience, particularly those in South Korea and Taiwan between roughly 1960 and 1990. By drawing on the industrialisation experiences of these two countries, my framework for industrial policy suggests that the GVC perspective's ideas for industrial policy would be strengthened by more clearly acknowledging the continued importance of three observations by the developmentalist perspective: (a) the need for governments in developing countries to bargain with foreign investors for the purpose of domestic industrialisation; (b) policy design should not only focus on increasing exports, but also focus on replacing some imports with domestic production; and (c) linking up to the value chains of transnational corporations based in high‐income countries can bring about some benefits, but ultimately, successful industrialisation necessitates a degree of competing with transnational corporations. State‐owned enterprises have historically played an important role in this respect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital technologies and digitalisation are emerging as new drivers of structural transformation in developing countries. At the firm level, adopting advanced digital technologies offers prospects for improved productivity and competitiveness and, hence, digital industrialisation. However, the determinants of adopting digital technologies in manufacturing firms in developing countries remain anecdotal. This paper uses unique survey data on 516 manufacturing firms in South Africa and a multivariate probit model to examine the determinants of digital technology adoption in South African manufacturing firms. Our results show heterogeneity in the factors explaining digital technology adoption across business functions. Overall, the empirical results reveal that innovation, foreign ownership, exposure to export markets, and higher skilled human capital propel the adoption of digital technologies. In contrast, the lack of capital inhibits the adoption of digital technologies in sampled manufacturing firms in South Africa. We discuss the possible policy implications of these findings and how they fit into the South African Digital Skills policy discourse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The link between gender inequality and economic growth is a topic that is of growing interest, both in the academic literature and the policy arena. In this paper, we survey the literature that analyses this relationship from a macroeconomic perspective. We argue that that the existing theories provide a wide range of mechanisms through which these two variables may affect each other but also that more work needs to be carried out to obtain quantitative predictions out of these models. In the empirical arena, we note the lack of connection between most studies and the existing theories described earlier. In both cases, we propose approaches to alleviate these problems. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The climate change arena comprises a diverse set of interacting actors from international, national and local levels. The multilevel architecture has implications for low-carbon technology deployment in developing countries, an issue salient to both development and climate objectives. The paper examines this theme through two inter-related questions: how do (or don't) low-carbon technologies get deployed in India's built environment, and what implications can be drawn from the Indian case for effective low-carbon technology development and transfer for developing countries? By examining the multilevel linkages in India's buildings sector, the paper shows how the interactions between governance levels can both support and hinder technology deployment, ultimately leading to inadequate outcomes. The potential of these linkages is hobbled by aspects of the national context (federated energy governance and developing-country capacity limitations), yet can also be enabled by other features (the climate policy context, which may motivate international actors to fill domestic capacity lacunae). Reflecting on the India case, the paper makes recommendations for improved low-carbon technology deployment in developing countries: (1) technology development and transfer collaboration on a 'need-driven' approach, (2) development of the specific types of capacity required across the entire innovation chain and (3) domestic strengthening of the coordination and agendas across and between governance levels. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present information systems studies focus on technology from developed countries. Little is known about the development and implementation of indigenous technology in the developing world. This paper investigates China's experience of developing and deploying wireless local-area network (WLAN) standards. First, drawing upon actor-network theory, I interpret WLAN Authentication and Privacy Infrastructure (WAPI) standardization as a process of the actor-network formation. Specifically, different actors were enrolled into two counter-networks, namely the defensive network and the challenging network. These actors and the two counter-networks struggled to dominate the interest inscriptions in the strategy of WLAN standardization. China's WAPI initiative failed because it could not establish a strong defensive network. Furthermore, I analyse the social, institutional and technological elements that determined the process of WAPI standardization. This case study demonstrates that counter-network is a useful concept to analyse the mechanism of actor-network formation. My analytical model in which the macro contexts are connected with the micro network dynamics can be drawn upon by other actor-network studies on technology design and implementation. Practical implications for developing countries to develop the indigenous technologies have been given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world is experiencing the fourth industrial revolution, and developing countries are experiencing it differently than developed countries. Developed countries have an advantage over developing countries in that they adopted industrialisation early, and this created a large gap between the two. Developed countries are not necessarily sustainable. Sustainable development is equally important in both developed and developing countries, but in different ways. Developed and developing countries will try to achieve sustainability development goals in different ways. Developed countries will most likely use the fourth industrial revolution to integrate technology into achieving their goals, while some developing countries might first need to catch up on industrial revolutions that they have skipped. Industrialisation, specifically that of the current revolution, will occur differently in developing countries. This paper describes this and discusses some of the hurdles that might hinder developing countries from adopting Industry 4.0, and develops an initial framework for readiness assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the effect on the industrialization process of developing countries of foreign aid given to agriculture to expand its productive capacity. According to our theoretical analysis, this effect is conditional on the openness of receiving countries. Our empirical results based on panel data for developing countries confirm this analysis, as we find that the effect of this kind of agricultural aid on the rate of growth of the industrial sector of landlocked countries is indeed positive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the factors driving manufacturing growth accelerations in a sample of 134 developing countries over the period 1970 to 2014. We first identify growth acceleration episodes of manufacturing value added (MVA) by their year of initiation and according to a country's income classification. We then estimate a probit model to explain what factors predict these MVA growth accelerations. Our results show that human capital and institutions represent contextual factors that favor the growth of manufacturing, together with macroeconomic policies related to investment, and openness to foreign trade and capital. We also find that most of these factors not only foster episodic accelerations of industry, but they contribute as well to a sustained process of industrialization that characterized the process of economic growth of a few successful countries over the period 1970 to 2014. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing countries are balance‐of‐payments constrained. In this context, high‐value agricultural exports can make a greater contribution to structural change than development economists and developing country governments have typically acknowledged. This is thanks to dramatic recent changes in agricultural production, consumption and trade. These transformations are obscured by a simple classification system that has not adapted to changing patterns of global capitalist production. This article examines some recent efforts to rethink the basis of economic classification; it contributes to this emerging literature by proposing a way to think about the distinctions among economic activities that builds directly from the observation of production rather than a method of ex‐post mapping of trade data. A more accurate classification of economic activities would, the authors suggest, help policy officials design more coherent and growth‐enhancing industrial policies in support of accelerated structural change and productivity growth. The article draws on primary fieldwork in Ethiopia in particular, but also on fieldwork in South Africa and on secondary evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The successful industrialization and catch up of countries in the East Asian region gave rise to an important debate concerning the role played by technological learning and knowledge creation. This paper seeks to examine this issue for Indonesia, a second-tier newly industrializing country. It focuses on the relative importance of learning from imported inputs vis-à-vis other factors influencing productivity in manufacturing. The concept of learning is operationalized drawing on the literature on technology spillovers on the one hand, and the literature on catch up à la Abramovitz, on the other. Our results indicate that knowledge spillovers have become significant contributors to labor productivity growth after the liberalization of the Indonesian economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following suggestion was inspired by the draft report of the Secretary-General of UNCTAD on 'Trade Expansion and Economic Integration among Developing Countries', and a paper prepared by Dr. Miguel S. Wionczek for the UN Symposium on Industrial Development in Africa (Cairo, January 1966), entitled 'The Experiences of the Central American Economic Integration Programme as Applied to East Africa. These papers lay considerable stress on the need to ensure that all participating countries share in the potential benefits of integration. But they also stress the need for a gradual approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To destabilize sequentialist, stage-like understandings of global production, this paper examines changing relations of accumulation taking shape in the garment export industry in the Dominican Republic and Haiti. I draw upon a framework called 'the coloniality of power' to consider the reworking of the social and spatial boundaries between hyper-exploited wage work and the people and places cast out from its relations. Through a critical ethnography of a restructuring garment firm and its operations in a trade zone on the Dominican-Haitian border, I argue for attention to how places and labouring bodies are marked differentially as Other. The production of racialized and gendered hierarchies of Otherness creates the conditions for relational and relative North-South divides, constituting uneven and fragmented geographies of production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Governments in developing countries have encouraged private sector investment to meet the growing demand for infrastructure. According to institutional theory, the role of institutions is paramount in private sector development. A longitudinal dataset of 40 developing economies between 1990 and 2000 is used to test empirically how different institutional structures affect private investment in infrastructure, in particular its volume and frequency. The results indicate that property rights and bureaucratic quality play a significant role in promoting private infrastructure investment. Interestingly, they also suggest that countries with higher levels of corruption attract greater private participation in infrastructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lists abstracts of journal articles published in the November 1998 issue of the periodical 'Asian-Pacific Economic Literature.' Learning-by-doing and trade policy in a developing economy; Rise of industrial Asia and its implications for the developing world; Geopolitics, global production and three paths of development in East Asia; Dutch disease and policy adjustments to the oil boom.

This paper looks at the effect of the new international division of labor on urbanization in developing countries. Previous histories, particularly of insertion into the world economy, affect responses to the new order. Also, previous phases in the organization of the world economy, particularly those associated with import-substitution industrialization, have shaped the urban systems and urban social organization of developing countries in particular ways. By comparing the tendencies of the import-substituting period with those of the new international division of labor, contrasts are brought out in the patterns of migration, the shape of the urban system, labor markets, and in urban social organization. The overall change is likely to be an increasing divergence, both within developing countries and between them, in their urban organization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disappointment over the contributions of Third World state apparatuses to industrial transformation and the increasing intellectual dominance of "neoutiliarian" paradigms in the social science has made if fashionable to castigate the Third World state as "predatory "and "rent seeking." This paper argues for a more differentiated view, one that connects differences in performance to differences in state structure. The "incoherent absolutist dominationt' of the "klepto-patrimonial" Zairian state are contrasted to the "embedded autonomy" of the East Asian developmental state, Then the internal structure and external ties of an intermediate state - Brazil - are analyzed in relation to both polar types. The comparative evidence suggests that the efficacy of the developmental state depends on a meritocratic bureaucracy with a strong sense of corporate identity and a dense set of Institutionalized links to private elites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Policy-makers and researchers are recognising increasingly the critical role of technological change in economic development. This paper attempts to present the findings of research carried out among 58 firms in the textile industry and 43 in the electronics industry in the Islamic Republic of Iran in mid-1994. The research findings indicate that research and development are important elements for the dynamic process of incremental technological change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Motivation: While economic growth is usually necessary to reduce poverty, it is often not sufficient. Industrialization, especially manufacturing, tends to create jobs that are more productive than in other sectors, and which pay more, thereby reducing poverty. Structure of production therefore matters as well as growth of production. Purpose: How much does industrialization mediate the relation of economic growth to poverty reduction? Methods and approach: We deploy Causal Mediation Analysis, with industrialization as the mediator. The mechanism decomposes the impact of economic growth into direct effects on poverty, and those that apply indirectly through the mediator of industry. Data comes from the Groningen Growth and Development Centre and UNU‐WIDER Economic Transformation Database (ETD) which covers 51 countries in the global South from 1990 to 2018. Findings: Economic growth directly reduces poverty, but the full impact arises from the mediating role of industrialization. Almost 50% of the impact on poverty occurs through employment in manufacturing. Policy implications: Social policies to reduce poverty will be incomplete if the production structure of economy is disregarded. Economic policy must consider the importance of industrial economic activities to amplify the impact of economic progress. On the contrary, policies promoting economic growth without creating industrial jobs will fail to offer accurate solutions to the poverty problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Avoiding dangerous climate changes requires emission reductions in not only industrialized but also developing countries. This opinion piece argues that even if the 'full incremental costs' of abatement in developing countries would be covered by industrialized countries, the former's development prospects could be hampered by climate change mitigation due to the following reasons. First, financial inflows have the potential to induce a 'climate finance curse' similar to adverse effects related to natural resource exports. Second, increased use of more expensive low-carbon energy sources could delay structural change and the build-up of physical infrastructure. Third, higher energy prices could have negative effects on poverty and inequality. We conclude that these considerations should not be seen as an indication that one should abstain from emission reductions in developing countries. However, until developing countries' most severe concerns can be appropriately addressed, attention should be focused on measures that promote human well-being while saving emissions. WIREs Clim Change 2014, 5:161-168. doi: 10.1002/wcc.260 Conflict of interest: The authors have declared no conflicts of interest for this article. For further resources related to this article, please visit the . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In many developing countries, the apparel industry is seen as a 'stepping stone' towards industrialisation. Countries rely on foreign investment to enter the garment sector by engaging in simple assembly production and aim to gradually upgrade along the value chain by building their networks and capabilities. By comparing case studies in Africa and Asia, this article shows that foreign investors contribute differently to upgrading and creating linkages. The study reviews the historical experiences of Bangladesh, Cambodia, Lesotho and Madagascar to understand the roles played by various types of foreign investors in contributing to upgrading. The model of production of these investors and their embeddedness in the host countries' markets shape their contribution towards upgrading. This has important policy implications, suggesting that government policies aiming to develop the garment sector beyond the assembly stage need to correctly identify and attract the investors that are most likely to be or become 'embedded'. The case studies also highlight the importance of creating a domestic class of entrepreneurs that can actively contribute to the development of the garment industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Negotiations on industrial tariffs in the current WTO work programme have turned out to be surprisingly difficult. On the one hand, developing countries, particularly in Africa, are concerned about the potential negative effect on their industrial development of developed country efforts to push them into deep cuts in applied tariffs: after the disillusion of the Uruguay Round, promises of welfare gains seem unconvincing. On the other hand, a number of the more complex formula proposals for tariff-cutting make it difficult for participants to evaluate what they have to do compared with what they hope to receive. The developing countries may achieve greater exports and welfare gains from the more ambitious proposals, but computations show that these also imply greater imports, lower tariff revenues, some labour market adjustments and reduced output in some politically sensitive sectors. Some way of assisting the developing countries in coping with these adjustments is required to take advantage of the opportunities presented by the negotiations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The idea that international trade is the engine of economic growth goes back to the times of Adam Smith. However, its popularity subsided around the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s in favour of 20th century protectionist theories, especially in developing countries where Import Substitution Industrialisation (ISI) strategies were implemented. Persistent, independent academic research during the reign of the protectionist paradigm rejuvenated support for more open and outwards-oriented trade. Gradually, in the 1980s, protectionist theory yielded its hold on economic advisors and politicians. Behind this change of paradigm was the widespread debt crisis in 1982 among ISI followers, and the collapse of communism in central and Eastern Europe.

AMSDEN'S THEORY OF THE STATE IN LATE INDUSTRIALIZATION The most succinct statement of Amsden's "theory of government intervention in late industrialization" is her 1992 article so titled. Far from conveying an idealized vision of the Taiwanese state, Amsden portrays the Nationalist regime as starting out in Taiwan with essentially the same characteristics that led to its earlier failure on the mainland. In setting out her theory of late industrialization, Amsden refers repeatedly to the centrality of income distribution: '[o]ne characteristic stands out above all others - I the distribution of income i .... A relatively equal distribution of income empowers the state to discipline business.... The more equal the distribution of income economywide the higher the quality of government intervention' (Amsden, 1992: 73). Amsden could have gone on to write a major book on Taiwan that would have become a classic, but she had made the case for the centrality of the state in Taiwan's developmental success. [Extracted from the article]

In this paper, the three-commodity model of Gruen and Corden is used to examine the effects of import restriction policies designed to promote industrial development. It is shown that under circumstances which might reasonably be expected to exist in developing economies such policies will likely appear successful in the short run, but may fail in the long run, if the import-competing sector's expansion is largely achieved by the diversion of resources form an infant manufacturing sector producing exportables. An export subsidy is the more appropriate policy under these circumstances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the paper "Government Intervention in Less Developed Countries: The Experience of Multinational Companies," by Thomas A. Poynter that was published in the Spring/Summer 1982 issue of the periodical "Journal of International Business Studies." Poynter's study explores the variables which may account for the differences in the government intervention experiences of MNCs within the same nation and even within the same industry. He covers the full range of intervention from expropriation to the many forms of bureaucratic action that may affect an MNC. The research included 104 subsidiaries in four quite different LDCs: Indonesia, Kenya, Tanzania and Zambia. Questionnaires were sent to all of the firms and they were followed up by interviewing in three of the countries. The companies were asked to rate the intervention-linked change in the subsidiary in the period from 1970 to 1975 on a 1 to 6 scale. A second approach asked for a comparative assessment of the subsidiary's experience in relation to that of all other foreign firms in the nation. The results showed a wide variation in experience. In each country some subsidiaries had experienced no intervention while a majority faced at least some.

High pollution persists in many developing countries despite strict environmental rules. We use a field experiment and a structural model to study how plant emission standards are enforced. In collaboration with an Indian environmental regulator, we experimentally doubled the rate of inspection for treatment plants and required that the extra inspections be assigned randomly. We find that treatment plants only slightly increased compliance. We hypothesize that this weak effect is due to poor targeting, since the random inspections in the treatment found fewer extreme violators than the regulator's own discretionary inspections. To unbundle the roles of extra inspections and the removal of discretion over what plants to target, we set out a model of environmental regulation where the regulator targets inspections, based on a signal of pollution, to maximize plant abatement. Using the experiment to identify key parameters of the model, we find that the regulator aggressively targets its discretionary inspections, to the degree that half of the plants receive fewer than one inspection per year, while plants expected to be the dirtiest may receive ten. Counterfactual simulations show that discretion in targeting helps enforcement: inspections that the regulator assigns cause three times more abatement than would the same number of randomly assigned inspections. Nonetheless, we find that the regulator's information on plant pollution is poor, and improvements in monitoring would reduce emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Farm households in developing countries generally allocate a major portion of their resources to staple food production, mainly for self-consumption. Hence, many of them are more or less delinked from the market. It is well recognized, however, that market participation is crucial for farm households to ensure a flow of cash income, leading to poverty alleviation and improved livelihoods. Thus, it is meaningful to understand what factors affect farm households' decision to sell food crops, which is important for strengthening their linkages with markets. The empirical literature on impacts of market linkages has seldom focused on the determinants of market participation. Using rice farm households in Bangladesh and applying a double-hurdle model, this article demonstrates that the provision of general education and the development of agricultural infrastructure such as irrigation facilities can strengthen the market linkages of farm households by enhancing their marketable surplus through increased production. By contrast, rainfall beyond the optimum level, drought spells, and flood incidences can weaken market linkages by reducing their marketable surplus through decreased production. Specific policies such as investment in general education are drawn up based on the findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What is the private sector response to climate change in the Global South? And what has motivated action? The Carbon Disclosure Project and Clean Development Mechanism registries offer some systematic data in response to the first question. Despite limitations to both data sources, they show that private sector action on climate change clusters in China, India, Brazil and other large industrializing countries. Four drivers-physical, regulatory, market, and reputational-offer answers to the second question. In the more developed countries of the Global South, corporate action is driven primarily by the prospect of domestic climate regulation-some large developing countries have pledged greenhouse gas emissions reductions by 2020-and by the market opportunities created by the Clean Development Mechanism. In the less developed countries, barriers related to weak regulatory environments, low levels of industrialization and growth, restricted access to capital, and limited technical capacity intersect to limit private-sector action on climate change. Looking to the future, the lack of depth and breadth in the push for corporate action on climate change in the Global South suggests reasons for concern. WIREs Clim Change 2013, 4:479-496. doi: 10.1002/wcc.240 Conflict of interest: The authors have declared no conflicts of interest for this article. For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the twentieth century, Latin American militaries developed economic industries, organised businesses, and provided security and development assistance in lieu of the state. Despite shifts to democracy and the market, the military remains an economic actor in many countries in the region. This article seeks to open debate and suggest ways to approach the subject theoretically. It examines the concept of military entrepreneurs and scholarship on the topic, and then suggests how three approaches from the domain of comparative politics - rational, structural and cultural - can be useful to develop theoretical frameworks for studying the military's role in the economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article has two goals: (i) to reduce the 7-fold productivity differential required to explain the observed 33-fold income difference between the richest and poorest countries of the world; and (ii) to explain cross-country differences in the capital-output ratio. To achieve the first goal we modify the production function of the standard neoclassical growth model to include public capital whose provision is subject to intermediation costs. For the second goal we distort private investment by introducing credit frictions. The model, quantified using cross-country data, generates an income gap of 33 with productivity differences of only 3 under the measured variations in public and private capital. The required productivity gap declines even further, to 2.1, when we introduce a home-production sector. On the second goal, however, credit frictions do a poor job of explaining cross-country variations in the capital-output ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines Australian and global energy markets under a reference case and assuming that there will be no substantial policy changes. Energy consumption, fuel mix and greenhouse gas emissions impacts of different international climate policies are assessed and compared to the reference case. Energy consumption is projected to grow significantly due to expansions in economic activity and increases in demand for services such as electricity, manufactured goods and transportation. Because of their abundance and relative low cost, fossil fuels are projected to continue to be the dominant source of energy. Population growth will be a significant factor in determining energy consumption both because of its impact on demand and its relationship to economic growth and development.

This article carries out agricultural production function estimations, based on data for the period 1995–2000 on 81 countries, to present empirical evidence on the relationship between the adoption of information and communication technology (ICT) and agricultural productivity. It is found that new ICT has a significantly positive impact on agricultural productivity. The evidence suggests that the adoption of modern industrial inputs in agricultural production relies on the information and communication infrastructure. However, the empirical evidence from this study also suggests that new ICT could be a factor for the divergence between countries in terms of overall agricultural productivity. Not only do we find that the ICT adoption levels of the richer countries are much higher than those of the poorer countries, but also that returns from ICT in agricultural production of the richer countries are about two times higher than those of the poorer countries. A plausible explanation for the poorer countries' relatively low productivity elasticity of ICT is the lack of important complementary factors, such as a substantial base of human capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the role of clusters in promoting industrial development has been increasingly recognized in the literature, the locational choice of industrial clusters and the underlying factors affecting such a choice have seldom been analyzed, particularly in the context of industrial development in developing countries. In this article, the authors hypothesize that industrial clusters tend to be formed in suburban areas, where the division of labor among enterprises producing diverse products is intense. They obtained supportive evidence through regression analyses of changes in employment and value-added ratio using township-level census data of selected industries in Taiwan from 1976 to 1996. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This article reports that one major influence on science education identified by students in developing countries is their feeling that school science is like a foreign culture to them. Their feeling stems from fundamental differences between the culture of Western science and their indigenous cultures. Interestingly, many students in industrialized countries share this feeling of foreignness as well. Cultural clashes between students' life-worlds and the world of Western science challenge science educators who embrace science for all, and the clashes define an emerging priority for the 21st century: to develop culturally sensitive curricula and teaching methods that reduce the foreignness felt by students. Cultural clashes can happen to anyone, as illustrated by the following vignette. Canadian astrophysicist Hubert Reeves grew up in a family that revered natural beauty in a romantic, almost mystical way. At the same time, his intense curiosity about the natural world predisposed him to an interest in science. Reeves describes himself as having a heart of a poet and a mind of a scientist. He reflected upon a profound experience when he was 18 years old that changed the way he looked at science.

Established theories of welfare and industrialization have been abstracted from the historical experience of the Western countries and no attempt has been made to assess their empirical validity with reference to the newly industrializing countries (NICs) of the Third World. Reviewing the industrial development and social services of Hong Kong, Korea, Singapore and Taiwan (the four little tigers) it is argued that social policy development in these countries cannot be attributed to the effects of the conditions of industrialization in which political elite respond proactively to the demands of industrial change. Instead, social policy in the Asian NICs is largely incremental in character and the consequence of a variety of causal events which are not accounted for by established theories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analyzes the effects of industrialization on basic needs satisfaction and the Lima target, a 25 percent of world industrial output for developing countries by the year 2000. Examination of how basic needs satisfaction can lead to faster industrialization; Importance of national and international structural reforms to basic needs satisfaction and industrialization.

Discusses the impact of international subcontracting on the industrialization of a less developed country. Status of international subcontracting in some Third World countries; Factors contributing to employment in developing countries.

The article presents an empirical analysis of two questions relevant to the research and development of the contemporary newly industrializing countries (NIC), focusing on India. The first question pertains to the aim of self-reliance in technology. The second, and related, question is whether the expenditures on adaptive research and development are likely to differ between certain types of enterprises, large and small, indigenous and foreign-owned, private and public. The article also considers the notion of self-reliance in technology.

Focuses on industrial transformation in South Korea. Strategic choice for global competition; Problems of industrial transformation in developing countries; Development of the electronics industry in the country; Government policies directed at industrial transformation.

The article focuses on the industrialization in the GCC region, which is led by demand. The author noted that the industrial progress, which owes its start to the traditional path of industrialization through import path of industrialization through import substitution, is gradually giving its way to a new pattern through export expansion as the import-substitution process matured and started to reach its feasible limits. He found that the shift has occurred in both the oil sector as evidence by the market diversification and expansion in the downstream activities in such nontraditional activities. Moreover, a list of contributing developments is presented.

The article discusses the role of organized labor in economic development in Africa. The following interpretations are analyzed: the interpretation of the Inter-University Study of Labor Problems in Economic Development; the political unionism viewpoint; and the interpretation of those who believe that the role of labor is to contribute to rapid economic growth. The author points that the role of organized labor to regulate conflict has been weakened in the developing areas. Thus, labor's contribution to industrialization and economic development remains an elusive one.

This article refers to some policy considerations arising from actual mechanisms of technology purchase by developing countries within or outside the framework of direct foreign investment. Given the complexity and extent of the subject matter we will not deal with issues related to the selection of appropriate technologies nor with the existence of domestic scientific and technological activities which are complemented or substituted by know-how flows from abroad. Furthermore, we will not deal with broader issues referring to the re-enforcing interrelationship between income distribution, consumption structures and technology utilization. Rather, we will limit ourselves to the evaluation of the process by which production know-how becomes a negotiable unit which is traded among transnational enterprises and developing countries. Thus, a reference has been made to the market within which technology is being commercialized. In the latter part of the article parallel conclusions are drawn between the experience of developing countries on concession agreements in extractive industries in the first part of this century and their negotiations in technology licensing agreements in the 1960s. The empirical evidence provided comes from research undertaken in the Andean Pact countries.

Urbanization requires organization. Rapid urbanization without planning results in chaos. Industrialization and population explosion are two major factors resulting in rapid and uncontrolled rate of urban growth. In coming decades, the projected rate of urbanization especially in developing countries is of such a magnitude that unless major effort and collaboration are made to study and tackle this problem, the eventual extent of added human misery will be difficult to measure. To meet the challenge of the impending urban crisis, urgent effort will have to be made to establish basic planning criteria especially in developing countries. Whether these planning criteria can be universally applicable, will have to be carefully examined. Governments will need to be more aware of urban problems and take appropriate action for implementation. Multidisciplinary approach will be essential in the attempt to achieve suitable and acceptable solutions for a planned urban environment. International initiative and co-operation will be required to activate research programmes and to provide for more effective utilization of the limited expert knowledge available. Public participation in the planning process must be encouraged. With great effort and sufficient goodwill, it may just be possible to meet the challenge of the impending urban crisis in coming decades.

Levels of economic development are characterized by differences in kind and complexity of economic organizations and productive units. Even similar basic needs are nut in varying ways, according to the available resources. Class stratification and socio-psychological action patterns form strategic variables linked to development levels. Underdeveloped countries typically display sharp social polarities, steep ranking, low mobility, a disregard for economic performance as status-conferring. Ascription-achievement and diffusion-specificity are key dichotomies. The effect of specificity on productivity reflects back on stratification, while achievement-orientation makes individual mobility across groups possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the branches of economic theory and development economics. The proliferation and sub-division of development economics is most dramatically shown by the many periodicals which devote themselves entirely to some particular aspect of the subject, such as development finance, development agriculture and so on. Such an economist should try to acquire a good working knowledge at least, of the broad economic dimensions and the basic features of the situation, in a wide range of underdeveloped countries. His aim should be to try to apply the existing economic theory in a more realistic and fruitful way to suit the varying conditions of the different types of underdeveloped country. An equally important part of his job would be to try to prevent serious misapplications of economic theory, whether of the orthodox type or the newer modern theories, to the underdeveloped countries. The alternative view which pervades thinking at present is that the advanced countries should take the responsibility of guaranteeing a politically-acceptable target rate of economic growth for all underdeveloped countries and, if this cannot be achieved by the latter countries' own efforts, the advanced countries should be prepared not only to increase the total volume of aid but also to increase the planning and supervision of the use of this aid so that the peoples of underdeveloped countries may enjoy economic development in spite of themselves. Obviously the underdeveloped countries cannot insist on freedom to use aid in any way they like and at the same time insist that the advanced countries guarantee a minimum target rate of economic growth for them all. Ultimately they will have to choose the one or the other.