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Monitoring antipsychotic drugs in biological fluids, such as human serum and urine, is important for ensuring the safety and efficacy of psychiatric treatments. This process helps maintain therapeutic drug levels, minimize side effects, and optimize patient well-being. Chlorpromazine (CZ) is a widely prescribed antipsychotic drug used for conditions like schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and acute psychosis. Almost all existing sensing techniques for CZ are either insensitive spectrophotometric methods or involve long and complex chromatographic procedures, limiting their routine use. In this work, we introduce a facile, green, and sensitive fluorimetric strategy with high reproducibility for detecting CZ in its pure form, tablet formulation, and spiked human plasma and urine without the need for derivatization reactions. The proposed method relies on the inhibition of the intramolecular photoinduced electron transfer (PET) effect by using 2.0 M acetic acid. This approach enables the linear detection of CZ from 3.0 to 600 ng/mL with remarkably low quantitation and detection limits of 1.51 and 0.49 ng/mL, respectively. Moreover, the developed method's greenness was evaluated., (© 2024 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Mizolastine is an antihistamine drug that is commonly used for treatment of chronic urticaria and allergic rhinitis. In this study, a facile, rapid, and sustainable fluorimetric method was established for the estimation of mizolastine in pharmaceutical and biological matrices for the first time. The approach methodology relied on the direct assessment of mizolastine's intrinsic fluorescence at 313 nm after excitation at 272 nm. This intrinsic fluorescence, stemming from the benzimidazole fluorophore moiety in mizolastine structure, serves as a distinctive marker for its precise quantification in the spiked human plasma and pharmaceutical formulations with high %recovery. The method exhibits reasonable sensitivity with lower limits of detection and quantification of 5.4 and 16.6 ng mL -1 , respectively, across a concentration range of 25.0-2000.0 and 50-1000 ng mL -1 for the standard mizolastine analysis and mizolastine assay in the plasma sample, respectively. Moreover, the established method was applied to assess tablet content uniformity and mizolastine assay in plasma samples with high recoveries (98.50%-100.20%). Such applications underscore the method's potential applicability within quality control laboratories, preventing the need for sample preparation or laborious extraction steps. Finally, the method's sustainability and practicality were confirmed by applying different greenness and whiteness metrics, yielding excellent results., (© 2024 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Olopatadine (OLP) is widely utilized as an effective antihistaminic drug for alleviating ocular itching associated with allergic conjunctivitis. With its frequent usage in pharmacies, there arises a pressing need for a cost-effective, easily implementable, environmentally sustainable detection method with high sensitivity. This study presents a novel signal-on fluorimetric method for detecting OLP in both its pure form and aqueous humor. The proposed approach depends on enhancing the weak intrinsic fluorescence emission of OLP, achieving a remarkable increase of up to 680% compared to its intrinsic fluorescence. This enhancement is achieved by forming micelles around protonated OLP using an acetate buffer (pH 3.6) and incorporating a solution of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) surfactant. A strong correlation (R = 0.9996) is observed between the concentration of OLP and fluorescence intensities ranging from 1.0 to 100.0 ng mL -1 with a limit of detection of 0.22 ng mL -1 . This described method is successfully employed for quantifying OLP in both its powder form and pharmaceutical eye drops. Furthermore, it demonstrates robust performance in determining OLP in artificial aqueous humor with a percentage recovery of 99.05 ± 1.51, with minimal interference from matrix interferents. Moreover, the greenness of the described method was evaluated., (© 2024 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

A new fluorimetric procedure is described for analysis of milnacipran in its bulk, tablet dosage forms, as well as in biological human samples such as plasma and urine. The suggested method relies on the construction of a derivative with strong fluorescence called dihydropyridine derivative. This derivative resulted from the interaction of the primary amino group in the studied drug and acetylacetone/formaldehyde in McIlvaine buffer (pH 5). The fluorescent dihydropyridine derivative was measured at 470 nm. Influences of experimental variables namely pH, reagent concentration and temperature were examined and optimized. The calibration curve showed linearity over the range of 0.15-1.25 μg ml -1 of milnacipran with an R 2 value of 0.9998. The detection limit was 0.02 μg ml -1 and the determination limit was 0.07 μg ml -1 . The developed procedure was successfully used in the assay of the studied drug in Avermilan® tablets with excellent selectivity. In addition, the reaction was applied to estimate the drug in spiked human plasma and urine with mean percentage recoveries of 100.04 ± 1.61 and 99.78 ± 0.81% for urine and plasma, respectively., (© 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)

One of the most commonly used drugs in treatment of schizophrenia is flupentixol dihydrochloride, therefore it is important to develop a simple, low cost and sensitive spectrofluorimetric method for the estimation of flupentixol dihydrochloride. The yellow fluorescent product that is generated from the nucleophilic substitution reaction of the free lone pair of the alcoholic hydroxyl group of the drug and 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan (NBD-Cl) in Mcllvaine buffer pH 7.0 was estimated at 510 nm (λ ex 460 nm). The variables that affect the development of the reaction product were explored and optimized. The linear range of this method was 0.5-2.5 μg ml -1 with a limit of quantitation equal to 0.29 μg ml -1 . Our method was successfully applied for the assurance of flupentixol in tablet form with average percentage recovery of 99.08 ± 1.01% without obstruction from the basic excipients exhibits. Furthermore, our strategy was extended to study the content uniformity testing of flupentixol in Fluaxnol ® tablets., (Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)