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Mindfulness is a two-component skill that includes mindful awareness (attentional monitoring of present moment experience) and mindful acceptance (adopting an attitude of acceptance toward this experience). Although mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) are efficacious for many conditions, there is a lack of research on MBIs for eating disorders (EDs). We propose that MBIs may be promising for EDs given their potential to mobilize not one, but multiple associative-learning change mechanisms in EDs-defined as adaptive processes of change involving one of two forms of associative-learning: Pavlovian and operant learning. We hypothesize how MBIs-via increasing either mindful awareness or mindful acceptance-may mobilize up to eight associative-learning change mechanisms, two involving Pavlovian learning, and six involving operant learning. We also elaborate on similarities and differences between MBIs and CBT approaches for EDs, as well as opportunities for synergy. Finally, we present recommendations for future research related to the development and evaluation of novel MBI interventions for EDs and the testing of mechanisms and patient-treatment matching hypotheses.

Disruptions in the medication supply chain and consequent drug product shortages, including shortages of parenteral products used for parenteral nutrition (PN) compounding, have become an increasingly common occurrence. The amino acid solution shortage that resulted from the devastating impact of Hurricanes Maria and Irma on manufacturing facilities in Puerto Rico in 2017 necessitated a rapid, coordinated shift from use of compounded PN to commercial multichamber-bag PN (MCB-PN) at our hospitals. We describe our experience operationalizing this intervention via a framework that may be adapted for addressing other drug product shortages to promote rapid yet safe use of therapeutic alternatives.

Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations.

Stakeholder values are promoted as a guiding principle for executives, but researchers know very little about how the utilization of stakeholder values by executives actually impacts the firms they lead. In this study, we propose that a positive relationship exists between executive stakeholder values and work process change in organizations. We further hypothesize that the congruence of CEO and top management team (TMT) members’ stakeholder values is positively related to this type of organizational change. Results of the analysis confirm that CEO stakeholder values are related to changes in work processes, but not changes to the formal firm structure involving acquisitions or divestitures. Additionally, we find that congruence between CEO and TMT stakeholder values is associated with changes to work processes, and that these changes tend to occur more when CEO and TMT stakeholder values are aligned at higher levels, compared to lower levels of such values.

The goal of this article is to understand which combinations of explanatory conditions account for the qualitative differences within forms of democratic breakdown (i.e., transition from democracy to a hybrid or authoritarian regime) and democratic regression (i.e., transition within democracy through a loss of democratic quality). The analysis focuses particularly on the specific features of those processes of change ending up with a transition from democratic rule, compared to those producing a simple loss of democratic quality within the democratic regime. Applying two-step fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA), the study aims to integrate different types of explanatory factors, offering a fresh and comprehensive perspective on this phenomenon.

While there is a plethora of evidence for the efficacy of cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) in obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), studies on change factors of the therapeutic process that account for this success are scarce. In the present study, 155 participants with primary OCD were investigated during CBT inpatient treatment. The Yale–Brown Obsessive–Compulsive Scale-SR served as a measure of symptom severity. In addition, the following process change factors were measured: therapeutic relationship, experience of self-esteem during therapy, experience of mastery, problem actualization and clarification. All variables were assessed on a weekly basis for seven weeks. Linear mixed growth curve analyses were conducted to model the decrease of symptoms over time and to analyse whether the change factors predicted symptom reduction. The analyses revealed a linear decrease of symptoms with high inter-individual variation. Results further showed that increase in self-esteem and mastery experiences as well as the initial score on mastery experience and clarification predicted decrease on the Y-BOCS. We conclude that CBT therapists should focus on clarification in the very first sessions, and try to boost self-esteem and self-efficacy, which is related to mastery, throughout the treatment of OCD. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Key Practitioner Message Increase in mastery and self-esteem experiences are associated with symptom decrease in obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) during cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT). Initial score of mastery experiences and problem clarification predict symptom decrease in OCD during CBT. CBT therapists should focus on problem clarification in the very first sessions and try to boost self-esteem and self-efficacy throughout the treatment of OCD.

This study intends to clarify how Eva [a good-outcome case] developed a more differentiated and integrated sense of herself and her experience, and how the therapist facilitated this developmental process. It aims to deepen our understanding of the processes of change throughout the therapeutic process by analysing a longitudinal case study integrating a phase-by-phase map—the sequential phases of the Paradigmatic Complementarity Metamodel [PCM]—with a moment-by-moment tracking method—the Developmental Analysis of Psychotherapy Process [DAPP] Method. A team of three researchers analysed the sessions from the first year of therapy, identified phase transitions and consolidations, and discussed what in the process appears to have fostered them. The results suggest that Eva evolved in accordance with the sequence of phases proposed by the PCM, which we illustrate and explain with therapeutic interactions representative of Eva's development within the evolving therapeutic process. This case study is one of a series intended to contribute to the optimization of clinical decision making by identifying markers of phase progression and assessing the usefulness of the therapeutic interventions offered. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Key Practitioner Message Integrating moment-by-moment and phase-by-phase guiding maps facilitates the understanding of therapeutic processes. Therapists' attunement and responsiveness to patients' assimilation capacities supports therapeutic progress. Being aware of both phase-by-phase and moment-by-moment movements in psychotherapy helps lead to better clinical decisions.

OBJECTIVE The objective was to evaluate the effect of an emergency clinician-initiated "ED admission holding order set" on emergency department (ED) treatment times and length of stay (LOS). We further describe the impact of a performance improvement strategy with sequential plan-do-study-act (PDSA) cycles used to influence the primary outcome measures, ED LOS, and disposition decision to patient gone (DDTPG) time, for admitted patients. METHODS We developed and implemented an expedited, emergency physician-facilitated admission protocol that bypassed typical inpatient workflows requiring inpatient evaluations prior to the placement of admission orders. During the 48-month study period, ED flow metrics generated during the care of 27,580 admissions from the 24-month period prior to the intervention were compared to the 29,978 admissions that occurred during the 24-month period following the intervention. The intervention was the result of an in-depth, five-phase PDSA cycle quality improvement intervention evaluating ED flow, which identified the requirement of bedside inpatient evaluations prior admission order placement as being a "non-value-added" activity. ED output flow metrics evaluating the admission process were tracked for 24 months following the intervention and were compared to the 24 months prior. RESULTS The use of an emergency physician-initiated admission holding order protocol resulted in sustainable reductions in ED LOS when comparing the 2 years prior to the intervention, with median LOS of 410 (interquartile range [IQR] = 295 to 543) and 395 (IQR = 283 to 527) minutes, to the 2 calendar years following the intervention, with the median LOS of 313 (IQR = 21 to 431) and 316 (IQR = 224 to 438) minutes, respectively. This overall reduction in ED LOS of nearly 90 minutes was found to be primarily the result of a decrease in the time from the emergency physician's admitting DDTPG times with median times of 219 (IQR = 150 to 306) and 200 (IQR = 136 to 286) minutes for the 2 years prior to the intervention compared to 89 (IQR = 58 to 138) and 92 (IQR = 60 to 147) minutes for the 2 years following the intervention. It is notable that there was a modest increase in the door to disposition decision of admission times during this same study period with annual medians of 176 (IQR = 112 to 261) and 178 (IQR = 129 to 316) minutes, respectively, for the 2 years prior to 207 (IQR = 129 to 316) and 202 (IQR = 127 to 305) minutes following the intervention. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the use of emergency physician-initiated holding orders can lead to marked reductions in ED LOS for admitted patients. Continued improvement can be demonstrated with an effective performance improvement initiative designed to continuously optimize the process change.

We explore the integration of societal issues in undergraduate training within the life sciences. Skills in thinking about science, scientific knowledge production and the place of science in society are crucial in the context of the idea of responsible research and innovation. This idea became institutionalized and it is currently well-present in the scientific agenda. Developing abilities in this regard seems particularly relevant to training in the life sciences, as new developments in this area somehow evoke the involvement of all of us citizens, our engagement to debate and take part in processes of change. The present analysis draws from the implementation of a curricular unit focused on science-society dialogue, an optional course included in the Biochemistry Degree study plan offered at the University of Porto. This curricular unit was designed to be mostly an exploratory activity for the students, enabling them to undertake in-depth study in areas/topics of their specific interest. Mapping topics from students' final papers provided a means of analysis and became a useful tool in the exploratory collaborative construction of the course. We discuss both the relevance and the opportunity of thinking and questioning the science-society dialogue. As part of undergraduate training, this pedagogical practice was deemed successful. © 2016 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 45(1):46-52, 2017.

A bundled approach to surgical site infection (SSI) prevention strategies includes reducing OR traffic. A nurse-led quality improvement (QI) team sought to reduce OR traffic through education and a process change that included wireless communication technology and policy development. The team measured OR traffic by counting the frequency of door openings per hour in seven surgical suites during 305 surgical procedures conducted during similar 22-week periods before and after the QI project intervention. Door openings decreased significantly (P < 0.05) from an average of 37.8 per hour to 32.8 per hour after the QI project intervention. This suggests that our multifaceted approach reduces OR traffic. The next steps of this project include analyzing automatically captured video to understand OR traffic patterns and expanding education to departments and external personnel frequently present in our surgical suites. Future research evaluating the effectiveness of this OR traffic initiative on SSI incidence is recommended.

Based on the transtheoretical model, this study aimed to examine if the variability of physical activity (PA) level between subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2D) exposed to the same exercise intervention could be explained by the number and type of processes of change (POC) used. Twenty-eight patients completed measures of POC and PA level at baseline and 3 months later at the issue of the intervention. The results suggested that patients, who increased their PA level after 3 months, raised their number of POC activated and used both types of POC contrary to participants whose PA level decreased. These preliminary results help to further understand the psychological processes involved in the variability of responses to an intervention among T2D patients.

The implications of migrants' transnational engagements for processes of change and development in the regions of origin are attracting increased attention from both policymakers and academics. Rather than addressing the positive effects of migration and transnationality on local development, this special issue suggests a focus on the relationship between this phenomenon and broader societal transformation, thereby acknowledging the renewed importance of place and locality. To this end, this introduction provides an overview of the current debate on transnational dynamics in relation to societal transformation, local development, and inequality. Central to our analysis is the way in which migrants' transnationality engages with the hierarchies that exist between and within localities, and how this reproduces social inequalities. This introduction thus also reflects the key themes that are addressed in the five papers that make up this special issue on transnational dynamics, transformation, and locality.

This article examines the collective language shift from Swedish to Ukrainian in the Swedish-ethnic community of Gammalsvenskby, Ukraine. The Gammalsvenskby language shift is used to argue that language shift is such a complex social practice that it cannot be satisfactorily explained by the use of preconceived, deductive analytical frameworks. The argument is probed through a study of selected themes in the life story interviews of 16 last-generation Swedish-speakers, making use of the framework of nexus analysis. The study shows that the different kinds of discourses involved in the Gammalsvenskby language shift have resulted in a complex network of interrelated processes of change on various levels. These processes are so intertwined and have had such different scalar effects, that they cannot be simply grouped as factors which are classed as either micro or macro. I artikeln studeras det kollektiva sprakbytet fran svenska till ukrainska i den svensketniska gruppen i Gammalsvenskby (Ukraina) for att visa att sprakbyte ar en sa komplex social praktik att pa forhand uppstallda deduktiva analysmatriser inte kan forklara den pa ett tillfredsstallande satt. Detta argument utforskas med nexusanalys som referensram genom en studie av nagra utvalda teman i levnadsberattelser av 16 personer ur den sista svensktalande generationen. Studien visar att de olika slags diskurser som var inblandade i sprakbytet i Gammalsvenskby resulterade i ett komplext nat av sammanlankade forandringsprocesser pa olika nivaer. Dessa processer var sa sammanflatade och hade sa olika skalara effekter, att det inte forefaller meningsfullt att gruppera dem som faktorer som kan hanforas till separata mikro- och makronivaer. [Swedish]

Purpose This study explores the processes of change during treatment among male forensic inpatients with primary diagnoses of personality disorder. Method Fifty patients in a high secure personality disorder treatment service completed a checklist about how they had changed during treatment and the factors that had caused that change. Results The results support a limited reparenting attachment-based model of therapeutic change. Self-reported levels of change were highly correlated with measures of patient functioning, though significant levels of change did not occur until the later stages of treatment. Conclusions The behaviour of therapists was particularly important throughout treatment, though participants in the final stage of therapy reported that the behaviour of other staff was as important as that of therapists, suggesting that, by this stage of treatment they are able to extend their range of supportive and therapeutic relationships.

Studies of Anglo-Norman material culture, and pottery in particular, have struggled to see how processes of change are reflected in the material record. In this paper I propose a new approach to the analysis of this material. By reconstructing how people interacted with objects, we can see how the agency to create Anglo-Norman England was distributed through interactions between people and their surroundings. Furthermore, rather than being reflected in such interactions, continuity and change flowed through engagements with objects, generating unique meanings and experiences. This approach therefore challenges the existing ontology that underlies our understanding of the period and its political developments and ethnic identities.

The old aid architecture is being replaced by a more complex and diverse landscape of development cooperation in which there are new actors, new approaches and attempts to create an overarching architecture which, by embracing all, is expected to be more developmentally effective. The papers in this special issue address different aspects of the new landscape. This paper provides an overview of the landscape and summarizes the findings of the papers. It argues that they show that the new development cooperation landscape is characterized by both vibrant dynamism and systemic inertia and that to achieve progress in development cooperation, more support needs to be given to bottom–up processes of change which can generate effective development outcomes. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Today’s competitive and research realities are changing. That is, the easy questions have been answered and the easy research has been done. We therefore need to reevaluate our approach to research so that we can help decision makers resolve tomorrow’s challenges. Specifically, to provide nuanced insight, we need to begin to employ multimethod, metaparadigmatic, and longitudinal research more robustly. Of course, given the inherent cost—both time and money—associated with such research, we may need to seek more collaborative research opportunities and reconsider how research contribution is measured. These efforts will help us stay relevant and move the needle forward in an age where decision makers need greater understanding to create value and achieve differential performance.

Adaptation and resilience are two concepts originally developed in dissimilar problem contexts but which are of significant importance for our ability to respond to a changing climate. While both concepts encompass processes of change they differ in several important areas. This article discusses the relationship between the two concepts and highlights three issues concerned with our ability to respond to and manage change. First, although adaptation responses can help to build resilience, they just as easily can undermine resilience. Second, the magnitude of change may be outside our abilities to adapt, and thus it is not always possible to maintain system resilience. Finally, resilience is not a normative concept. The desirability of a resilient system, or community, must be considered in light of social goals and how benefits and risks are distributed. Better appreciation of the relationship between the concepts of adaptation and resilience will provide more effective tools to plan for, and respond to, current and future change. WIREs Clim Change 2011 2 113–120 DOI: 10.1002/wcc.91 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website

This paper provides a graphical approach for presenting results of a statistical test of average equivalence with process data. In addition, a graphical representation of process change in variance is presented. An example from the biopharmaceutical industry is provided to illustrate the information contained in the chart. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

How can the perspectives, insights and interests of young children, under 6 years-old, be given status in processes of change? This paper will examine the contribution participatory and visual methods can make to enabling young children to document their experiences and to facilitate exchange with adults. Examples will be drawn from three research studies in educational settings which have developed a specific research method, the Mosaic approach (Clark and Moss 2001; Clark 2004; Clark 2005) which brings together visual and verbal research tools. This paper will discuss how researching with young children rather than on young children can redraw the boundaries between adults' and children's roles in the research process including the relationship with the research audience.

Aim: To evaluate a pharmacist-initiated e-script transcription service for discharged patients. Method: A sequential prospective study of 2 groups of 40 eligible medical patients recruited from the neurology and respiratory wards. Pre-implementation of the service, baseline data were collected from 40 consecutive medical patients. After the new service was implemented and allowing for a 2 week run-in period, data were collected from a further 40 consecutive medical patients. The outcome indicators were the time taken to discharge patients and the number of prescribing errors. Results: The pharmacist-initiated e-script transcription service was successfully implemented. The discharge process was faster with the time taken from decision to discharge to actual discharge decreased by 34% (p = 0.02). The time spent by dispensing pharmacists in clarifying and amending discharge prescriptions decreased from 9.5 to 1.5 minutes per patient. The time spent by doctors in preparing discharge prescriptions fell from 15 to 2 minutes per patient. There were also fewer prescribing errors – number of errors decreased from 0.83 to 0.1 per patient (p = 0.0005) and from 0.0962 to 0.0137 per item (p = 0.011). Conclusion: Combining a prescribing role with the medication safety elements of electronic prescribing and medication reconciliation has resulted in significant improvements in the quality, accuracy and timeliness of discharge prescriptions. The centralised discharge transcription service is transferable to a wide variety of health settings. The principles of workforce substitution and process change is important as the health system struggles to meet ever increasing demands. J Pharm Pract Res 2009; 39: 39-42.

The purposes of this study were to (a) to describe an 8-month recruitment campaign to enroll African American smokers (N = 249) into a randomized controlled trial and (b) examine characteristics of participants recruited through proactive (face-to-face), reactive (television, radio, or newspaper ads inviting participants), and combination (both reactive and proactive) approaches. Reactive recruitment was most successful (43%), followed by proactive (31%), and combination (26%) recruitment. Compared to proactive recruitment, reactive recruitment was associated with lower nicotine dependence, and greater readiness to quit, processes of change engagement, and acculturation. Combination recruitment was associated with lower nicotine dependence and greater readiness to quit. The differences according to recruitment strategy could be used to tailor recruitment strategies for African American smokers. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 32:86–95, 2009

This paper proposes a course for ethnography in design that problematizes the implied authenticity of “people out there,” and rather favors a performative worldview where people, things and business opportunities are continuously and reciprocally in the making, and where anthropological analysis is only one competence among others relevant for understanding how this making unfolds. In contrast to perpetuating the “real people” discourse that often masks the analytic work of the anthropologist relegating the role of the ethnographer to that of data collector (Nafus and Anderson 2006), this paper advocates a performative ethnography that relocates the inescapable creative aspects of analysis from the anthropologist's solitary working office into a collaborative project space. The authors have explored the use of video clips, descriptions and quotes detached from their “real” context, not to claim how it really is out there, but to subject them to a range of diverse competencies, each with different interests in making sense of them. Hereby the realness of the ethnographic fragments lie as much in their ability to prompt meaningful re-interpretations here-and-now as in how precisely they correspond to the imagined real world out there-and-then. We propose that it is precisely the investment of one self and one's own desires and agendas that lifts an ethnographic field inquiry out of its everydayness and into something of value to further-reaching processes of change and development of attractive alternatives.

Unexpected epidemics, abrupt catastrophic shifts in biophysical systems, and economic crises that cascade across national borders and regions are events that challenge the steering capacity of governance at all political levels. This article seeks to extend the applicability of governance theory by developing hypotheses about how different governance types can be expected to handle processes of change characterized by nonlinear dynamics, threshold effects, cascades, and limited predictability. The first part of the article argues the relevance of a complex adaptive system approach and goes on to review how well governance theory acknowledges the intriguing behavior of complex adaptive systems. In the second part, we develop a typology of governance systems based on their adaptive capacities. Finally, we investigate how combinations of governance systems on different levels buffer or weaken the capacity to govern complex adaptive systems.

Following completion of a practice development (PD) project in a hospital emergency department (ED,) a pluralistic evaluation was undertaken to assess staff perspectives on the impacts of PD on the ED. Individual and focus group interviews were used to gather data, and thematic and integrative analyses of these were undertaken. The overall findings of the evaluation revealed that the participants consistently felt that PD was a valuable undertaking, was useful for engaging in processes of change and offered positive outcomes both for staff and for patients. The research results generate confidence in the methods of pluralistic evaluation to evaluate the impacts of PD. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Background: This article explores the conceptual foundations of the search for mechanisms of change in psychotherapy and behavior change approaches. Method: We examine historical and recent attempts to identify mechanisms and discuss results of research studies that examine the modification of drinking and other behaviors. Finally, we describe potential mechanisms of change and offer direction for the future of research. Results: A series of key questions is addressed. The first critical question is, Where are the appropriate places to look for mechanisms of change in the modification of drinking behavior: person, provider, intervention, or environment? The second questions what we know about change mechanisms from recent research. The third addresses the appropriate methods and designs to isolate and understand these mechanisms. The final question is, How should we proceed to advance our understanding of the critical mechanisms that drive the process of the modifying drinking and recovery from alcoholism? Conclusions: We propose a dynamic, life course and an interactive, multidimensional perspective that focuses on personal mechanisms of change and how they interact with interventions, providers, policies, and other life context factors that facilitate or act as barriers to engaging these mechanisms of change.

Previous research has suggested that intentions to engage in studying and other self-beneficial activities might be promoted more by thinking about actions one could take than by thinking about reasons for doing so. The present experiments assessed whether the relative efficacy of actions vs. reasons might depend on individuals' readiness to change. Consistent with previous findings on the processes of change most relevant in different stages, the benefits of self-generated actions were more pronounced for participants who were in the later stages of change. This “matching-to-stage” relationship occurred in 2 experiments that differed in stage measurement, how thinking was directed, and which outcomes were measured. The results have both practical and theoretical implications for attempts to change self-beneficial behaviors.

This study examined the processes of change in thinking as a means of learning about the professional development of two science teacher educators. A qualitative methodology was used. The main research tool was a semistructured in-depth interview. The primary data analyzed came from two science teacher educators, selected from a broader set of seven. Findings emphasize the importance of questions regarding the knowledge possessed by teacher educators and of the questions regarding the role of science teacher educators. That is, the knowledge of an expert science teacher educator was more than a list of givens; it was personal and context-bound. This study contributes new insight into the processes of teacher educators' professional development and change in their thinking. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 44: 1219–1245, 2007

The old metaphors for business—war, science, the machine—are distancing and constrain an organization's ability to envision possibilities for action. Understanding motivation and behavior in terms of story—character, objective, and conflict—enables leaders to better engage both the minds and hearts of employees and manage change. The authors explain the elements of story and present six guidelines for tapping its power. Applications include connecting employees to the organization's mission; understanding and managing the cultural implications of system and process change; and marshalling the tension inherent in conflicting objectives, such as product performance and environmental stewardship, as a source of energy and innovation. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

This ethnographic study expands educational anthropologists' knowledge of the relationship between higher education and personal and social change in so-called traditional societies. It describes transitions in the status of Druze women in Israel brought about by the first women from the community to obtain higher education, granting new insights into women's struggles for change. The study, conducted between 1998 and 2002, explores unique processes of change compatible with Druze tradition and culture initiated by these “first women,” who served as role models and struggled to pave the way for themselves and other women in the community. The findings challenge research literature that expresses disappointment with the activities and influence of educated Arab women after returning to their society, thus enriching working anthropological theories that concern the dynamics of social change brought about by educated women.

The current programming culture in architecture could all too easily be written off as a youthful, geeky obsession with the algorithmic and the parametric among nascent practitioners, who have had little if any opportunity to build. The activities of Gehry Technologies run counter to this stereotype. Building on 15 years of experience at Gehry and Partners, Gehry Technologies was founded in 2002 as an independent organisation dedicated to the business of technological innovation and the development of architectural software tools. Dennis R Shelden, chief technology officer, discusses the wider implications of a concentrated focus on technological tools and organisational processes for designers and the business of building. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Studies of Europeanization have demonstrated that the impact of European integration differs between Member States and across policies. Although Europeanization research has been expanded and clarified in recent years, we still know relatively little about the factors mediating the national processes of change that thus condition impact. This article examines the impact of European social security integration on national welfare institutions in Denmark and Germany, and it traces the Europeanization process, which may explain the diverging impact of a common input in these two Member States. In order to understand how the same process of integration may cause a diverging impact on national institutions, two sets of mediating factors are examined: firstly, the institutional and de facto exposedness to European integration; and, secondly, the national political, administrative and legal responses to integration. It is argued that these intervening variables are decisive for how common European demands are mediated nationally and are likely to explain impact variations referring to the same cause.

Harold Brookfield's academic career spans more than half a century, traversing small tropical and subtropical islands and mountainous uplands, focusing on people–environment relations and linking to a diversity of institutions and disciplines. His unwavering commitment to fieldwork at the local level and to comparative study is paralleled by a healthy scepticism with respect to academic trends and orthodoxy of any kind, whether intellectual or physical. It is the farmers of the developing world who are the source of much of his inspiration. His theoretical contributions are based essentially on his observations of their practices and his learning from their experiences. His academic insights into the processes of change in rural areas of Melanesia, East and South-East Asia, Africa and South America, where small-scale ecological studies are linked to global forces, are of lasting significance.

Changing a Systems Engineering process culture is difficult. There can be organizational and individual resistance to change that needs to be effectively overcome. As good systems engineering practices call for, at the start of the change activity the process change team needs to look back on the problems faced by similar programs. Most importantly, the team must learn from those ‘lessons observed’ and implement improvements in conducting their activity. Fifteen critical lessons observed about resistance and the mitigations applied are summarized. A highly successful process improvement program was achieved by applying mitigations learned from earlier problems. The lessons apply to changing SE processes in a government and commercial organization. For anyone seeking to change the culture and systems engineering processes, acquisition methods or business methods, these findings are their head start to identifying problems and reducing change activity failures.

People in different regions of the world live under different cultural and religious orders and derive various practical ethics from them. Some of these moral and religious principles are clearly more favorable for economic development than others. Yet such ethnological differences are regrettably absent from our prevailing theories of regional economic development. In this paper, culture is defined as a system of relatively slow processes of change — known as cultural arenas. A complex interface exists between these slower processes and the relatively faster ones (known as games). In attempting to assess the development prospects of any region, a key point to grasp is that this cultural interface may be self-organizing. Its future trajectory will therefore be uncertain. To the extent that the proposed system of slow processes may be construed as a region's cultural base, they may control the nature and achievable pace of that region's development.

Poverty data rarely capture processes of change, limiting our ability to understand poverty trajectories at the individual or household levels. This article uses a household survey, village-level participatory studies and indepth life-history interviews to examine people's poverty trajectories and to identify what drives and maintains chronic poverty. Composite shocks can propel previously non-poor households into severe and long-term poverty. Poverty is hard to escape, and people born into chronically poor households find few opportunities for accumulation and wealth creation. The analysis highlights the importance of poverty interrupters, including the end of conflict and the re-integration of internally displaced people, and suggests that state-led interventions would be needed to provide real opportunities to the chronically poor.

There has been a longstanding interest in human factors and the processes of change in manufacturing organizations. In this article attention is focused on the establishment and contribution of a processual perspective to understanding change. A history of the processual approach is outlined and some of the main defining elements and ongoing developments are appraised. Field data drawn from a study of cellular work arrangements at a mirror manufacturing plant are used to highlight the interlocking and overlapping dynamics between substance, context, and politics. In advocating the benefits of a processual perspective, it is argued that during the uptake of cellular manufacturing there is a mutual shaping between the “technical” and the “social” and in support of this claim, case study data are used to illustrate the complex and ongoing interaction between sociopolitical processes and the substance of change (in this case, the technical reconfiguration into cellular form). It is argued that attempts to distill, separate, identify, and examine discrete elements (such as technology) are misplaced and likely to produce misleading results that undervalue the importance of the contextual and sociopolitical processes that also play a key part as mutual shapers of change. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

This article explores policy applications of ‘new institutional economics’ theory in relation to markets and economic development. It argues for application of an analytical framework which instead of looking at institutions primarily in terms of their contributions to making competitive markets work better, sees such markets as one form of institution fulfilling exchange and co-ordination functions in an economy. A key element in this is recognition of the importance of processes of change in non-standard market arrangements in economic development, and there are strong theoretical, practical and historical grounds for more consistent policy in this area.

This study examined multi-level change processes occurring in the lives of employed mothers in response to work and family incompatibilities. Data were collected from 158 professional women in seven waves of data spanning 13 years. The data were subjected to qualitative analysis following Colaizzi's (1978) method. Seven themes emerged: (a) individual mutabilities, (b) James Baldwin's paradox, (c) time enough (d) coping, (e) incremental change, (f) new occasions teach new duties, and (g) strength from others.

Book reviewed in this article: Education in Transition: international perspectives on the politics and processes of change R. Griffin (Ed) Education in a Globalized World: the connectivity of economic power, technology and knowledge N. Stromquist Citizenship and the Challenge of Global Education A. Osler & K. Vincent

Mediation literature has been devoted to developing strategies to help people resolve differences. But within this prolific body of knowledge, few studies explore the subjective experience that people engage in while trying to bridge differences. This article reports the findings of a study conducted to understand the processes of change from the perspective of those who experienced significant changes following formal mediation. All of the participants had experienced long-term conflict in the workplace. Three to six months after the mediation, the participants were asked to describe how the process has affected their beliefs, values, expectations, and behaviors within the conflicted relationships and to reflect on how they had changed since the mediation. Implications for mediators are included.

This article is concerned with the restructuring of secondary school education in eastern Germany after unification in 1990. It includes a brief overview of the wider changes implemented, and the difficulties involved in those changes, before focusing on the perceptions held by a sample of teachers working in Gesamtschulen in the eastern federal state of Brandenburg. This micro-level analysis examines some of the impacts of the restructuring process on the secondary education system in Brandenburg and highlights the current problems, from the viewpoint of the teachers. The article concludes that the processes of change after unification ignored or neglected to a large extent the expertise and potential contributions of teachers who had gained experience within the GDR education system.

A processual perspective is advocated in this article that develops a mutual shaping account of the relationship between technology and organization; and the case of Dalebake Bakeries is used to illustrate the importance of power and politics in understanding processes of change in the local reconfiguration of new technology at work.

This paper offers a metaphorical analysis of organization change, which argues that our understanding of the problems and processes of change reflects a representation of a fluxing reality, frozen by limiting assumptions. In an attempt to break free from these restrictive assumptions the paper sets out to encourage readers to re-imagine change in a qualitatively different manner—as the essence of organization. Offering a comparative analysis of the contributions, the paper argues that the more conservative contribution offered by the latter offers a more faithful appreciation of the complexities of organization change. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Agricultural systems must be understood as embedded within the total socio-cultural system of which they are a part. Difference in the intensity of those systems is, therefore, but one aspect of difference in the complexity of the total systems. Processes of intensification and innovation that are implicated in change to agricultural systems are, similarly, instances of more general processes of adaptation and transformation which underwrite change in complex systems. These considerations inform understanding of differences between, and change within, non-hierarchical and communally organised societies of the interior lowlands of Papua New Guinea. With a focus on two societies of the Strickland-Bosavi region of Papua New Guinea this paper locates considerations of agricultural intensity and intensification within the broader contexts of socio-cultural complexity and processes of adaptation and transformation.

The purpose of the current study was to examine Transtheoretical Model (TTM) predictors of condom use in heterosexual men and to test the applicability of additional predictors of condom use (condom attitudes and interpersonal processes). Participants were 168 sexually active undergraduate men. Multiple regression analyses indicated that pros, condom self-efficacy, condom attitudes, and processes of change were significant predictors of condom use. Several variables added unique variance above and beyond others, and a final model accounted for 55% of the variance in condom use. Results underscore the importance of TTM variables and interpersonal processes such as partner support in heterosexual men. Suggestions for how these variables might be incorporated into interventions aimed at increasing condom use are discussed.

Motivation for behaviour change is considered a crucial issue in the treatment of sex offenders, including child molesters. However, there has been no systematic investigation of this issue. This paper reviews the validity of the constructs of the Trans-theoretical Model of Behaviour Change to act as a framework to investigate motivation for behaviour change among child molesters. Constructs within this theory are the Stages of Change, Processes of Change and Decisional Balance. The utility of these constructs to act as a framework to investigate motivation among child molesters is assessed by reviewing their utility as measures of motivation for behaviour change generally, and by reviewing their relevance to child molesters. It is concluded that the constructs of the Trans-theoretical Model of Behaviour Change are valid measures of motivation and have some general relevance to child molesters. It is therefore concluded that they have some utility to investigate motivation to change among child molesters. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.