150 results on '"monosodium glutamate"'
Search Results
2. Bioinformatics‐based identification of hepatocellular carcinoma‐associated hub genes and assessment of the restorative effect of tannic acid in rat liver exposed to monosodium glutamate
- Author
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Hilal Tosun, Habibe Karadas, and Hamid Ceylan
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bioinformatics ,cancer ,liver ,monosodium glutamate ,tannic acid ,Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens ,RC254-282 - Abstract
Abstract Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of primary liver cancer, occurring mostly in individuals with chronic liver disease, but biomarkers for therapeutic diagnosis and prognosis are lacking. This study aimed to investigate the possible effect of the common food additive monosodium glutamate (MSG) and tannic acid (TA), a phenolic compound, on the key molecular actors responsible for HCC development. Methods Eight HCC‐related public microarray datasets (GSE84005, GSE14520, GSE25097, GSE57958, GSE22058, GSE84402, GSE54238, and GSE36376) were extracted from the gene expression omnibus (GEO) database and analyzed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). To make sense of the identified biological data and to identify hub genes, protein–protein interaction (PPI) network and enrichment analysis were performed. The mRNA expression profiles of the identified hub genes, expression changes in different stages of HCC, and their prognostic significances in HCC were determined using GEPIA, UALCAN, and Kaplan–Meier Plotter databases, respectively. Finally, mRNA expression changes of identified hub genes in the liver tissues of rats treated with MSG and TA were measured by the quantitative real‐time PCR (qPCR) method. Results Two up‐regulated (AURKA and CCNB2) and two down‐regulated (F9 and CYP2E1) genes were identified between the HCC tumor and adjacent non‐tumor liver tissue samples. qPCR results showed that the mRNA expression of up‐regulated DEGs involved in HCC development increased significantly in rat liver tissues exposed to MSG, while this increase was remarkably suppressed by TA treatment. It was observed that the mRNA expressions of down‐regulated DEGs involved in HCC development decreased markedly in the presence of MSG, while this decrease was alleviated with TA. Conclusion Our results provide new insights into pivotal molecular candidates that should be focused on in future in vivo and in vitro HCC research. Moreover, MSG may play a crucial role in HCC development and progression and TA may be used as a favorable restorative agent in HCC.
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- 2024
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3. Treatment of primary eosinophilic colitis using immunoglobulin/histamine complex
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Hyuk Soon Kim and Geunwoong Noh
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abdominal pain ,antinociceptive effects ,immunoglobulin/histamine complex ,monosodium glutamate ,primary eosinophilic colitis ,Medicine ,Medicine (General) ,R5-920 - Abstract
Abstract Primary eosinophilic colitis (PEC) is a primary eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorder, and immunoglobulin/histamine complex (IHC) may be an effective therapeutic for PEC. IHC has a nonallergen‐specific antinociceptive effect in the treatment of histamine‐mediated pain.
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- 2023
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4. Safety and efficacy of a feed additive consisting of monosodium l‐glutamate produced by fermentation with Corynebacterium glutamicum KCCM 80187 for all animal species (CJ Europe GmbH)
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EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP), Vasileios Bampidis, Giovanna Azimonti, Maria de Lourdes Bastos, Henrik Christensen, Birgit Dusemund, Mojca Fašmon Durjava, Maryline Kouba, Marta López‐Alonso, Secundino López Puente, Francesca Marcon, Baltasar Mayo, Alena Pechová, Mariana Petkova, Fernando Ramos, Yolanda Sanz, Roberto Edoardo Villa, Ruud Woutersen, Jaume Galobart, Paola Manini, Elisa Pettenati, Jordi Tarrés Call, and Montserrat Anguita
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sensory ,flavouring compounds ,monosodium glutamate ,safety ,efficacy ,Nutrition. Foods and food supply ,TX341-641 ,Chemical technology ,TP1-1185 - Abstract
Abstract Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of monosodium l‐glutamate monohydrate produced by fermentation using Corynebacterium glutamicum KCCM 80187 when used as a sensory additive (flavouring compound) in feed and water for drinking for all animal species. The production strain is genetically modified and viable cells of the production strain, and its DNA were not detected in the final additive. The additive does not give rise to any safety concern regarding the production strain. Monosodium l‐glutamate monohydrate produced using C. glutamicum KCCM 80187 is considered safe for the target species, for the consumer and for the environment. Moreover, it is considered not toxic by inhalation, not irritant to skin or eyes and not a dermal sensitiser. The FEEDAP Panel expressed reservations on the use of the additive in water for drinking due to concerns on its impact on the hygienic conditions of the water. The Panel concluded that the additive is efficacious to contribute to the flavour of feed.
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- 2021
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- View/download PDF
5. Application of Carbon Stable Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry in Authenticity of 'Zero-Added-Glutamate' Soy Sauces
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Jianbo Xiao, Mingfu Wang, and Jian-Lin Wu
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Soy sauce ,monosodium glutamate ,glutamic acid ,stable isotope ratio ,authenticity ,Food processing and manufacture ,TP368-456 ,Toxicology. Poisons ,RA1190-1270 - Abstract
The zero-added exogenous monosodium glutamate (MSG) soy sauce market is developing rapidly, but its authenticity remains a challenge for the industry. In this study, carbon stable isotope ratio mass spectrometry was utilized to determine 13C/12C ratio (δ13C value) of a variety of commercially available natural plain fermented soy sauces, and the main amino acid distribution and glutamic acid content were analyzed. δ13C value of glutamic acid in soy sauce showed strong positive correlation with the amount of exogenous glutamic acid/glutamate added; increment in exogenous glutamic acid/glutamate concentration resulted an increased δ13C value. δ13C value of a variety of authentic natural plain fermented soy sauces with zero added glutamate accounted for less than −24.45‰ with glutamic acid content lower than 12.89 mg/mL. On the other hand, high monosodium glutamate soy sauce added with MSG, δ13C values are greater than −15.51‰ while glutamic acid content exceeded 35.12 mg/mL. δ13C values of glutamic acid in soy sauce suspected to adulterate with exogenous glutamic acid/glutamate ranging between −17.91‰ and −17.30‰ and its glutamic acid content ranging from 30.42 to 37.82 mg/mL. The method specified in Association Standard accurately discriminated a variety of real “zero-added-glutamate” soy sauces currently available on the market accurately.
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- 2021
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6. The investigation of the effects of monosodium glutamate on healthy rats and rats with STZ-induced diabetes.
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Urcar Gelen S, Ozkanlar S, Gedikli S, and Atasever M
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- Rats, Animals, Antioxidants pharmacology, Pancreas metabolism, Insulin metabolism, Glutathione metabolism, Superoxide Dismutase metabolism, Blood Glucose metabolism, Oxidative Stress, Sodium Glutamate toxicity, Sodium Glutamate metabolism, Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental metabolism
- Abstract
Monosodium glutamate (MSG, E621) is a flavor-enhancing food additive used widely in the food preparation industry and consumed regularly. It is considered that long-term consumption of MSG causes metabolic syndrome and obesity. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by high blood sugar, polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia, in which insulin secreted from pancreatic β cells is inadequate for maintaining blood glucose homeostasis. Rats were application 65 mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ) solution intraperitoneally and a diabetes model was created. For this purpose, freshly prepared STZ was injected into the peritoneum. Tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-10, IL-6, and IL-1β levels in STZ, MSG, and STZ + MSG groups were found to be significantly increased in inflammation parameters measured on the 28th day of administration when compared to the Control Group (p < 0.001). Also, although malondialdehyde (MDA) levels increased significantly in the STZ + MSG group when compared to the control group (p < 0.001), glutathione (GSH), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels were significantly decreased in the STZ, MSG, and STZ + MSG groups when compared to the control group (p < 0.001). Also, although glucose levels increased significantly in STZ and STZ + MSG at the end of the 28th day (p < 0.01), insulin levels decreased in STZ, MSG, and STZ + MSG groups when compared to the control groups (p < 0.01). As a result, it was found that STZ and MSG application significantly increased cytokine production, increased MDA, which is an oxidant parameter in pancreatic tissue, and decreased antioxidants (GSH and SOD) when compared to the control groups. It was also found that MSG disrupted the normal histological structure in pancreatic cells, and the damage was much more in both exocrine and endocrine pancreatic areas in the STZ + MSG group when compared to the STZ and MSG groups. It was considered that with the increased use of MSG, the susceptibility to DM might increase along with tissue damage significantly in diabetic groups, therefore, MSG must be used in a limited and controlled manner., (© 2023 The Authors. Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)
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- 2024
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7. Safety and efficacy of monosodium l‐glutamate monohydrate produced by Corynebacterium glutamicum KCCM 80188 as a feed additive for all animal species
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EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP), Vasileios Bampidis, Giovanna Azimonti, Maria de Lourdes Bastos, Henrik Christensen, Birgit Dusemund, Mojca Kos Durjava, Maryline Kouba, Marta López‐Alonso, Secundino López Puente, Francesca Marcon, Baltasar Mayo, Alena Pechová, Mariana Petkova, Fernando Ramos, Yolanda Sanz, Roberto Edoardo Villa, Ruud Woutersen, Lieve Herman, Boet Glandorf, Maria Saarela, Jaume Galobart, Orsolya Holczknecht, Paola Manini, Elisa Pettenati, Jordi Tarrés Call, Fabiola Pizzo, and Montserrat Anguita
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sensory ,flavouring compounds ,monosodium glutamate ,safety ,efficacy ,Nutrition. Foods and food supply ,TX341-641 ,Chemical technology ,TP1-1185 - Abstract
Abstract Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of monosodium l‐glutamate monohydrate produced by fermentation using Corynebacterium glutamicum KCCM 80188 when used as a sensory additive (flavouring compound) in feed and water for drinking for all animal species. The production strain is not genetically modified. Viable cells of the production strain were not detected in the final additive. The additive does not give rise to any safety concern regarding the production strain. Monosodium l‐glutamate monohydrate produced using C. glutamicum KCCM 80188 is considered safe for the target species, for the consumer and for the environment. Monosodium l‐glutamate monohydrated produced by C. glutamicum KCCM 80188 is considered not toxic by inhalation, not irritant to skin or eyes and not a dermal sensitiser. The FEEDAP Panel expressed reservations on the use of the additive in water for drinking due to concerns on its impact on the hygienic conditions of the water. The Panel concluded that the additive is efficacious to contribute to the flavour of feed.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
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8. Therapeutic role of adipose tissue–derived stem cells versus microvesicles in a rat model of cerebellar injury
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Nehad F. Mazen, Eman A. Abdel‐Fattah, Shimaa R. Desoky, and Amal S. El‐Shal
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Male ,cerebellum ,Stem Cells ,monosodium glutamate ,Original Articles ,Cell Biology ,Rats ,adipose stem cells ,Adipose Tissue ,Sodium Glutamate ,Animals ,Molecular Medicine ,Original Article ,Rats, Wistar ,microvesicles - Abstract
Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a controversial food additive reported to cause negative effects on public health. Adipose stem cells (ASCs) and their derived vesicles (MVs) represent a promising cure for human diseases. This work was planned to compare the therapeutic effects of adipose stem cells and microvesicles in MSG‐induced cerebellar damage. Forty adult healthy male Wister rats were equally divided into four groups: Group I (control group), group II (MSG‐treated), group III (MSG/ASCs‐treated), and group IV (MSG/MVs‐treated). Motor behaviour of rats was assessed. Characterization of ASCs and MVs was done by flow cytometry. The cerebellum was processed for light and electron microscopic studies, and immunohistochemical localization of PCNA and GFAP. Morphometry was done for the number of Purkinje cells in H&E‐stained sections, area per cent of GFAP immune reactivity and number of positive PCNA cells. Our results showed MSG‐induced deterioration in the motor part. Moreover, MSG increases oxidant and apoptotic with decreases of antioxidant biomarkers. Structural changes in the cerebellar cortex as degeneration of nerve cells and gliosis were detected. There were also a decrease in the number of Purkinje cells, an increase in the area per cent of GFAP immune reactivity and a decrease in the number of positive PCNA cells, as compared to the control. Rats treated with ASCs showed marked functional and structural improvement in comparison with MV‐treated rats. Thus, both ASCs and MVs had therapeutic potential for MSG‐induced cerebellar damage with better results in case of ASCs.
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- 2021
9. Can umami taste be an adequate tool for reducing sodium in food preparations?
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Natália Koren Simoni, Maria Elisabeth Machado Pinto-e-Silva, and Mariana Simões do Couto Rosa
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Taste ,Monosodium glutamate ,business.industry ,Sodium ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Umami ,Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Medicine ,Food science ,Sodium reduction ,business ,Food Science - Published
- 2021
10. TheSalt Flip: Sensory mitigation of salt (and sodium) reduction with monosodium glutamate (MSG) in 'Better‐for‐You' foods
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Jeremia Halim, Ali Bouzari, Jean-Xavier Guinard, and Dan Felder
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consumer testing ,030309 nutrition & dietetics ,Monosodium glutamate ,preference mapping ,Sensory profile ,Sodium Chloride ,Food Preferences ,03 medical and health sciences ,Mouthfeel ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,0404 agricultural biotechnology ,Dietary Sodium ,Sodium Glutamate ,Vegetables ,Humans ,Food science ,Aftertaste ,Sodium reduction ,monosodium glutamate (MSG) ,salt and sodium reduction ,Flavor ,Mathematics ,Sensory and Consumer Sciences ,0303 health sciences ,Salt Flip ,Recipe ,Oryza ,better‐for‐you foods ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,040401 food science ,Flavoring Agents ,chemistry ,Taste ,sensory quality ,Food Science - Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that reduced‐salt versions of four “better‐for‐you” dishes enhanced with monosodium glutamate (MSG) through a “Salt Flip” in an amount that still substantially reduced total sodium matched the consumer acceptance of normal‐salt versions. Three versions each—standard recipe with normal salt, reduced salt, and reduced salt with MSG, of four dishes—roasted vegetables (RV), quinoa bowl (QB), savory yogurt dip (SD), and pork cauliflower fried rice (CR) were evaluated by 163 consumers for overall liking and liking of appearance, flavor, and texture/mouthfeel on the nine‐point hedonic scale, preference, adequacy of flavor, saltiness, and aftertaste on just‐about‐right (JAR) scales, likeliness to order, and sensory characteristics by check‐all‐that‐apply. For each dish, the MSG recipe was liked the same (or significantly more for SD, P
- Published
- 2020
11. <scp>l</scp> ‐Glutamate stimulates cholecystokinin secretion via the <scp>T1R1</scp> / <scp>T1R3</scp> mediated <scp>PLC</scp> / <scp>TRPM5</scp> transduction pathway
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Cuicui Kang, Suqin Hang, Weiyun Zhu, Jiangyin Feng, and L. C. Wang
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medicine.medical_specialty ,Nutrition and Dietetics ,Phospholipase C ,Chemistry ,Monosodium glutamate ,digestive, oral, and skin physiology ,Allosteric regulation ,Glutamate receptor ,digestive system ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Endocrinology ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Secretion ,TRPM5 ,Receptor ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,hormones, hormone substitutes, and hormone antagonists ,Food Science ,Biotechnology ,Cholecystokinin - Abstract
Background It is known that cholecystokinin (CCK) plays an essential role in reducing food intake and driving weight loss. Previous studies demonstrated that amino acids were capable of triggering CCK release through G protein-coupled receptors, but the sensing mechanism remains obscure, especially the intracellular signaling pathway. Results l-Glu, rather than its d-isomer, robustly stimulated CCK secretion in a porcine duodenal model, and the secretory response was augmented by incubation with the allosteric ligand of T1R1, while T1R3 antagonist attenuated it. Upon inhibiting phospholipase C (PLC) or transient receptor potential M5 (TRPM5) activity, l-Glu failed to increase CCK release. Oral administration of monosodium glutamate in rats also suppressed food intake and increased plasma CCK levels, accompanied by elevated expression of T1R1, PLCβ2 and TRPM5 in the duodenum. Conclusion These data demonstrated that l-Glu stimulated CCK secretion through the activation of T1R1/T1R3 in a PLC/TRPM5-dependent manner. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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- 2020
12. Development of a HPLC method combined with ultraviolet/diode array detection for determination of monosodium glutamate in various food samples
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Hassan Y. Aboul-Enein, Murat Soyseven, Göksel Arli, and Anadolu Üniversitesi
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Chromatography ,Monosodium glutamate ,food ,monosodium glutamate ,o-phthaldialdehyde ,medicine.disease_cause ,Diode array ,High-performance liquid chromatography ,Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering ,UV ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,medicine ,O-Phthaldialdehyde ,DAD ,high-performance liquid chromatography ,Hplc method ,Ultraviolet ,Food Science - Abstract
An effective, simple and rapid analytical method using HPLC was developed for the analysis of monosodium glutamate (MSG) in various food samples obtained from local market in Turkey. The determination of MSG was performed by its derivatisation with o-phthaldialdehyde (OPA). A high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet/diode array detection method was performed by using C18 (150 mm × 4.6 mm, 2.7 ?m) column with the mobile phase consisting of 10 mm phosphate buffer solution (pH = 5.90) and methanol (75:25, v/v). The applied method was optimised and the validated. The method was linear from 1 to 50 ?g mL?1 of MSG. The correlation coefficient value of the developed method was obtained as R2 = 0.9999. The limit of detection and limit of quantification limits were 0.015 and 0.050 ?g mL?1, respectively. MSG contents of the food samples range from 0.09 g kg?1 to 120.80 g kg?1. The validated method was successfully applied for the analysis of MSG in several food samples. © 2020 Institute of Food Science and Technology, Anadolu Ãœniversitesi, This research is supported by the Project No: 1507S562 of Anadolu University.
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- 2020
13. Temporal profile of flavor enhancers MAG, MSG, GMP, and IMP, and their ability to enhance salty taste, in different reductions of sodium chloride
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Renata Abadia Reis Rocha, João de Deus Souza Carneiro, Gabriela Alvarenga Silva, Cleiton Antônio Nunes, Michele Nayara Ribeiro, Lenízy Cristina Reis Rocha, and Ana Carla Marques Pinheiro
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Taste ,030309 nutrition & dietetics ,Monosodium glutamate ,Sodium ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Umami ,Sodium Chloride ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,0404 agricultural biotechnology ,Inosine Monophosphate ,Sodium Glutamate ,Humans ,Food science ,Disodium guanylate ,Monoammonium glutamate ,0303 health sciences ,food and beverages ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,040401 food science ,Flavoring Agents ,chemistry ,Disodium inosinate ,Food Science ,Low sodium - Abstract
We evaluated the temporal profile of the flavor enhancers monosodium glutamate (MSG), disodium inosinate (IMP), disodium guanylate (GMP), and monoammonium glutamate (MAG). We also evaluated the ability of these flavor enhancers to enhance salty taste in solutions containing different reductions of sodium chloride. Four experiments were conducted using Central Composite Rotational Design (CCRD) with focus on two objectives: concentration of flavor enhancers (0% to 1%) and reduction of sodium chloride content (0% to 100%). A 0.75% saline solution of NaCl was used as a control. In each experiment, the treatments were evaluated by the intensity of salty and umami tastes using an intensity scale. Treatments, selected according to the results of CCRD, were analyzed using time-intensity (TI) and temporal dominance of sensations (TDS) analyses. Glutamates (MSG/MAG) showed greater capacity to enhance salty taste than treatments containing nucleotides (IMP/GMP). The intensity of umami taste, using all the examined flavor enhancers, showed a similar sensory profile. Temporal perception curves (TI and TDS) of salty and umami tastes also showed a similar temporal profile. The glutamic acid amino acids were better able to improve salty taste than nucleotides in any range of sodium chloride reduction. Flavor enhancers showed greater ability to increase salty taste in smaller reductions in sodium chloride content. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This research expand the knowledge about the ability to enhance the salty taste of flavor enhancers in different reductions in sodium content, Beside that, will provide information about the time profile of flavor enhancers. This study provides scientific technical information on the ability to intensify the salty taste of flavor enhancers and can assist the industry to develop new low sodium products and encourage the scientific community to conduct future research on this subject.
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- 2020
14. Consumer Acceptance of Reduced Sodium Potato Chips and Puffed Rice: How Does Ingredient Information and Education Influence Liking?
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Soo Yeun Lee and Aimee E. Buechler
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030309 nutrition & dietetics ,Monosodium glutamate ,Sodium ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Food Preferences ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Ingredient ,0404 agricultural biotechnology ,Humans ,Food science ,Palatability ,Sodium Chloride, Dietary ,Sodium reduction ,Solanum tuberosum ,0303 health sciences ,Chemistry ,food and beverages ,Oryza ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,Consumer Behavior ,Diet, Sodium-Restricted ,040401 food science ,Flavor Enhancers ,Educational Status ,Wine tasting ,Disodium inosinate ,Food Science - Abstract
Approximately 90% of Americans consume more than the 2,300 mg of sodium recommended daily; therefore, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has recommended short- and long-term sodium reduction goals in food products. Reduced sodium products have not been previously liked, so flavor enhancers may increase their palatability. The objective of this research was to compare the acceptability of FDA-recommended short- and long-term sodium reduction goals for potato chips (18 and 51% reduction) and puffed rice (20 and 57% reduction) seasoned with and without monosodium glutamate (MSG) and disodium inosinate and guanylate (I + G) combinations across three conditions: blind tasting, ingredient information, and ingredient information with educational phrase of the need for sodium reduction and safety of flavor enhancers. Data were collected for 83 potato chip panelists and 81 puffed rice panelists. A significant difference was seen across the samples with different levels of sodium and flavor enhancers for potato chips (P
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- 2019
15. Swimming training reduces glucose‐amplifying pathway and cholinergic responses in islets from lean‐ and MSG‐obese rats
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Paulo Cezar de Freitas Mathias, Patricia Cristine Borck, Nayara C. Leite, Sabrina Grassiolli, Michael Machado, Sarah Rickli, Antonio Carlos Boschero, Jessica C. de L. Alípio, José Carlos Rebuglio Vellosa, and Ana C. Valcanaia
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Male ,0301 basic medicine ,endocrine system ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Thapsigargin ,Physiology ,Monosodium glutamate ,Islets of Langerhans ,Random Allocation ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,0302 clinical medicine ,Thinness ,Physiology (medical) ,Internal medicine ,Insulin Secretion ,Sodium Glutamate ,Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor ,medicine ,Animals ,Obesity ,Rats, Wistar ,Swimming ,computer.programming_language ,Receptor, Muscarinic M3 ,Pharmacology ,geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ,business.industry ,sed ,Pancreatic islets ,Islet ,Acetylcholine ,Cholinergic Neurons ,Rats ,Glucose ,030104 developmental biology ,Endocrinology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Animals, Newborn ,chemistry ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Cholinergic ,business ,computer ,Signal Transduction ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Here, we investigate the effects of exercise training on glucose- and cholinergic-induced insulin secretion in pancreatic islets from obese and lean rats. Male Wistar rats were treated with monosodium glutamate (MSG) for the first 5 days of life, while control (CON) rats received saline. At 21 days, the rats were divided into exercised (EXE) and sedentary (SED) groups. The EXE rats swam for 30 minutes, three times/week, for 10 weeks. After this, MSG-SED rats showed hyperglycaemia, hypertriglyceridaemia and hyperinsulinaemia. Besides, islets from MSG-SED rats exhibited increased glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS), followed by impaired glucose sensitivity, absence of glucose-amplifying pathway and weak cholinergic response. In contrast, adiposity, hyperinsulinaemia and hypertriglyceridaemia were reduced in MSG-EXE rats. Moreover, islets from MSG-EXE rats exhibited lower GSIS and improved islet glucose sensitivity, without restoration of the glucose-amplifying pathway or alteration in the weak cholinergic effect of these islets. In islets from CON-EXE rats we also observed reduced GSIS and absence of glucose-amplifying effects and an accentuated reduction in cholinergic insulinotropic responses, without effect on glucose sensitivity in pancreatic islets from this group. Neither obesity nor exercise modified Muscarinic Receptor 3 (M3R) immunocontent or its downstream pathways (PKC and PKA). Moreover, only CON-EXE showed increased GSIS in the presence of calcium blocker, Thapsigargin. In conclusion, swimming training reduces GSIS and cholinergic responsiveness in isolated pancreatic islets from lean and hypothalamic obese rats, which could be due to the inhibition of glucose-amplifying pathways.
- Published
- 2019
16. Investigation of Monosodium Glutamate Alternatives for Content of Umami Substances and Their Enhancement Effects in Chicken Soup Compared to Monosodium Glutamate
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Shaokang Zhang, Brandon Tonnis, Koushik Adhikari, Shangci Wang, and Ming Li Wang
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Taste ,030309 nutrition & dietetics ,Monosodium glutamate ,Sodium ,Flavour ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Umami ,Sodium Chloride ,Sensory analysis ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,0404 agricultural biotechnology ,Solanum lycopersicum ,Sodium Glutamate ,Animals ,Humans ,Yeast extract ,Food science ,Flavor ,0303 health sciences ,Plant Extracts ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,040401 food science ,Flavoring Agents ,chemistry ,Agaricales ,Chickens ,Food Science - Abstract
This research aimed to compare the effects of monosodium glutamate (MSG) and its alternatives on sensory characteristics of chicken soup. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis was carried out to quantify umami substances in potential MSG alternatives. Two mushroom extracts (CE and MC), one tomato extract (TC), and one yeast extract (YE) powders were selected due to their high equivalent umami concentration (EUC). These extracts together with MSG were then applied individually at four different levels (CE, MC, TC, MSG: 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.4%; YE: 0.0125%, 0.025%, 0.05%, 0.1%) in chicken soup in order to compare their impact on major sensory attributes using the degree of difference from control (DODC) test. Our results showed that all four extracts at all the usage levels exhibited an enhancement effect on the overall flavor, meaty flavor, saltiness, and umami taste. The extent of enhancement depended on the type of the alternative and its usage level. Higher levels of MSG alternatives (except YE) suppressed the chicken flavor. YE had similar enhancement effects as MSG on umami and salty tastes already at lower usage levels. At the lowest concentration, TC showed a stronger enhancement effect than MSG, but its effect on most attributes decreased as the usage dose increased. Compared to CE, the other mushroom extract MC resembled MSG at most levels. Overall, the closest synergistic effect in chicken soup was noted with 0.1% MSG, 0.1% MC, and 0.025% YE. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This study compared the enhancement effects of MSG and selected alternatives in chicken soup. Results will help food manufacturers who would like to replace MSG with natural umami substances in soup products to enhance flavor and reduce sodium chloride.
- Published
- 2019
17. Activation of Cell Death Mediated by the Crosstalk between Caspase‐3 and Apoptosis Inducing Factor in the Brainstem upon Exposure to Monosodium Glutamate and Corticosterone
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Joy Keerikkattil and Smita Mathew
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Programmed cell death ,Chemistry ,Monosodium glutamate ,Caspase 3 ,Biochemistry ,Cell biology ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Crosstalk (biology) ,Corticosterone ,Genetics ,Apoptosis-inducing factor ,Brainstem ,Molecular Biology ,Biotechnology - Published
- 2021
18. Effects of oral monosodium glutamate administration on serum metabolomics of suckling piglets
- Author
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Qiang Tu, Huansheng Yang, Qiye Wang, Pei Wu, Zhaobin Wang, Shiyu Luo, Xueqin Ding, Duanqin Wu, Zhenping Hou, Jianzhong Li, Jing Huang, Yali Li, Pengfei Huang, and Jun Zhang
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Swine ,Monosodium glutamate ,animal diseases ,Administration, Oral ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Food Animals ,Oral administration ,Internal medicine ,Sodium Glutamate ,medicine ,Animals ,Metabolomics ,Choline ,Creatinine ,Unsaturated fat ,Albumin ,Metabolism ,Animal Feed ,Animals, Suckling ,Diet ,Glutamine ,Endocrinology ,chemistry ,Dietary Supplements ,Metabolome ,Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ,Animal Science and Zoology - Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the effects of oral administration with glutamate on metabolism of suckling piglets based on 1 H-Nuclear magnetic resonance (1 H NMR) spectroscopy through the level of metabolism. Forty-eight healthy [(Yorkshire × Landrace) × Duroc] piglets born on the same day with a similar birth bodyweight (1.55 ± 0.20 kg) were obtained from six sows (8 piglets per sow). The piglets from each sow were randomly assigned into four treatments (2 piglets per treatment). The piglets were given 0.09 g/kg body weight (BW) of sodium chloride (CN group), 0.03 g/kg BW monosodium glutamate (LMG group), 0.25 g/kg BW monosodium glutamate (MMG group) and 0.50 g/kg BW monosodium glutamate (HMG group) twice a day respectively. An 1 H NMR-based metabolomics' study found that the addition of monosodium glutamate (MSG) significantly reduced serum citrate content in 7-day-old piglets, while HMG significantly increased serum trimethylamine content and significantly reduced unsaturated fat content in 7-day-old piglets (p < .05). The content of glutamine, trimethylamine, albumin, choline and urea nitrogen was significantly increased and the creatinine content decreased significantly in the 21-day-old HMG (p < .05). Analysis of serum hormones revealed that glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) content in the 21-day-old HMG was highest (p < .05). The cholecystokinin (CCK) content in the HMG of 7-day-old piglets was lower than that in the LMG (p < .05), and the CCK content in the serum of the 21-day-old MMG was highest (p < .05). The serum leptin levels in the 21-day-old HMG were the lowest (p < .05). The serum insulin content in the 7-day-old MMG was highest (p < .05). This study suggests that MSG plays an important role in the metabolism of sugar, fat and protein (amino acids). These results provide a theoretical basis for designing piglet feed formulations.
- Published
- 2019
19. A Review of the Alleged Health Hazards of Monosodium Glutamate
- Author
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Anca Zanfirescu, Michael Aschner, Demetrios Kouretas, Dimitrios Tsoukalas, Aristides M. Tsatsakis, Denisa Margina, Anca Ungurianu, Aris Veskoukis, Ayse Basak Engin, and George Mihai Nițulescu
- Subjects
Cardiotoxicity ,business.industry ,Monosodium glutamate ,010401 analytical chemistry ,Neurotoxicity ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,Umami ,Atopic dermatitis ,medicine.disease ,Bioinformatics ,Food safety ,040401 food science ,01 natural sciences ,Article ,0104 chemical sciences ,Clinical trial ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,0404 agricultural biotechnology ,chemistry ,Medicine ,business ,Adverse effect ,Food Science - Abstract
Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is an umami substance widely used as flavor enhancer. Although it is generally recognized as being safe by food safety regulatory agencies, several studies have questioned its long-term safety. The purpose of this review was to survey the available literature on preclinical studies and clinical trials regarding the alleged adverse effects of MSG. Here, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the reported possible risks that may potentially arise following chronic exposure. Furthermore, we intend to critically evaluate the relevance of this data for dietary human intake. Preclinical studies have associated MSG administration with cardiotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, neurotoxicity, low-grade inflammation, metabolic disarray and premalignant alterations, along with behavioral changes. Moreover, links between MSG consumption and tumorigenesis, increased oxidative stress and apoptosis in thymocytes, as well as genotoxic effects in lymphocytes have been reported. However, in reviewing the available literature, we detected several methodological flaws, which led us to conclude that these studies have limited relevance for extrapolation to dietary human intakes of MSG risk exposure. Clinical trials have focused mainly on the effects of MSG on food intake and energy expenditure. Besides its well-known impact on food palatability, MSG enhances salivary secretion and interferes with carbohydrate metabolism, while the impact on satiety and post-meal recovery of hunger varied in relation to meal composition. Reports on MSG hypersensitivity, also known as ‘Chinese restaurant syndrome’, or links of its use to increased pain sensitivity and atopic dermatitis were found to have little supporting evidence. Based on the available literature, we conclude that further clinical and epidemiological studies are needed, with an appropriate design, accounting for both added and naturally occurring dietary MSG. Critical analysis of existing literature, establishes that many of the reported negative health effects of MSG have little relevance for chronic human exposure and are poorly informative as they are based on excessive dosing that does not meet with levels normally consumed in food products.
- Published
- 2019
20. Resistance training restores metabolic alterations induced by monosodium glutamate in a sex‐dependent manner in male and female rats
- Author
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Cristina W. Nogueira, Natália Silva Jardim, Caroline B. Quines, Vinicius Costa Prado, José L. Cechella, and Paulo Cesar Oliveira Araujo
- Subjects
Blood Glucose ,Male ,0301 basic medicine ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Monosodium glutamate ,Carbohydrate metabolism ,Biochemistry ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,0302 clinical medicine ,Tyrosine aminotransferase ,Physical Conditioning, Animal ,Internal medicine ,Sodium Glutamate ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Insulin ,Aspartate Aminotransferases ,Obesity ,Muscle, Skeletal ,Molecular Biology ,Triglycerides ,Sex Characteristics ,biology ,business.industry ,Glucose transporter ,Skeletal muscle ,Alanine Transaminase ,Resistance Training ,Cell Biology ,Rats ,Cholesterol ,Glucose ,030104 developmental biology ,Endocrinology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Animals, Newborn ,Liver ,Lipotoxicity ,chemistry ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Metabolome ,biology.protein ,GLUT2 ,Female ,business ,GLUT4 - Abstract
Despite resistance exercises being associated with health outcomes, numerous issues are still unresolved and further research is required before the exercise can faithfully be prescribed as medicine. The goal of this study was to investigate whether there are sex differences in resistance training effects on metabolic alterations induced by monosodium glutamate (MSG), a model of obesity, in male and female rats. Male and female Wistar rats received MSG (4 g/kg body weight/day, s.c.) from postnatal day 1 to 10. After 10 days from MSG administration, the rats were separated into two groups: MSG-sedentary and MSG-exercised. At postnatal day 60, the animals started a resistance training protocol in an 80 degrees inclined vertical ladder apparatus and performed it for 7 weeks. Control rats received saline solution and were divided in saline-sedentary and saline-exercised. Resistance training restored all plasma biochemical parameters (glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase) increased in male and female rats treated with MSG. The MSG administration induced hyperglycemia associated with a decrease in the skeletal muscle glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) levels and accompanied by deregulation in proteins, G-6Pase, and tyrosine aminotransferase, involved in hepatic glucose metabolism of male and female rats. MSG induced dyslipidemia and lipotoxicity in the liver and skeletal muscle of male rats. Regarding female rats, lipotoxicity was found only in the skeletal muscle. The resistance training had beneficial effects against metabolic alterations induced by MSG in male and female rats, through regulation of proteins (GLUT2, protein kinase B, and GLUT4) involved in glucose and lipid pathways in the liver and skeletal muscle.
- Published
- 2019
21. Effects of the food additive monosodium glutamate on cisplatin‐induced gastrointestinal dysmotility and peripheral neuropathy in the rat
- Author
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Raquel Abalo, Gema Vera, Yolanda López-Tofiño, Rocío Girón, Laura López-Gómez, Kulmira Nurgali, and J. A. Uranga
- Subjects
Male ,0301 basic medicine ,Gastrointestinal Diseases ,Physiology ,Monosodium glutamate ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Antineoplastic Agents ,Pharmacology ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,0302 clinical medicine ,Sodium Glutamate ,medicine ,Animals ,Rats, Wistar ,Myenteric plexus ,Gastrointestinal dysmotility ,Cisplatin ,Chemotherapy ,Gastric emptying ,Endocrine and Autonomic Systems ,business.industry ,Stomach ,Gastroenterology ,Peripheral Nervous System Diseases ,medicine.disease ,Rats ,030104 developmental biology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Peripheral neuropathy ,Gastric Emptying ,chemistry ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Food Additives ,Gastrointestinal Motility ,business ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Background Cisplatin is an antineoplastic drug known to produce intense vomiting, gastric dysmotility, and peripheral neuropathy. Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a flavor enhancer with prokinetic properties potentially useful for cancer patients under chemotherapy. Our aim was to test whether MSG may improve gastrointestinal motor dysfunction and other adverse effects induced by repeated cisplatin in rats. Methods Male Wistar rats were exposed or not to MSG (4 g L-1 ) in drinking water from week 0 to 1 week after treatment. On the first day of weeks 1-5, rats were treated with saline or cisplatin (2 mg kg-1 week-1 , ip). Gastrointestinal motility was measured by radiological methods after first and fifth administrations, as well as 1 week after treatment finalization. One week after treatment, the threshold for mechanical somatic sensitivity was recorded. Finally, samples of stomach, terminal ileum and kidneys were evaluated in sections using conventional histology. The myenteric plexus was immunohistochemically evaluated on distal colon whole-mount preparations. Key results Monosodium glutamate prevented the development of cisplatin-induced neuropathy and partially improved intestinal transit after the fifth cisplatin administration with little impact on gastric dysmotility. MSG did not improve the histological damage of gut wall, but prevented the changes induced by cisplatin in the colonic myenteric plexus. Conclusion and inferences Our results suggest that MSG can improve some dysfunctions caused by anticancer chemotherapy in the gut and other systems, associated, at least partially, with neuroprotectant effects. The potentially useful adjuvant role of this food additive to reduce chemotherapy-induced sequelae warrants further evaluation.
- Published
- 2020
22. Author response for 'Development of a HPLC method combined with Ultraviolet/Diode Array Detection for determination of Monosodium Glutamate in various food samples'
- Author
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Hassan Y. Aboul-Enein, Murat Soyseven, and Göksel Arli
- Subjects
chemistry.chemical_compound ,Chromatography ,chemistry ,Monosodium glutamate ,medicine ,Hplc method ,medicine.disease_cause ,Diode array ,Ultraviolet - Published
- 2020
23. Safety and efficacy of monosodium l‐glutamate monohydrate produced by Corynebacterium glutamicum KCCM 80188 as a feed additive for all animal species
- Author
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Fabiola Pizzo, Baltasar Mayo, Efsa Panel on Additives, Jaume Galobart, Montserrat Anguita, Elisa Pettenati, Secundino López Puente, Alena Pechová, Orsolya Holczknecht, Henrik Christensen, Marta López-Alonso, Lieve Herman, Roberto Edoardo Villa, Yolanda Sanz, Mariana Petkova, Jordi Tarrés Call, Francesca Marcon, Giovanna Azimonti, Mojca Kos Durjava, Ruud Woutersen, Vasileios Bampidis, Paola Manini, Maria Saarela, Maria de Lourdes Bastos, Maryline Kouba, Birgit Dusemund, Fernando Ramos, and Boet Glandorf
- Subjects
safety ,040301 veterinary sciences ,Animal feed ,Monosodium glutamate ,Veterinary (miscellaneous) ,Feed additive ,efficacy ,sensory ,TP1-1185 ,Plant Science ,010501 environmental sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Microbiology ,flavouring compounds ,Corynebacterium glutamicum ,0403 veterinary science ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,TX341-641 ,Food science ,Animal species ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Nutrition. Foods and food supply ,Chemistry ,Chemical technology ,monosodium glutamate ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,Genetically modified organism ,L glutamate ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Parasitology ,Fermentation ,Food Science - Abstract
Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of monosodium l‐glutamate monohydrate produced by fermentation using Corynebacterium glutamicum KCCM 80188 when used as a sensory additive (flavouring compound) in feed and water for drinking for all animal species. The production strain is not genetically modified. Viable cells of the production strain were not detected in the final additive. The additive does not give rise to any safety concern regarding the production strain. Monosodium l‐glutamate monohydrate produced using C. glutamicum KCCM 80188 is considered safe for the target species, for the consumer and for the environment. Monosodium l‐glutamate monohydrated produced by C. glutamicum KCCM 80188 is considered not toxic by inhalation, not irritant to skin or eyes and not a dermal sensitiser. The FEEDAP Panel expressed reservations on the use of the additive in water for drinking due to concerns on its impact on the hygienic conditions of the water. The Panel concluded that the additive is efficacious to contribute to the flavour of feed.
- Published
- 2020
24. Production of Υ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) by Lactobacillus otakiensis and other Lactobacillus sp. isolated from traditional Pico cheese
- Author
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Susana C. Ribeiro, Catherine Stanton, Marina F P Domingos‐Lopes, Célia Cg Silva, and R. Paul Ross
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Lactobacillus sp ,biology ,Monosodium glutamate ,Process Chemistry and Technology ,Gram-positive bacteria ,030106 microbiology ,Bioengineering ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,biology.organism_classification ,040401 food science ,Aminobutyric acid ,Lactobacillus otakiensis ,gamma-Aminobutyric acid ,Lactic acid ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,0404 agricultural biotechnology ,chemistry ,medicine ,Food science ,Fermentation in food processing ,Food Science ,medicine.drug - Published
- 2018
25. Monosodium glutamate as a tool to reduce sodium in foodstuffs: Technological and safety aspects
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Adriana Pavesi Arisseto-Bragotto, Felix Guillermo Reyes Reyes, and Hellen Dea Barros Maluly
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0301 basic medicine ,Taste ,Acceptable daily intake ,food.ingredient ,Monosodium glutamate ,Review ,Umami ,03 medical and health sciences ,Ingredient ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,food ,Generally recognized as safe ,Medicine ,salty taste ,umami taste ,Food science ,Monosodium L-glutamate ,sodium chloride ,030505 public health ,030109 nutrition & dietetics ,business.industry ,Food additive ,Monosodium L‐glutamate ,chemistry ,Food processing ,0305 other medical science ,business ,Food Science - Abstract
Sodium chloride (NaCl) is the most commonly used ingredient to provide salty taste to foods. However, excess sodium in the bloodstream has been associated with the development of several chronic noncommunicable diseases. In order to limit sodium intake to levels considered safe, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends for adults a daily intake of not more than 5 g of NaCl (less than 2 g of sodium). One of the strategic actions recommended by the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) to reduce sodium intake is reformulation of processed foods. This recommendation indicates there is an urgent need to find salt substitutes, and umami compounds have been pointed as an alternative strategy. Like salty, umami is also a basic taste and the major compound associated to umami is monosodium L‐glutamate (MSG). The available scientific data on the toxicity of MSG has been evaluated by scientific committees and regulatory agencies. The Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives and the Scientific Committee on Food of the European Commission established an acceptable daily intake (ADI) not specified, which indicated that the substance offers no health risk when used as a food additive. The United States Food and Drug Administration and the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology classified MSG as a Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) substance. In this paper, an overview about salty and umami taste physiology, the potential applications of MSG use to reduce sodium content in specific industrialized foods and safety aspects of MSG as food additive are presented.
- Published
- 2017
26. Resistance exercise reduces memory impairment induced by monosodium glutamate in male and female rats
- Author
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Cristina W. Nogueira, Caroline B. Quines, Natália Silva Jardim, Marlon R. Leite, and Paulo Cesar Oliveira Araujo
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Monosodium glutamate ,Resistance training ,General Medicine ,Body weight ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,030104 developmental biology ,0302 clinical medicine ,Endocrinology ,chemistry ,Internal medicine ,Male rats ,medicine ,Memory impairment ,Postnatal day ,Psychology ,Beneficial effects ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Recognition memory - Abstract
New Findings What is the central question of this study? Monosodium glutamate causes cognitive impairment. Does resistance exercise improve the performance of rats treated with monosodium glutamate? What is the main finding and its importance? Resistance exercise is effective against monosodium glutamate-induced memory impairment in male and female rats. Monosodium glutamate (MSG), a flavour enhancer in diets, causes cognitive impairment in rodents. Exercise has been reported to protect against impairment of memory in humans. In this study, we investigated whether resistance exercise improves the performance of male and female rats treated with MSG in tests of memory and motor co-ordination. Wistar rats received MSG [4 g (kg body weight)−1 day−1, s.c.] from postnatal day 1 to 10. At postnatal day 60, the animals started a resistance exercise protocol in an 80 deg inclined vertical ladder apparatus and performed it during 7 weeks. Rats performed object recognition and location memory tests. Resistance exercise reduced impairment in motor co-ordination of male and female rats treated with MSG. Resistance exercise was effective against the decrease in exploratory preference in the long-term recognition memory for novel objects of male rats treated with MSG. In MSG-treated female rats, resistance exercise was effective against the decrease in exploratory preference in the novel object location test. The exploratory preference of female rats in the long-term recognition memory test was similar in all groups. The short-term memory was not altered by MSG or resistance exercise in male and female rats. This study demonstrates that MSG affected the memory of male and female rats in different ways. Resistance exercise was effective against the decrease in recognition for male rats and in location memory for female rats treated with MSG. This report demonstrates the beneficial effects of resistance exercise against the prejudice of motor condition and impairment of memory induced by MSG in male and female rats.
- Published
- 2017
27. (p-ClPhSe)2Reduces Hepatotoxicity Induced by Monosodium Glutamate by Improving Mitochondrial Function in Rats
- Author
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Caroline B. Quines, Pietro Maria Chagas, Félix Alexandre Antunes Soares, Cristina W. Nogueira, Nelson Rodrigues de Carvalho, and Diane Duarte Hartmann
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Antioxidant ,Monosodium glutamate ,p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Context (language use) ,Inflammation ,Cell Biology ,medicine.disease_cause ,Biochemistry ,Nitric oxide ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,030104 developmental biology ,Endocrinology ,chemistry ,Apoptosis ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,medicine.symptom ,Molecular Biology ,Oxidative stress - Abstract
It is has been demonstrated that mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and chronic inflammatory process are associated with progress of morbid obesity in human patients. For this reason, the searching for safe and effective antiobesity drugs has been the subject of intense research. In this context, the organic selenium compounds have attracted much attention due to their pharmacological properties, such as antihyperglycemic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory. The aim of this study was to evaluate the hepatoprotective action of p-chloro-diphenyl diselenide (p-ClPhSe)2 , an organic selenium compound, in a model of obesity induced by monosodium glutamate (MSG) administration in rats. Wistar rats were treated during the first ten postnatal days with MSG (4 g/kg by subcutaneous injections) and received (p-ClPhSe)2 (10 mg/kg, intragastrically) from 90th to 97th postnatal day. Mitochondrial function, purine content and the levels of proteins involved in apoptotic (poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase [PARP]) and inflammatory processes (inducible nitric oxide synthases [iNOS] and p38) were determined in the liver of rats. The present study, demonstrated that postnatal administration of MSG to male rats induced a mitochondrial dysfunction, accompanied by oxidative stress and an increase in the ADP levels, without altering the efficiency of phosphorylation in the liver of adult rats. Furthermore, the MSG administration also induces hepatotoxicity, through an increase in PARP, iNOS, and p38 levels. (p-ClPhSe)2 treatment had beneficial effects against mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and modulated protein markers of apoptosis and inflammation in the liver of MSG-treated rats. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 2877-2886, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
- Published
- 2017
28. Novel Umami Ingredients: Umami Peptides and Their Taste
- Author
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Wenlong Liu, Chandrasekar Venkitasamy, Yin Zhang, Liming Zhao, and Zhongli Pan
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Taste ,030109 nutrition & dietetics ,Tetrapeptide ,Monosodium glutamate ,Healthy eating ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,Umami ,040401 food science ,Hydrolysate ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,0404 agricultural biotechnology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,chemistry ,Biochemistry ,Taste receptor ,Tongue ,medicine ,Food Science - Abstract
Umami substances are very important for food seasoning and healthy eating. In addition to monosodium glutamate and some nucleotides, recent investigations have revealed that several peptides also exhibit umami taste. In recent years, 52 peptides have been reported to show umami taste, including 24 dipeptides, 16 tripeptides, 5 octapeptides, 2 pentapeptides, 2 hexapeptides, 1 tetrapeptide, 1 heptapeptide, and 1 undecapeptide. Twenty of these peptides have been examined for the present of umami taste. In this review, we have listed these umami peptides based on their category, source, taste, and threshold concentration. The evidence for peptides showing umami taste, the umami taste receptors on the human tongue, and the peptides whose umami taste is controversial are also discussed.
- Published
- 2016
29. Diet and Headache: Part 1
- Author
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Vincent T. Martin and Brinder Vij
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Headache Disorders ,Monosodium glutamate ,Provocation test ,law.invention ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,0302 clinical medicine ,Randomized controlled trial ,law ,Elimination diet ,Internal medicine ,Humans ,Medicine ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Omega 3 fatty acid ,Aspartame ,business.industry ,Headache ,medicine.disease ,Diet ,Endocrinology ,Neurology ,Migraine ,chemistry ,Neurology (clinical) ,Headaches ,medicine.symptom ,business ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
Background The role of diet in the management of the headache patient is a controversial topic in the headache field. Objectives To review the evidence supporting the hypothesis that specific foods or ingredients within foods and beverages trigger attacks of headache and/or migraine and to discuss the use of elimination diets in the prevention of headache disorders Methods This represents part 1 of a narrative review of the role of diet in the prevention of migraine and other headache disorders. A PubMed search was performed with the following search terms: “monosodium glutamate,” “caffeine,” “aspartame,” “sucralose,” “histamine intolerance syndrome,” “tyramine,” “alcohol,” “chocolate,” “nitrites,” “IgG elimination diets,” and “gluten.” Each of these search terms was then cross-referenced with “headache” and “migraine” to identify relevant studies. Only studies that were written in English were included in this review. Results Caffeine withdrawal and administration of MSG (dissolved in liquid) has the strongest evidence for triggering attacks of headache as evidenced by multiple positive provocation studies. Aspartame has conflicting evidence with two positive and two negative provocation studies. Observational studies provide modest evidence that gluten- and histamine-containing foods as well as alcohol may precipitate headaches in subgroups of patients. Two of three randomized controlled trials reported that an elimination diet of IgG positive foods significantly decreased frequency of headache/migraine during the treatment as compared to baseline time period. Conclusions Certain foods, beverages, and ingredients within foods may trigger attacks of headache and/or migraine in susceptible individuals. Elimination diets can prevent headaches in subgroups of persons with headache disorders.
- Published
- 2016
30. Monosodium Glutamate Triggers Neuroendocrine Stress Axis Leading to Apoptosis and Neural Progenitor Cell Activation
- Author
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Smita Mathew and Keerikkattil P. Joy
- Subjects
chemistry.chemical_compound ,Chemistry ,Apoptosis ,Monosodium glutamate ,Genetics ,Progenitor cell ,Molecular Biology ,Biochemistry ,Stress axis ,Biotechnology ,Cell biology - Published
- 2019
31. Retraction to ‘Xiao J, Wang M, Wu J L. Application of Carbon Stable Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry in Authenticity of 'Zero‐Added Glutamate' Soy Sauces [J]. eFood, 2020, 1(6): 399‐405’
- Author
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Jian-Lin Wu, Mingfu Wang, and Jianbo Xiao
- Subjects
chemistry.chemical_compound ,Chromatography ,chemistry ,Monosodium glutamate ,Stable isotope ratio ,Glutamate receptor ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Glutamic acid ,Mass spectrometry ,Carbon - Published
- 2021
32. Effects of Physical Exercise on the Intestinal Mucosa of Rats Submitted to a Hypothalamic Obesity Condition
- Author
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José Rosa Gomes, J.R. Freitas, and S. Grassiolli
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Histology ,Monosodium glutamate ,medicine.medical_treatment ,030209 endocrinology & metabolism ,Physical exercise ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,0302 clinical medicine ,Intestinal mucosa ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Weaning ,Saline ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,business.industry ,medicine.disease ,Obesity ,Small intestine ,030104 developmental biology ,Endocrinology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,chemistry ,Alkaline phosphatase ,Anatomy ,business ,Biotechnology - Abstract
The small intestine plays a role in obesity as well as in satiation. However, the effect of physical exercise on the morphology and function of the small intestine during obesity has not been reported to date. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of physical exercise on morphological aspects of the rat small intestine during hypothalamic monosodium glutamate (MSG)-induced obesity. The rats were divided into four groups: Sedentary (S), Monosodium Glutamate (MSG), Exercised (E), and Exercised Monosodium Glutamate (EMSG). The MSG and EMSG groups received a daily injection of monosodium glutamate (4 g/kg) during the 5 first days after birth. The S and E groups were considered as control groups and received injections of saline. At weaning, at 21 days after birth, the EMSG and E groups were submitted to swimming practice 3 times a week until the 90th day, when all groups were sacrificed and the parameters studied recorded. Exercise significantly reduced fat deposits and the Lee Index in MSG-treated animals, and also reduced the thickness of the intestinal wall, the number of goblet cells and intestinal alkaline phosphatase activity. However, physical activity alone increased the thickness and height of villi, and the depth of the crypts. In conclusion, regular physical exercise may alter the morphology or/and functions of the small intestine, reducing the prejudicial effects of hypothalamic obesity. Anat Rec, 299:1389-1396, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
- Published
- 2016
33. Effect of monosodium glutamate on physicochemical properties and quality of Alkali-treated Pacific white shrimp
- Author
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Passakorn Kingwascharapong and Soottawat Benjakul
- Subjects
biology ,Monosodium glutamate ,Bicarbonate ,Litopenaeus ,Alcohol ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,Phosphate ,biology.organism_classification ,Alkali metal ,040401 food science ,Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering ,Shrimp ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,0404 agricultural biotechnology ,Biochemistry ,chemistry ,medicine ,Food science ,Swelling ,medicine.symptom ,Food Science - Abstract
Summary Physicochemical properties and quality of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) treated with alkaline soaking solution (ASS; 0.75% NaOH with 2.5% NaCl) containing 3% monosodium glutamate (MSG), pH 11.5 (ASS+3% MSG) were investigated, in comparison with those treated with mixed phosphates or ASS alone. Muscle proteins underwent conformational changes as evidenced by the shift of Tmax to the lower temperature and the increased negative charge when treated with ASS+3% MSG. This coincided with the higher moisture and NaCl contents (P
- Published
- 2016
34. Use of monosodium glutamate by-product in cow diet on performance of lactating dairy cows
- Author
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Somkiert Prasanpanich, Achira Padunglerk, and Phongthorn Kongmun
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Animal fat ,Meal ,Monosodium glutamate ,Soybean meal ,0402 animal and dairy science ,food and beverages ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,General Medicine ,Biology ,040201 dairy & animal science ,03 medical and health sciences ,Rumen ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,030104 developmental biology ,chemistry ,Latin square ,Hay ,Dry matter ,Food science ,General Agricultural and Biological Sciences - Abstract
Eight multiparous lactating Holstein cows were randomly assigned in a 4 × 4 replicated Latin square design to receive four dietary treatments. The dietary treatments were monosodium glutamate by-product (MSGB) replacement for soybean meal in concentrate at four levels: MSGB replacement at 0, 20, 40 and 60%, respectively. Pangola hay was given on an ad libitum basis. It was found that total dry matter intake, concentrate intake, pangola hay intake and all apparent digestibilities were not different among treatments. Ammonia nitrogen concentration in the rumen at 4 h post-feeding was significantly different, in which the 0% treatment had the highest (P
- Published
- 2016
35. Increased pain and muscle glutamate concentration after single ingestion of monosodium glutamate by myofascial temporomandibular disorders patients
- Author
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Malin Ernberg, Lene Baad-Hansen, Bijar Ghafouri, Karin Wåhlén, Akiko Shimada, Björn Gerdle, Brian E. Cairns, Peter Svensson, and Eduardo Castrillon
- Subjects
myalgia ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Monosodium glutamate ,business.industry ,030206 dentistry ,Surgery ,Masseter muscle ,stomatognathic diseases ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,0302 clinical medicine ,Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine ,Blood pressure ,chemistry ,Anesthesia ,Blood plasma ,Heart rate ,Threshold of pain ,Medicine ,Ingestion ,medicine.symptom ,business ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
Background A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study was conducted to investigate if single monosodium glutamate (MSG) administration would elevate muscle/serum glutamate concentrations and affect muscle pain sensitivity in myofascial temporomandibular disorders (TMD) patients more than in healthy individuals. Methods Twelve myofascial TMD patients and 12 sex- and age-matched healthy controls participated in two sessions. Participants drank MSG (150 mg/kg) or NaCl (24 mg/kg; control) diluted in 400 mL of soda. The concentration of glutamate in the masseter muscle, blood plasma and saliva was determined before and after the ingestion of MSG or control. At baseline and every 15 min after the ingestion, pain intensity was scored on a 0–10 numeric rating scale. Pressure pain threshold, pressure pain tolerance (PPTol) and autonomic parameters were measured. All participants were asked to report adverse effects after the ingestion. Results In TMD, interstitial glutamate concentration was significantly greater after the MSG ingestion when compared with healthy controls. TMD reported a mean pain intensity of 2.8/10 at baseline, which significantly increased by 40% 30 min post MSG ingestion. At baseline, TMD showed lower PPTols in the masseter and trapezius, and higher diastolic blood pressure and heart rate than healthy controls. The MSG ingestion resulted in reports of headache by half of the TMD and healthy controls, respectively. Conclusion These findings suggest that myofascial TMD patients may be particularly sensitive to the effects of ingested MSG. What does this study add?’ Elevation of interstitial glutamate concentration in the masseter muscle caused by monosodium glutamate (MSG) ingestion was significantly greater in myofascial myofascial temporomandibular disorders (TMD) patients than healthy individuals. This elevation of interstitial glutamate concentration in the masseter muscle significantly increased the intensity of spontaneous pain in myofascial TMD patients.
- Published
- 2016
36. Neonatal exposure to monosodium glutamate induces morphological alterations in suprachiasmatic nucleus of adult rat
- Author
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Margarita Chávez-Saldaña, Patricia Rojas, Marcela Arteaga-Silva, Julio César Rojas-Castañeda, Rosa María Vigueras-Villaseñor, Oscar Gutiérrez-Pérez, and Carolina Rojas
- Subjects
Male ,0301 basic medicine ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Vasopressin ,Vasopressins ,Monosodium glutamate ,Somatic cell ,Vasoactive intestinal peptide ,Cell Count ,Biology ,Pathology and Forensic Medicine ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,0302 clinical medicine ,Internal medicine ,Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein ,Sodium Glutamate ,medicine ,Animals ,Circadian rhythm ,Rats, Wistar ,Molecular Biology ,Neurons ,Glial fibrillary acidic protein ,Suprachiasmatic nucleus ,Original Articles ,Cell Biology ,030104 developmental biology ,Endocrinology ,nervous system ,chemistry ,biology.protein ,Immunohistochemistry ,Female ,Suprachiasmatic Nucleus ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide - Abstract
Neonatal exposure to monosodium glutamate (MSG) induces circadian disorders in several physiological and behavioural processes regulated by the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of neonatal exposure to MSG on locomotor activity, and on morphology, cellular density and expression of proteins, as evaluated by optical density (OD), of vasopressin (VP)-, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)- and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-immunoreactive cells in the SCN. Male Wistar rats were used: the MSG group was subcutaneously treated from 3 to 10 days of age with 3.5 mg/g/day. Locomotor activity was evaluated at 90 days of age using 'open-field' test, and the brains were processed for immunohistochemical studies. MSG exposure induced a significant decrease in locomotor activity. VP- and VIP-immunoreactive neuronal densities showed a significant decrease, while the somatic OD showed an increase. Major axes and somatic area were significantly increased in VIP neurons. The cellular and optical densities of GFAP-immunoreactive sections of SCN were significantly increased. These results demonstrated that newborn exposure to MSG induced morphological alterations in SCN cells, an alteration that could be the basis for behavioural disorders observed in the animals.
- Published
- 2016
37. 'Kidney and urinary metabolic profiles of monosodium glutamate consumption in Wistar rats'
- Author
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Kanokwan Nahok, Carlo Selmi, Raynoo Thanan, Atit Silsirivanit, and Ubon Cha'on
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Kidney ,business.industry ,Monosodium glutamate ,Urinary system ,Biochemistry ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Endocrinology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,chemistry ,Internal medicine ,Genetics ,Medicine ,business ,Molecular Biology ,Biotechnology - Published
- 2020
38. Impact of Monosodium Glutamate and Corticosterone in the Hippocampus: Glucocorticoid Regulation and Caspase‐3 mediated Microvascular and Neuronal Apoptosis
- Author
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Smita Mathew and Keerikkattil P. Joy
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Monosodium glutamate ,Hippocampus ,Caspase 3 ,Biochemistry ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Endocrinology ,chemistry ,Corticosterone ,Internal medicine ,Genetics ,medicine ,Molecular Biology ,Neuronal apoptosis ,Glucocorticoid ,Biotechnology ,medicine.drug - Published
- 2020
39. Optimization of Low Sodium Salts Mix for Shoestring Potatoes
- Author
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Ana Carla Marques Pinheiro, Vanessa Rios de Souza, Heverton Carrara Pereira, Daniela Maria Rodrigues, Cleiton Antônio Nunes, and Natália Csizmar Azevedo
- Subjects
Monosodium glutamate ,Potassium ,Sodium ,Inorganic chemistry ,Salting ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Context (language use) ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Composition (visual arts) ,Response surface methodology ,Food science ,Food Science ,Low sodium - Abstract
Several studies have shown the close relationship between the sodium consumption and health problems such as hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Thus, the demand for products with reduced sodium content, but with sensory quality, is increasing every day. In this context, this study aimed to optimize a low sodium salts mix using sodium chloride, potassium chloride, and monosodium glutamate to the development of shoestring potatoes with low sodium content and high sensory quality, through mixture design and response surface methodology. The salts mix that promotes the same salting power and similar sensory acceptability that the shoestring potatoes with 1.6% sodium chloride (ideal concentration) and at the same time promotes the greatest possible reduction of sodium, about 65%, should provide the composition as follows: 0.48% of sodium chloride, 0.92% of potassium chloride, and 0.43% of monosodium glutamate.
- Published
- 2015
40. Anti-inflammatory activity of ginger modulates macrophage activation against the inflammatory pathway of monosodium glutamate.
- Author
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Abd El Hady Mousa M, Mansour H, Eid F, and Mashaal A
- Abstract
Monosodium glutamate (MSG) has been traditionally used as a flavor enhancer and is added to many foods. The chronic consumption of MSG has been suggested as causing toxicity, inflammation, obesity, type 2 diabetes, and pre-malignant changes. The use of medicinal plants and their products, such as ginger, against the effects of MSG has been suggested to have a protective effect. To evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of ginger against the effects of MSG, we conducted a serial inflammatory analysis of MSG- and ginger-treated rats, focusing particularly on liver pathology. The consumption of ginger as an unconventional therapy against the effects of MSG resulted in significant anti-inflammatory activity. We found that it was possible to diagnose MSG-associated inflammatory pathogenesis using inflammatory mediators. Ginger consumption produced protective effects on health, minimized adverse effects, and may be applicable for food development and the treatment of many inflammatory diseases. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The chronic administration of monosodium glutamate (MSG) as a flavor enhancer has been suggested to produce toxicity, inflammation, and pre-malignant changes in organs. Ginger has protective effects, with potent anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic activity against MSG administration. This study is the first to report that ginger modulated the inflammatory and fibrotic effects of MSG and improved immunological indices reflecting the involvement of inflammatory and fibrotic markers and polysaccharide content in the activation of macrophages. These findings support the further use of ginger as a supplement for food enhancement and as an anti-fibrotic, anti-inflammatory, and therapeutic agent in pharmaceutical therapies against autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and ulcerative colitis, as well as MSG-associated inflammatory diseases., (© 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Sensory study of different sodium chloride substitutes in aqueous solution
- Author
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Ana Carla Marques Pinheiro, Ana Carolina Feltrin, Cleiton Antônio Nunes, Carla Gonçalves Saraiva, and Vanessa Rios de Souza
- Subjects
Taste ,Aqueous solution ,Monosodium glutamate ,Potassium ,Sodium ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Calcium ,Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Potassium phosphate ,Food science ,Potassium lactate ,Food Science - Abstract
Summary The reduction of salt (sodium chloride) in food is one of the major challenges facing the food industry today and is motivated by the positive association between dietary salt intake and some diseases. Thus, the objectives of this study were to determine the equivalent amount of different sodium chloride replacements required to promote the same degree of ideal saltiness in aqueous solution and to study the sensory profile of sodium chloride and its substitutes using temporal dominance of sensations (TDS) analysis. The relative potencies of potassium chloride, monosodium glutamate, potassium phosphate, calcium lactate and potassium lactate compared to an aqueous solution with 0.75% sodium chloride were 74.75%, 59.52%, 60.48%, 11.40% and 4.96%, respectively. An evaluation of the sensory profiles of potassium chloride, potassium phosphate, calcium lactate and monosodium glutamate revealed saltiness as well as other tastes, including bitterness, sourness, umami and an unidentified undesirable taste as being dominant. The potassium chloride was the only one which showed temporal sensory profile similar to sodium chloride.
- Published
- 2014
42. Neonatal monosodium glutamate treatment causes obesity, diabetes, and macrovesicular steatohepatitis with liver nodules in DIAR mice
- Author
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Emu Oda, Shinichi Hayashi, Shigeharu Miwa, Johji Imura, Mitsuko Sutoh, Shu Taira, Koichi Tsuneyama, Takeshi Nishida, Makoto Fujimoto, Ryoji Hokao, Hayato Baba, Kazuhiro Nomoto, and Takahiko Nakajima
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Hepatology ,business.industry ,Monosodium glutamate ,Gastroenterology ,Type 2 diabetes ,medicine.disease ,digestive system diseases ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Ballooning degeneration ,Endocrinology ,chemistry ,Internal medicine ,Diabetes mellitus ,Hepatocellular carcinoma ,medicine ,Steatohepatitis ,Metabolic syndrome ,Steatosis ,business - Abstract
Background and Aim Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome (MS). Monosodium glutamate (MSG)-treated ICR mice is a useful model of MS and NASH, but it shows the different patterns of steatosis from human NASH. Because inbred aged DIAR (ddY, Institute for Animal Reproduction) mice spontaneously show the similar pattern of steatosis as NASH, we analyzed their liver pathology after administering MSG. Methods MSG-treated DIAR mice (DIAR-MSG) and untreated DIAR mice (DIAR-controls) were sacrificed and assessed histopathologically at 29, 32, 40, 48, and 54 weeks of age. The NASH activity score, body mass index, blood glucose level, and oral glucose tolerance test were also assessed. Results The body mass index and blood glucose levels of DIAR-MSG were significantly higher than controls. The oral glucose tolerance test revealed a type 2 diabetes pattern in DIAR-MSG. The livers of DIAR-MSG mice showed macrovesicular steatosis, lobular inflammation with neutrophils, and ballooning degeneration after 29 weeks. At 54 weeks, mild fibrosis was observed in 5/6 DIAR-MSG and 2/5 DIAR-control mice. In imaging mass spectrometry analysis, cholesterol as well as triglyceride accumulated in the liver of DIAR-MSG mice. Atypical liver nodules were also observed after 32 weeks in DIAR-MSG, some with cellular and structural atypia mimicking human hepatocellular carcinoma. The NASH activity score of DIAR-MSG after 29 weeks was higher than that of control mice, suggesting the development of NASH. Conclusions DIAR-MSG had NASH-like liver pathology and liver nodules typically associated with MS symptoms. DIAR-MSG provides a valuable animal model to analyze NASH pathogenesis and carcinogenesis.
- Published
- 2014
43. Divergent Neuronal Circuitries Underlying Acute Orexigenic Effects of Peripheral or Central Ghrelin: Critical Role of Brain Accessibility
- Author
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Mario Perello, Agustina Cabral, Gimena Fernandez, Mirta Reynaldo, and Spring Valdivia
- Subjects
Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,CIENCIAS MÉDICAS Y DE LA SALUD ,Microinjections ,Monosodium glutamate ,Injections, Subcutaneous ,Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism ,Neurociencias ,Dorsal Vagal Complex ,Peptide hormone ,Article ,Eating ,Mice ,Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Endocrinology ,Arcuate Nucleus ,Arcuate nucleus ,Orexigenic ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Animals ,Receptor ,Monosodium Glutamate ,Neurons ,Arc (protein) ,Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ,Endocrine and Autonomic Systems ,business.industry ,digestive, oral, and skin physiology ,Arcuate Nucleus of Hypothalamus ,Brain ,purl.org/becyt/ford/3.1 [https] ,Ghrelin ,Medicina Básica ,Infusions, Intraventricular ,chemistry ,purl.org/becyt/ford/3 [https] ,business ,Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos ,hormones, hormone substitutes, and hormone antagonists ,medicine.drug ,Hormone - Abstract
Ghrelin is an octanoylated peptide hormone that potently and rapidly increases food intake. The orexigenic action of ghrelin involves the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC), which is accessible to plasma ghrelin and expresses high levels of the ghrelin receptor. Local administration of ghrelin in a variety of other brain nuclei also increases food intake. It is currently unclear, however, whether these non-ARC ghrelin brain targets are impacted by physiological increases of plasma ghrelin. Thus, the present study aimed to clarify which ghrelin brain targets participate in the short-term orexigenic actions of ghrelin. First, c-Fos induction into mouse brains centrally or peripherally treated with ghrelin was analysed. It was confirmed that peripherally administered ghrelin dose-dependently increases food intake and mainly activates c-Fos in ARC neurones. By contrast, centrally administered ghrelin activates c-Fos in a larger number of brain nuclei. To determine which nuclei are directly accessible to ghrelin, mice were centrally or peripherally injected with a fluorescent ghrelin tracer. It was found that peripherally injected tracer mainly accesses the ARC, whereas centrally injected tracer reaches most brain areas known to express ghrelin receptors. Subsequently, the effects of ghrelin were tested in ARC-ablated mice and it was found that these mice failed to increase food intake in response to peripherally administered ghrelin but fully responded to centrally administered ghrelin. ARC-ablated mice showed patterns of ghrelin-induced c-Fos expression similar to those seen in control mice with the exception of the ARC, where no c-Fos was found. Thus, peripheral ghrelin mainly accesses the ARC, which is required for the orexigenic effects of the hormone. Central ghrelin accesses a variety of nuclei, which can mediate the orexigenic effects of the hormone, even in the absence of an intact ARC. Fil: Cabral, Agustina Soledad. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular; Argentina. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas; Argentina Fil: Valdivia Torres, Lesly Spring. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular; Argentina. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas; Argentina Fil: Fernandez, Gimena. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular; Argentina. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas; Argentina Fil: Reynaldo, Mirta Beatriz. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular; Argentina. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas; Argentina Fil: Perello, Mario. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular; Argentina. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas; Argentina
- Published
- 2014
44. Irreversible perinatal imprinting of adult expression of the principal sex‐dependent drug‐metabolizing enzyme CYP2C11
- Author
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Rajat K. Das, Sarmistha Banerjee, and Bernard H. Shapiro
- Subjects
Male ,Chromatin Immunoprecipitation ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Monosodium glutamate ,Blotting, Western ,STAT5B ,Biology ,Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ,Biochemistry ,Research Communications ,Immunoenzyme Techniques ,Rats, Sprague-Dawley ,Genomic Imprinting ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Sex Factors ,Internal medicine ,Genetics ,medicine ,Animals ,Immunoprecipitation ,Testosterone ,RNA, Messenger ,Imprinting (psychology) ,Cytochrome P450 Family 2 ,Promoter Regions, Genetic ,Molecular Biology ,Cells, Cultured ,Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ,Rats ,Perinatal Care ,Endocrinology ,Animals, Newborn ,Liver ,Steroid 16-alpha-Hydroxylase ,chemistry ,Growth Hormone ,Steroid Hydroxylases ,DNA methylation ,Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases ,Signal transduction ,Genomic imprinting ,Drug metabolism ,Signal Transduction ,Biotechnology ,Hormone - Abstract
We proposed to determine whether, like other sexual dimorphisms, drug metabolism is permanently imprinted by perinatal hormones, resulting in its irreversible sex-dependent expression. We treated newborn male rats with monosodium glutamate (MSG), a total growth hormone (GH) blocker, and, using cultured hepatocytes, examined expression of adult CYP2C11, the predominant cytochrome-P450 expressed only in males, as well as the signal transduction pathway by which episodic GH solely regulates the isoform's expression. In addition, adolescent hypophysectomized (hypox) male rats served as controls in which GH was eliminated after the critical imprinting period. Whereas renaturalization of the masculine episodic GH profile restored normal male-like levels of CYP2C11, as well as CYP2C12, in hepatocytes from hypox rats, the cells derived from the MSG-treated rats were completely unresponsive. Moreover, GH exposure of hepatocytes from hypox rats resulted in normal induction, activation, nuclear translocation, and binding to the CYP2C11 promoter of the signal transducers mediating GH regulation of CYP2C11 expression, which dramatically contrasted with the complete unresponsiveness of the MSG-derived hepatocytes, also associated with hypermethylation of GH-response elements in the CYP2C11 promoter. Lastly, neonatal MSG treatment had no adverse effect on postnatal and adult testosterone levels. The results demonstrate that the sexually dimorphic expression of CYP2C11 is irreversibly imprinted shortly after birth by a hormone other than the customary testosterone, but likely by GH.—Das, R. K., Banerjee, S., Shapiro, B. H. Irreversible perinatal imprinting of adult expression of the principal sex-dependent drug-metabolizing enzyme CYP2C11.
- Published
- 2014
45. Changes in taste perception and eating behavior after bariatric surgery-induced weight loss in women
- Author
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J. Christopher Eagon, Marta Yanina Pepino, David Bradley, Nada A. Abumrad, Samuel Klein, and Shelby Sullivan
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Taste ,Nutrition and Dietetics ,business.industry ,Monosodium glutamate ,Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism ,digestive, oral, and skin physiology ,Medicine (miscellaneous) ,Sweetness ,medicine.disease ,Obesity ,Surgery ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Endocrinology ,stomatognathic system ,chemistry ,Weight loss ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Palatability ,medicine.symptom ,business ,Lingual papilla ,Body mass index - Abstract
Objective Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery causes greater weight loss than laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB). We tested the hypothesis that RYGB has weight loss-independent effects on taste perception, which influence eating behavior and contribute to the greater weight loss. Methods Subjects were studied before and after ∼20% weight loss induced by RYGB (n = 17) or LAGB (n = 10). The following have been evaluated: taste sensitivity for sweet, salty and savory stimuli, sucrose and monosodium glutamate (MSG) preferences, sweetness palatability, eating behavior, and expression of taste-related genes in biopsies of fungiform papillae. Results Weight loss induced by both procedures caused the same decrease in: preferred sucrose concentration (−12 ± 10%), perceived sweetness of sucrose (−7 ± 5%), cravings for sweets and fast-foods (−22 ± 5%), influence of emotions (−27 ± 5%), and external food cues (−30 ± 4%) on eating behavior, and expression of α-gustducin in fungiform papillae (all P values
- Published
- 2013
46. Salt-free production of γ-aminobutyric acid from glutamate using glutamate decarboxylase separated fromEscherichia coli
- Author
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Thu Huong Dinh, Ngoc Anh Thu Ho, Taek Jin Kang, Keehoon Won, and Karen A. McDonald
- Subjects
Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,Decarboxylation ,Monosodium glutamate ,General Chemical Engineering ,Organic Chemistry ,Glutamate decarboxylase ,Pollution ,Aminobutyric acid ,gamma-Aminobutyric acid ,Catalysis ,Enzyme catalysis ,Inorganic Chemistry ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Fuel Technology ,chemistry ,medicine ,Organic chemistry ,Waste Management and Disposal ,Sodium acetate ,Biotechnology ,medicine.drug - Abstract
BACKGROUND Gamma(γ)-aminobutyric acid (GABA) has been used extensively in pharmaceuticals and functional foods and is also a building block for bioplastics. GABA is produced from glutamate through decarboxylation catalyzed by glutamate decarboxylase (GAD). The reaction medium should be kept acidic because a pH rise resulting from the reaction inactivates the enzyme catalyst, which is active only at acidic pH. The use of conventional buffers and acids inevitably accompanies salts, which cause serious problems in separation and purification of GABA. In this work, we have applied heterogeneous solid acids for the first time. RESULTS The GAD-catalyzed reaction was conducted in 0.2 mol L−1 sodium acetate buffer (pH 4.6) with 1 mol L−1 monosodium glutamate at 37 °C. When commercial cation-exchange resins as solid acids were simply added to the reaction medium, the conversion improved from 13% to 67% without salt formation. Even when water was used as the reaction medium, acidic ion-exchange resins enhanced the reaction conversion significantly. CONCLUSION In a salt-free manner, acidic resins suppress the pH rise during the reaction so that they can enhance the reaction conversion. In addition, they can be recovered and reused easily after the reaction. Heterogeneous solid acids make the GABA production process more economical and eco-friendly. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
- Published
- 2013
47. Equivalence salting and temporal dominance of sensations analysis for different sodium chloride substitutes in cream cheese
- Author
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Tassyana Vieira Marques Freire, Cleiton Antônio Nunes, Thais Lomonaco Teodoro da Silva, Ana Carla Marques Pinheiro, and Vanessa Rios de Souza
- Subjects
Chemistry ,Monosodium glutamate ,Magnesium ,Process Chemistry and Technology ,Sodium ,Potassium ,Salting ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Bioengineering ,Cream cheese ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,food ,Potassium phosphate ,Food science ,food.cheese ,Potassium lactate ,Food Science - Abstract
The purpose of the study was to determine the potency and equivalence of salt substitutes (potassium chloride, magnesium chloride, monosodium glutamate, potassium lactate, calcium lactate and potassium phosphate monobasic) in cream cheese and to evaluate sensory flavour profiles. The methods used were magnitude estimation and temporal dominance of sensations (TDS). Equivalent salting of cream cheese containing 1% sodium chloride was obtained using: 1.2% potassium chloride, 2.56% monosodium glutamate, 2.5% magnesium chloride and 2.98% potassium phosphate. The TDS revealed that, other than salty taste, the most significant flavours produced were sour and bitter. The potencies of salt substitutes are much lower than that of sodium chloride.
- Published
- 2013
48. Cover Feature: Three‐Dimensional N‐doped Porous Carbon Derived from Monosodium Glutamate for Capacitive Deionization and the Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ChemElectroChem 24/2018)
- Author
-
Na Sun, Huijun Zhao, Shenghong Kang, Haimin Zhang, Guozhong Wang, Haojie Wang, Xian Zhang, Cuijiao Zhao, Hai-Sheng Lu, and Hongjian Zhou
- Subjects
Materials science ,Capacitive deionization ,Monosodium glutamate ,Doping ,Sodium Glutamate ,Catalysis ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Porous carbon ,chemistry ,Chemical engineering ,Feature (computer vision) ,Electrochemistry ,Oxygen reduction reaction ,Cover (algebra) - Published
- 2018
49. Maximising umami taste in meat using natural ingredients: effects on chemistry, sensory perception and hedonic liking in young and old consumers
- Author
-
Donald S. Mottram, Jennifer A. Scott, Orla B. Kennedy, Margot Gosney, Rana Mounayar, Chutipapha Suwankanit, Heston Blumenthal, Lisa Methven, and Maria Dermiki
- Subjects
Taste ,Nutrition and Dietetics ,food.ingredient ,Chemistry ,Monosodium glutamate ,food and beverages ,Sensory system ,Umami ,Glutamic acid ,Tomato puree ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,food ,Yeast extract ,Taste Threshold ,Food science ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,Food Science ,Biotechnology - Abstract
BACKGROUND: Umami taste in foods is elicited predominantly by the presence of glutamic acid and 5’-ribonucleotides, which act synergistically. This study aimed to use natural ingredients to maximise umami taste of a meat formulation and determine effects on liking of older consumers. METHODS: Cooked meat products with added natural ingredients (yeast extract, mycoscent, shiitake extract, tomato puree, soy sauce and soy bean paste) or monosodium glutamate (MSG) were prepared and compared to a control sample analytically (umami compounds), sensorially (sensory profile) and hedonically (liking by younger and older volunteers). Taste detection thresholds of sodium chloride and MSG of volunteers were collected. RESULTS: Four of the seven cooked meat products developed had a significantly higher content of umami-contributing compounds compared to the control. All products, except those containing MSG or tomato puree, were scored (by trained sensory panel) perceptually significantly higher in umami and / or salty taste compared to the control. Consumer tests showed a correlation of liking by the older cohort with perceived saltiness (ρ=0.76). CONCLUSION: The addition of natural umami-containing ingredients during the cooking of meat can provide enhanced umami and salty taste characteristics, this can lead to increased liking by some consumers, particularly those with raised taste detection thresholds.
- Published
- 2013
50. Dietary monosodium glutamate altered redox status and dopamine metabolism in lobster cockroach (Nauphoeta cinerea).
- Author
-
Ademiluyi AO, Oyeniran OH, and Oboh G
- Subjects
- Animals, Diet, Nephropidae, Oxidation-Reduction, Cockroaches, Dopamine metabolism, Sodium Glutamate toxicity
- Abstract
Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) is the most commonly utilized food additive in the world. However, data on possible biochemical reasons underlying the neurotoxic effects of dietary MSG is limited. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation of MSG on redox status and neurochemical indices in lobster cockroach nymph. These were evaluated via assessment of enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants, acetylcholinesterase and monoamine oxidase activities, and dopamine content in the cockroach nymph head homogenate. MSG supplemented diet caused dose-dependent significant (p < .05) reduction in % survival, thiol, GSH, dopamine contents, and GST activity, increased ROS, NO, Fe
2+ , MDA contents, and MAO activity but no significant (p < .05) difference was obtained in GSH and TBARS contents, and AChE activity. Increased oxidative, cholinergic, and monoaminergic activities coupled with decreased dopamine level might be the plausible biochemical explanation for the neurotoxic effects observed during sub-chronic consumption of large amounts of MSG in diet. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: This study suggests that consumption of monosodium glutamate should be reduced to the barest minimum due to its capability to induce oxidative stress and nervous toxicological effects at high dosage., (© 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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