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SUMMARY To determine the fire origins for postflashover compartments, the char pattern and depth are investigated. A set of experiments was carried out using large-scale compartments made of medium-density fibreboard. A liquefied petroleum gas burner was used as the ignition source to mimic the fire origin. The burner was set at different locations in different experiments. It is found that time to flashover, intermittent flame of gas burner and ventilation condition have effects on the char patterns. The ‘ventilation patterns’ are likely to confuse the fire investigators; therefore, it needs to be identified from the ‘flame patterns’. In general, the ventilation patterns at the floor would initiate directly from the compartment opening. CFD simulations is used to reflect the ventilation conditions during fires thus assisting the identification of ventilation patterns. For those cases with less distinguishable char patterns, the profiles of total leftover material thickness and char depth were used to determine the fire origin. The char layer and total thickness in the flame regions were found to be respectively deeper and thinner than the rest parts of the compartment. The ventilation condition also affects the char depth profile; therefore, it cannot be ignored from analysis. At the end, a strategy of fire origin determination is proposed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

A male in his 70s was found lying dead in the living room of his house. A gunshot entrance wound was observed in the left orbit, with a lead slug and wadding left in the skull, which exhibited fatal cranio-cerebral trauma. A cartridge had been discharged from a handmade launcher, or zip gun, that had been fixed to a spare gun barrel on a pipe chair, by heating the launcher from the side using a gas burner. The deceased had owned guns for hunting in the past and had returned the license, but he had retained a spare barrel and live cartridges at home. In this unique case of suicide, a zip gun was discharged by heating with a gas burner.

Providing a reliable hot surface ignition system (glow plug, GP) for natural gas-direct injection engines is challenging. This paper presents experimental results of aging all-ceramic Si3N4-based GPs in an engine, continuing previously published results on electric and gas burner rigs. The microstructural modifications of the ceramic heater, leading to degradation and ultimately to failure, are effected by four synergistic mechanisms: electrical, chemical, mechanical, and thermal. GP lifetime in engine follows the general Arrhenius law, with activation energy of 5.2 eV, (vs 9.1 V on burner rig and 13.8 eV on electric rig, as reported previously), suggesting additional factors contributing to GP failure in the engine.

In the development of advanced natural gas and hydrogen direct injection combustion engines, a challenge is providing reliable hot-surface (glow plug, GP) ignition systems; most promising are GPs with silicon nitride-based heaters. This paper presents experimental results of accelerated degradation tests of the GPs on natural gas-burning rig, continuing previously published results on GP degradation in air. Degradation, ultimately leading to GP failure, occurs through the synergistic effects of electric field and chemical reactions in the combustion environment. The resulting microstructural modifications of the ceramic heater, studied by SEM/EDS, are a combination of sintering additive ions migration and surface oxidation.

Highly flame-retardant rigid polyurethane (RPU) foams were prepared by vacuum impregnation or pressure impregnation of sodium polyborate (SPB) solu- tion. The RPU foams (10 mm thickness, 134-690% SPB) endured the flame of a butane gas burner for 167-1144 s, and the backside temperatures remained below 45 � C until penetration occurred. The heat releases from the RPU foams with 150 and 400% SPB in air in the cone calori- meter tests were 8.8 and 4.1 MJ/m 2 , respectively. The analyses with thermogravimetry, differential scanning calorimetry, and scanning electron microscopy indicated the flame-retardant mechanism, in which the SPB foam and the formed char layer together insulated the inside from oxygen gas and heat. V C 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 122: 1707-1711, 2011

This study focuses on the development of biobased flame-retardant resins. Lignin and α,ω-alkanediols are used, which can be obtained from biomass. To introduce intumescent properties, phosphoryl chloride and 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole are introduced into kraft lignin prior to it being resinified with the α,ω-alkanediols. In simple combustion tests using a gas burner at 1300 °C, the resins prepared exhibit nonburnable properties, producing only a swollen char. According to dynamic mechanical analysis, the glass transition temperature decreases with an increase in the carbon number and amount of the alkanediols introduced. The mechanical loss tangent (tan δ) value of the prepared resins is below 1, indicating that the resins would not drip flaming particles during burning. Indeed, the specimens do not generate particles in the simple combustion tests. According to the results of cone calorimeter testing, the total heat release and the peak heat release rate are significantly smaller than those of a commercial phenol-formaldehyde-resin-containing flame retardant.

The standard thermal barrier coating material yttria stabilised zirconia (YSZ) is limited in long term operation to a maximum temperature of about 1200 °C. As a result further increase of the gas inlet temperature and hence the efficiency of gas turbines are hardly to achieve with YSZ coatings. In a screening procedure especially perowskite (ABO 3 , A = Sr,Ba, B = Zr) and pyrochlore (A 2 B 2 O 7 , e.g. A = La and other rare earth elements, B = e.g. Zr) materials have been identified as possible candidates for thermal barrier coatings. Basic physical properties (e.g. thermal expansion coefficient, thermal diffusivity and conductivity) of several candidates have been determined using sintered, dense samples. The possibility of optimization of the properties by using specific compositions will be discussed. From promising materials powders which are suitable for plasma-spraying have been produced by spray-drying. New TBC systems consisting of new materials (BaZrO 3 , La 2 Zr 2 O 7 ) deposited by atmospheric plasma spraying and vacuum plasma sprayed MCrAlY bondcoats were tested in a gas burner facility. Especially La 2 Zr 2 O 7 coatings gave promising results. A further improvements could be achieved by the use of layered or graded coatings with a YSZ coating at the bondcoat interface and on top a layer of the new TBC material. First results of thermal cycling tests with 1250 and 1350 °C surface temperature will be presented.

Cholesterol α-oxide (5α-cholestan-5,6α-epoxy-3β-ol), a suspected carcinogen and/or atherogen, and its β-isomer are found in varying amounts in commercial dried egg products. The level of total cholesterol oxides in dried eggs ranges from undetectable to 311 parts per million of total lipids. The majority of the samples (64%) had total cholesterol oxides content between 6 – 49 ppm. The level of cholesterol α-oxide ranges from undetectable to 62 ppm. The ratio of α-oxide to its β-isomer is found consistantly to be 1 to 4. The formation of cholesterol oxides is greater in samples dried by hot air heated directly with gas burner than those dried by air heated indirectly with steam. Prolonged storage increases cholesterol oxides content in dried egg products.

A standard method for evaluating the fire performance of pipe insulation is not available in North America. In Europe, however, the regional standards organization NORDTEST has had available for several years now a method specifically designed for this purpose. The NORDTEST NT FIRE 036 test is a full-scale room fire test where the pipe insulation is installed along the ceiling and subjected to a gas burner fire. Four classes of performance (Class I through III, plus unrated) are used to evaluate the products. In the present work, 4 different pipe insulation products, representing the most common materials used for this purpose, have been examined according to this test. The results showed that rock wool insulation gave the best fire performance, with phenolic foam being in the least safe rated category. Synthetic foam rubber and polyethylene insulation products gave intermediate performance. 12 refs., 3 figs., 11 tabs.

Detailed tests were conducted to evaluate the process impact of treating contaminated soils by concurrently firing the Linde® Oxygen Combustion System (OCS) with the main kiln air-natural gas burner. The evaluation was carried out at the Lousiana Army Ammunition Plant (LAAP) on explosives-contaminated soil in International Technology's (IT) countercurrent kiln Hybrid Thermal Treatment System (HTTS®). Cocurrent and countercurrent kiln firing positions (relative to soil flow) were utilized for the OCS at stoichiometric and substoichiometric oxygen ratios. The relative firing rates of the OCS and main burner were varied at a combined heat release of approximately 8.8 × 106W. A reference run was conducted to define process performance for the main kiln air-natural gas burner alone. The feed soil contained 18 to 22 ppm nitroexplosives at an average moisture content of 17.5 percent (dry weight basis). A constant ash discharge temperature of approximately 480° C was maintained during the basic tests. The average heat transferred to the soil feed for the reference case was 49 × 103W/m2 of kiln surface and for the OCS tests up to 55 × 103W/m2 was transferred. The average heat release for the reference run and the OCS tests was 160 × 103W/m3 and 187 × 103W/m3 respectively. Capacity increases of up to 20 percent were achieved by firing the OCS in a countercurrent mode at a substoichiometric oxygen ratio of 56 percent, resulting in an operating cost reduction of about 12 percent. Higher oxygen stoichiometric ratios did not produce proportionally increased throughput.

A laboratory experiment was performed to investigate the interaction between energy source and container material in surface cooking operations as deter mined by evenness of heating, speed of heating, and heat retention. Energy sources were a conventional gas burner; a conventional electric coil; an electric resistance heater and induction coil, both under glass-ceramic; and a solid elec tric element. Cookware of thin- and heavy-gauge aluminum, porcelain enamel over thin-gauge steel, heavy-gauge stainless steel with a thick aluminum heat core, and glass-ceramic was combined with each of the energy sources to com plete a cooking system. A General Linear Models Procedure was used to assess statistically the impact of each variable on test results. Duncan Multiple Range tests were performed to identify statistically significant differences between sys tems. Heavy-gauge aluminum and heavy-gauge stainless steel with a thick alu minum heat core produced the most even browning of crepes in all cooking systems. Regardless of the cookware used, the induction unit, gas burner, and conventional electric coil boiled water more quickly than did the other energy sources, while the solid element and the electric resistance coil under glass- ceramic retained more heat.

Die Technologie des Metallspritzens ist einfach, metallkundlich interessant und fertigungsmasig wirksam. Sie erlaubt das Auftragen von Werkstoff in Form ab-wandlungsfahiger Uberzuge, als Korrosionsschutz, zur Reparatur und zur Verschonerung. Metalle und Nichtmetalle sind durch die Gasflamme, den Lichtbogen oder den Plasmastrahl in Draht- oder in Pulverform verarbeitbar. Sondergerate sind hierzu jeweils erforderlich. Die Leistungsgrenzen dieser Verfahren, die im Regelfalle darin bestehen, verflussigte Substanz in einem Tragergas, meist Presluft, auf eine vorbereitete Unterlage tropfenformig aufzubringen, mussen eingehalten werden. Wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse haben diesen Prozessen zu einer erweiterten Anwendung verholfen, wozu auch neue Energiequellen beitrugen. Metal spraying: From the gas burner to the plasma beam The technology of metal spraying is simple; it is metallurgically interesting, and has an important effect on finishing. It permits the application of material in the form of variable coatings, for corrosion protection, for repair purposes, or for embellishment. Metals as well as nonmetallic materials can be used in wire or powder form by means of rhe gas burner, the electric arc or the plasma beam. In each case, special equipment is required. The capacity limits of these methods, which normally consist in the drop-by-drop application of a liquefied substance in a carrier gas, usually compressed air, to a prepared base, must be observed. With increasing scientific knowledge, these processes have found more widespread application, also aided by new sources of energy.

2243. Grever, E. C. Feb. 7, 1910, [Convention date]. Ironing-machines with pressing action only; steaming - apparatus.-In a machine for pressing and steaming garments, l i v e or superheated steam can be supplied to the garment through a passage in the presser head, the passage being surrounded by a chamber heated by superheated steam or by gas. The garment is laid on a supporting-block 14 and is pressed by a head 13 connected with a treadle 47 and in communication with a combined steam-generator and superheater 33 by pipes 36, 37. The head comprises a chamber 27 within which is a longitudinal passage 19 slotted to allow escape of steam to channels formed by series of ridges 23 on the under side of the head. The ridges are covered by a metallic fabric 24. Live steam is supplied to the passage 19 through a spring- controlled hand-operated valve 41 and superheated steam to the chamber 27; or by suitable manipulation of a pair of three-way valves, superheated steam may be supplied to both the passage .and the chamber. The Specification as open to inspection under Section 91 (3) (a) comprises also a description of the steam-generator and superheater. The generator, which is cylindrical, is heated by a gas burner and is surmounted by a feedwaterheater. The superheater is in the form of coils disposed between the burner and the generator. The whole is enclosed by a casing. This subjectmatter does not appear in the Specification as accepted.