25 results on '"forestal"'
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2. Indirect Effects of Pandemic Deer Overabundance Inferred from Caterpillar-Host Relations
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Tim Nuttle, Laura Wheatall, and Ellen H. Yerger
- Subjects
Yellow birch ,Prunus serotina ,Ecology ,biology ,Forestal ,biology.organism_classification ,Sweet birch ,Prunus pensylvanica ,Prunus ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Botany ,Caterpillar ,Beech ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Nature and Landscape Conservation - Abstract
Externally feeding phytophagous insect larvae (i.e., caterpillars, here, larval Lepidoptera and sawflies, Hymenoptera: Symphyta) are important canopy herbivores and prey resources in temperate deciduous forests. However, composition of forest trees has changed dramatically in the eastern United States since 1900. In particular, browsing by high densities of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) has resulted in forests dominated by browse-tolerant species, such as black cherry (Prunus serotina), and greatly reduced relative abundance of other tree species, notably pin cherry (Prunus pensylvanica) and birches (Betula spp.). To quantify effects of these changes on caterpillars, we sampled caterpillars from 960 branch tips of the 8 tree species that comprise 95% of trees in Allegheny hardwood forests: red maple (Acer rubrum), striped maple (Acer pensylvanicum), sugar maple (Acer saccharum), sweet birch (Betula lenta), yellow birch (Betula allegheniensis), American beech (Fagus grandifolia), black cherry, and pin cherry. We collected 547 caterpillar specimens that belonged to 66 Lepidoptera and 10 Hymenoptera species. Caterpillar density, species richness, and community composition differed significantly among tree species sampled. Pin cherry, nearly eliminated at high deer density, had the highest density and diversity of caterpillars. Pin cherry shared a common caterpillar community with black cherry, which was distinct from those of other tree hosts. As high deer density continues to replace diverse forests of cherries, maples, birches, and beech with monodominant stands of black cherry, up to 66% of caterpillar species may be eliminated. Hence, deer-induced changes in forest vegetation are likely to ricochet back up forest food webs and therefore negatively affect species that depend on caterpillars and moths for food and pollination. Efectos Indirectos de la Sobreabundancia de Venados Pandemicos Inferida de Relaciones Orugas-Huespedes Resumen Las larvas de insectos fitofagos (i.e., orugas, aqui, larvas de Lepidotera y moscas sierra, Hymenoptera: Symphyta) son importantes herbivoros y presas del dosel en bosques deciduos templados. Sin embargo, la composicion de arboles forestales ha cambiado dramaticamente en el este de Estados Unidos desde 1900. En particular, el ramoneo de altas densidades de venado cola blanca (Odocoileus virginianus) ha resultado en bosques dominados por especies tolerantes al ramoneo, como Prunus serotina, y la gran disminucion de la abundancia relativa de otras especies de arboles, notablemente Prunus pensylvanicay abedules (Betula spp.). Para cuantificar los efectos de estos cambios sobre las orugas, muestreamos orugas de 960 extremos de ramas de las 8 especies de arboles que comprenden 95% de los arboles en los bosques de maderas duras de Allegheny: Acer rubrum, A. pensylvanicum, A. saccharum, Betula lenta, B. allegheniensis, Fagus grandifolia, Prunus serotina y P. pensylvanica. Recolectamos 547 especimenes de oruga pertenecientes a 66 especies de Lepidoptera y 10 de Hymenoptera. La densidad, riqueza de especies y composicion de la comunidad de orugas difirio significativamente entre las especies de arboles muestreadas. Prunus pensylvanica, casi eliminada en alta densidad de venados, tuvo la mayor densidad y diversidad de orugas. P. pensylvanica compartio la comunidad de orugas con P. serotina, que fue diferente en los otros arboles huesped. A medida que la alta densidad de venados continua reemplazando los bosques diversos de cerezos, maples, abedules y hayas con bosques monodominantes de Prunus serotina, se podria eliminar hasta el 66% de las especies de orugas. Por lo tanto, es probable que los cambios en la vegetacion forestal inducidos por venados reboten en las redes alimenticias de los bosques y consecuentemente afecten negativamente a especies que dependen de orugas y polillas para su alimentacion y polinizacion.
- Published
- 2013
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3. Value of Small Patches in the Conservation of Plant-Species Diversity in Highly Fragmented Rainforest
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Eduardo Pineda, Víctor Arroyo-Rodríguez, Federico Escobar, and Julieta Benítez-Malvido
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Conservation of Natural Resources ,Forestal ,Endangered species ,Biodiversity ,Rainforest ,Biology ,Trees ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Species Specificity ,Mexico ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Demography ,Nature and Landscape Conservation ,Population Density ,Analysis of Variance ,Tropical Climate ,Ecology ,Species diversity ,Plants ,chemistry ,Regression Analysis ,Species richness ,Global biodiversity ,Tropical rainforest - Abstract
We evaluated the importance of small (
- Published
- 2009
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4. The Contribution of Habitat Loss to Changes in Body Size, Allometry, and Bilateral Asymmetry in Two Eleutherodactylus Frogs from Puerto Rico
- Author
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Carla Restrepo and Johanna Delgado-Acevedo
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Male ,Conservation of Natural Resources ,Ecology ,Puerto Rico ,Leptodactylidae ,Forestal ,Biology ,Body size ,Eleutherodactylus ,biology.organism_classification ,Fluctuating asymmetry ,Eleutherodactylus antillensis ,Trees ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Habitat destruction ,chemistry ,Animals ,Body Size ,Female ,Allometry ,Anura ,Ecosystem ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Nature and Landscape Conservation - Abstract
Amphibian populations have been declining worldwide and the exact mechanisms underlying these changes are not well understood. We examined environmentally induced phenotypic changes that may reflect ongoing stresses on individuals and therefore their ability to persist in increasingly changing landscapes. Specifically, we evaluated the contribution of habitat loss on the size, allometry, and levels of fluctuating asymmetry of Eleutherodactylus antillensis and E. coqui, 2 common species that are endemic to Puerto Rico. We x-rayed frogs collected at 9 sites that differed in the amount of forest cover and measured their snout-vent, radio-ulna, femur, and tibio-fibula lengths. E. antillensis and E. coqui were smaller in the highly disturbed (≤20% forest cover) than in the intermediately (20–70% forest cover) and little-disturbed (≥70% forest cover) landscapes. In E. antillensis but not in E. coqui, the slope and intercept of the curves relating snout-vent length with the length of the 3 bones differed with degree of forest cover, suggesting an effect of habitat loss on body shape. In E. antillensis and E. coqui, differences between right and left sides corresponded to true fluctuating asymmetry; however, only the radio-ulna length of E. coqui showed a trend toward an increase in fluctuating asymmetry with habitat loss. Because body size scales with a variety of physiological, life history, and ecological traits, conservation programs aimed at monitoring morphological changes in amphibians may help in understanding the mechanisms that contribute to their persistence in changing environments. Resumen: Las poblaciones de anfibios han declinado mundialmente y los mecanismos subyacentes en estos cambios no son bien conocidos. Examinamos cambios fenotipicos inducidos ambientalmente que pueden reflejar el estres continuo sobre individuos y por lo tanto su habilidad para persistir en paisajes en cambio constante. Especificamente, evaluamos la contribucion de la perdida de habitat sobre el tamano, la alometria y los niveles de asimetria fluctuante de Eleutherodactylus antillensis y E. coqui, dos especies comunes endemicas a Puerto Rico. Tomamos radiografias a ranas recolectadas en 9 sitios que difieren en la cantidad de cobertura forestal y medimos sus longitudes hocico-cloaca, radio-ulna, femur y tibia-fibula. E. antillensis y E. coqui fueron mas pequenos en los paisajes muy perturbados (≤20% de cobertura forestal) que en los paisajes con perturbacion intermedia (20–70% de cobertura forestal) y que en los poco perturbados (≥70% de cobertura forestal). En E. antillensis pero no en E. coqui, la pendiente y la intercepcion de las curvas que relacionan la longitud hocico-cloaca con la longitud de los 3 huesos difirio con el grado de cobertura forestal, lo que sugiere un efecto de la perdida de habitat sobre la forma del cuerpo. En E. antillensis y E. coqui, las diferencias entre los flancos derecho e izquierdo correspondieron a una asimetria fluctuante real; sin embargo, solo la longitud del radio-ulna de E. coqui mostro una tendencia hacia el incremento de la asimetria fluctuante con la perdida de habitat. Debido a que el tamano corporal incrementa con una variedad de caracteristicas fisiologicas, de historia de vida y ecologicas, los programas de conservacion enfocados a monitorear los cambios morfologicos de anfibios pueden ayudar a entender los mecanismos que contribuyen a su persistencia en ambientes cambiantes.
- Published
- 2008
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5. Effects of New Forestry Practices on Rare Epiphytic Macrolichens
- Author
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Juha Pykälä
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Ecology ,Rare species ,Forestal ,Biodiversity ,Forest landscape ,Occurrence data ,Forestry ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Geography ,chemistry ,Epiphyte ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Nature and Landscape Conservation - Abstract
The preservation of key habitats is included in modern forest-management practices as one of the main means to preserve biodiversity in northern European production forests. I examined the distribution patterns and persistence of occurrence of rare epiphytic macrolichens in a predominantly unprotected forest landscape with an area of 278 km2 in southern Finland. Occurrence data of macrolichens in two key habitats, rock outcrops and mires, were compared with data from production forests. The density of populations of rare macrolichens was 50-fold higher on rock outcrops and 25-fold higher on mires than in production forests. Most rare species of epiphytic macrolichens were found only in key habitats. In modern, intensively managed forest landscapes, rock outcrops appeared to represent the main habitats for rare macrolichens as a result of the long-term continuity of old trees. Most macrolichen occurrences represented very small populations with a high extinction risk. Of the populations found in 1989–1995 in key habitats, 51% had disappeared, by 2000–2001, mainly as a result of forestry activities. The disappearance of populations significantly exceeded the rate of establishment of new populations. My results emphasize the importance of key habitats for declining forest species. There is also a need to improve and sharpen the guidelines for delimiting and managing key habitats in order to halt the continued decline of epiphytic macrolichens. Resumen: La preservacion de habitats clave esta incluida en practicas de gestion forestal modernas como uno de los muchos medios para preservar la biodiversidad de bosques de produccion en el norte de Europa. Examine los patrones de distribucion y la persistencia de ocurrencia de macroliquenes epifiticos raros en un paisaje de bosque predominantemente no protegido con una extension de 278 km2 en el sur de Finlandia. Compare datos de ocurrencia de macroliquenes en dos habitats clave, afloramientos rocosos y cienegas, con datos de bosques de produccion. La densidad de poblaciones de macroliquenes raros fue 50 veces mayor en afloramientos y 25 veces mayor en cienegas que en bosques de produccion. La mayoria de las especies de macroliquenes epifiticos raros fueron encontradas solo en habitats claves. En el paisaje de bosque bajo manejo intensivo, los afloramientos representaron los habitats principales para macroliquenes raros debido a la continuidad a largo plazo de arboles viejos. La mayoria de las ocurrencias de macroliquenes representaron poblaciones muy pequenas con un alto riesgo de extincion. Cincuenta y un porciento de las poblaciones encontradas en 1989–1995 en habitats clave habian desaparecido en 2000–2001, debido a actividades forestales principalmente. La desaparicion de poblaciones excedio significativamente la tasa de establecimiento de poblaciones nuevas. Mis resultados destacan la importancia de habitats clave para especies forestales en declinacion. Tambien existe la necesidad de mejorar y afinar los lineamientos para delimitar y manejar los habitats clave para detener la declinacion de macroliquenes epifiticos.
- Published
- 2004
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6. Loss of Forest Cover in Kalimantan, Indonesia, Since the 1997-1998 El Niño
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T.C. Jessup, A. Salim, and Douglas O. Fuller
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Ecology ,Forestal ,Biodiversity ,Forestry ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Geography ,chemistry ,Habitat ,Forest cover ,Deforestation ,Indonesian government ,Biomass burning ,Protected area ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Nature and Landscape Conservation - Abstract
Deforestation in Indonesia poses a significant threat to the region's biodiversity. We mapped forest cover in Kalimantan, Indonesia, in 2002, with imagery provided by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spec- trometer (MODIS). The MODIS-based forest and nonforest map showed good agreement with other sources of recent data on forest cover. Comparison of MODIS forest cover with Indonesian government data from 1996 revealed that almost 3 million ha of forest were lost in Kalimantan since the major El Nievent of 1997-1998, when a drought produced unprecedented biomass burning in the region. Over two-thirds of the deforestation occurred in proposed and existing protected areas, especially those of 100,000-250,000 ha. The loss of forest in proposed and existing protected areas suggests that Kalimantan's protected-area network is no longer vi- able and that alternative conservation strategies, such as timber certification and improved monitoring and enforcement, are needed to preserve remaining forest habitats there. Perdida de Cobertura Forestal en Kalimantan, Indonesia, desde El Ni˜ no de 1997-1998.
- Published
- 2004
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7. Potential Effects of Passenger Pigeon Flocks on the Structure and Composition of Presettlement Forests of Eastern North America
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Brenda McComb and Joshua W. Ellsworth
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Ecology ,biology ,Landscape structure ,Forestal ,Passenger pigeon ,Forestry ,Impact study ,biology.organism_classification ,Fagaceae ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,La paloma ,Geography ,chemistry ,Natural variability ,Flock ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Nature and Landscape Conservation - Abstract
We considered the possible effects Passenger Pigeon (Ectopistes migratorius) flocks may have had on the disturbance regime and species composition of presettlement forests in eastern North America. We suggest that the activities of roosting and nesting Passenger Pigeons caused widespread, frequent disturbances in presettlement eastern forests through tree limb and stem breakage and nutrient deposition from pigeon excrement. We suspect that the deposition of fine fuels resulting from such disturbances may have influenced fire intensity and frequency in presettlement forests. Further, we propose that consumption of vast quantities of acorns by pigeons during the spring breeding season may partially explain the dominance of white oak (Quercus alba) throughout much of the presettlement north-central hardwoods region. Consequently, the pigeon's extinction may have facilitated the increase and expansion of northern red oak (Quercus rubra) during the twentieth century. Although it is difficult to accurately quantify how physical and chemical disturbances and mast consumption by Passenger Pigeon flocks affected forest ecology, we suspect they shaped landscape structure and species composition in eastern forests prior to the twentieth century. We believe their impact should be accounted for in estimates of the range of natural variability of conditions in eastern hardwood forests. Resumen: Consideramos los posibles efectos que pudieron haber tenido parvadas de Palomas Migratorias (Ectopistes migratorius) sobre el regimen de perturbacion y la composicion de especies de bosques en Norte America oriental antes de la colonizacion. Sugerimos que las actividades de perchado y anidacion de las palomas causaron perturbaciones frecuentes y extensas en los bosques orientales antes de la colonizacion por medio de la ruptura de ramas y tallos de arboles y la deposicion de nutrientes del excremento de las palomas. Sospechamos que la deposicion de combustibles resultantes de tales perturbaciones pudo haber influido en la intensidad y frecuencia de incendios forestales. Mas aun, proponemos que el consumo de grandes cantidades de bellotas por las palomas en la primavera puede parcialmente explicar la dominancia de roble blanco (Quercus alba) en muchos de los bosques nor-orientales. En consecuencia, la extincion de la paloma pudo haber facilitado el incremento y expansion del roble rojo (Quercus rubra) durante el siglo veinte. Aunque es dificil cuantificar con precision como las perturbaciones fisicas y quimicas y el consumo masivo por parvadas de palomas migratorias afectaron a la ecologia forestal, sospechamos que modelaron la estructura del paisaje y la composicion de especies en los bosques orientales antes del siglo veinte. Creemos que su impacto deberia ser considerado cuando se hacen estimaciones del rango de variabilidad natural de las condiciones en bosques orientales de maderas duras.
- Published
- 2003
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8. Hotspots of Insect Diversity in Boreal Forests
- Author
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Atte Komonen
- Subjects
Ecology ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Taiga ,Forestal ,Biodiversity ,Insect ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Geography ,chemistry ,Species richness ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Host specificity ,Nature and Landscape Conservation ,media_common - Abstract
Insect diversity patterns in boreal forests are largely unknown, and many specific microhabitats have been overlooked in the past. I reviewed some of the evidence on species richness, host specificity, and rarity of insects confined to one such specific microhabitat, namely the fruiting bodies of wood-decaying macrofungi. I concluded that the insect communities occurring within the fruiting bodies are rich in species, many of which show preference for a specific fungal host. The relatively high number of rare insect species underscores the importance of fungal fruiting bodies for biodiversity maintenance in boreal forests. In the light of this importance and the fact that fruiting bodies occur as distinct, species-rich islands in the boreal forest landscape, I suggest that the fruiting bodies of wood-decaying macrofungi can be considered hotspots of insect diversity. Because many forest insects are negatively affected by forestry, practical forest management should pay more attention not only to fungal fruiting bodies but also to other similar microhabitats. Resumen: Los patrones de diversidad de insectos en bosques boreales son practicamente desconocidos, y muchos microhabitats especificos no se han estudiado en el pasado. Revise datos sobre riqueza de especies, especificidad de hospedadores y rareza de insectos confinados a un microhabitat especifico, es decir los cuerpos fructiferos de macrofungi de madera podrida. Conclui que las comunidades de insectos en los cuerpos fructiferos son ricas en especies, muchas de las cuales muestran preferencia por un hospedador fungoideo especifico. El numero de insectos raros relativamente alto acentua la importancia de los cuerpos fructiferos para el mantenimiento de la biodiversidad en bosques boreales. En base a lo antedicho y considerando el hecho de que los cuerpos fructiferos ocurren como islas distintas, ricas en especies, en el paisaje del bosque boreal, sugiero que los cuerpos fructiferos de macrofungi de madera podrida pueden ser considerados como areas de importancia para la diversidad de insectos. Debido a que muchos de los insectos de bosque son afectados negativamente por la explotacion forestal, el manejo forestal practico deberia prestar mayor atencion no solo a los cuerpos fructiferos de los hongos sino tambien a otros microhabitats similares.
- Published
- 2003
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9. Effects of Habitat Fragmentation on Birds in Deciduous Forests in Japan
- Author
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Reiko Kurosawa and Robert A. Askins
- Subjects
Habitat fragmentation ,Ecology ,Forestal ,Forest fragmentation ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Deciduous ,Geography ,chemistry ,Abundance (ecology) ,Western europe ,Species richness ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Nature and Landscape Conservation ,Global biodiversity - Abstract
Although migratory forest birds have declined at many sites in Japan, the negative effect of forest fragmentation on bird populations has not been intensively studied. We sought to ( 1 ) determine whether there are particular bird species or groups of species that are sensitive to the area and isolation of forests in Japan and ( 2 ) compare the types of species that are area-sensitive in Japan, Western Europe, and eastern North America. We estimated the abundance of breeding birds by using the fixed-radius, point-count method in 53 deciduous forests ( 1–5045 ha ) in southern Hokkaido. Forest area was positively related to the abundance ( average number of individuals per survey plot ) and species richness ( average number of species per survey plot ) of forest-interior birds and was negatively related to the abundance and species richness of forest-edge birds. As in eastern North America, forest area was the best predictor of the abundance of several species of forest birds. Also, some species were restricted to large forests, with minimum areas larger than expected by chance. Forest area was not significantly related to the total abundance of tropical migrants, but five of the nine potentially area-sensitive species were tropical migrants. Jungle Crows ( Corvus macrorhynchos ), which are nest predators, were more abundant in small forests than in large forests, but Oriental Cuckoos ( Cuculus saturatus ), which were the most common brood parasites, were more abundant in large forests. To conserve area-sensitive species in deciduous forests in northern Japan, it will be necessary to preserve large areas of contiguous forest and monitor the effect of predators on nest success. Resumen: Aunque las aves migratorias han declinado en muchos sitios en Japon, no se han estudiado intensamente los efectos negativos de la fragmentacion del bosque sobre las poblaciones de aves. Buscamos ( 1 ) determinar si hay una especie de ave o grupos de especies que sean especialmente sensibles al area y al aislamiento de los bosques en Japon y ( 2 ) comparar los tipos de especies que son sensibles al area en Japon, Europa occidental y el este de Norte America. Estimamos la abundancia de aves reproductivas utilizando el metodo de conteo por puntos de radio fijo en 53 bosques deciduos ( 1-5045 ha ) en el sur de Hokkaido. El area forestal mostro tener una correlacion directa con la abundancia ( numero promedio de individuos por parcela de muestreo ) y la riqueza de especies ( numero promedio de especies por parcela de muestreo ) de aves del interior del bosque e inversa con la abundancia y la riqueza de especies de aves del borde del bosque. Asi como en Norte America, el area forestal fue el mejor predictor de la abundancia de varias especies de aves de bosque. Ademas algunas especies se restringieron a bosques extensos, con superficies minimas mas extensas de lo esperado al azar. El area de bosque no mostro una correlacion significativa con la abundancia total de aves migratorias tropicales, pero cinco de las nueve especies potencialmente sensibles al area fueron aves migratorias tropicales. Los cuervos ( Corvus macrorhynchos ), que son depredores de nidos, fueron mas abundantes en bosques pequenos que en bosques extensos, pero los cucos orientales ( Cuculus saturatus ), que fueron los parasitos de crias mas comunes, fueron mas abundantes en bosques extensos. Para conservar aquellas especies sensibles al area en bosques deciduos del norte de Japon, sera necesario preservar extensas areas de bosque continuo y hacer un seguimiento de los efectos de depredadores sobre el exito de los nidos.
- Published
- 2003
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10. Large-Scale Conversion of Forest to Agriculture in the Boreal Plains of Saskatchewan
- Author
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Steve L. Van Wilgenburg, Erin M. Bayne, and Keith A. Hobson
- Subjects
Satellite observation ,Auroral zone ,Agricultural development ,Ecology ,Forestal ,Forestry ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Geography ,chemistry ,Boreal ,Deforestation ,Forest cover ,Land quality ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Nature and Landscape Conservation - Abstract
Despite widespread recognition of the importance of forest loss and fragmentation on biodiversity, the extent and rate of forest loss even in temperate regions remains poorly understood. We documented forest loss and assessed whether road density, rural developments, land quality for agriculture, and land ownership influenced the distribution and rate of change in forest cover for the entire boreal transition zone (49,846 km2) of Saskatchewan, Canada. We used landscape data taken from the Canadian Land Inventory database in forest cover (1996) and Landsat thematic mapper data (1994) to study changes between 1966 and 1994. Forest covered 17,873 km2 of the study area in 1966 and 13,504 km2 in 1994. This represents an overall conversion of 73% of the boreal transition zone in Saskatchewan to agriculture since European settlement and an annual deforestation rate of 0.89% over the last 28 years, a rate approximately three times the world average. Mixed-regressive, spatially autoregressive models explained a considerable portion of the variation in forest cover (r 2 = 0.83) remaining on the landscape and suggested that less forest remained on lands that (1) were privately owned, (2) had soils with high suitability for agriculture, (3) had high road density, and (4) were in the southern portions of the study area. Strong spatial autocorrelation in the data indicated that areas of remaining forest tended to be spatially clustered. Our ability to predict where deforestation occurred between 1966 and 1994 was poor when we excluded the spatial autocorrelation terms from our model, but it was clear that deforestation was more likely to occur on privately owned lands than on those managed by the provincial government. Despite dramatic changes to forested areas in the boreal transition zone, and despite the importance of this area to a wide variety of forest-dwelling wildlife, no programs are in place to slow or halt deforestation. Resumen: A pesar del amplio reconocimiento de la importancia de la perdida de bosques y de la fragmentacion sobre la biodiversidad, la extension y la tasa de deforestacion aun en regiones templadas permanece poco entendida. Documentamos la perdida de bosques y evaluamos si la densidad de caminos, el nivel de urbanizacion en zonas rurales, la calidad del suelo para la agricultura y el regimen de propiedad privada influyeron en la distribucion y la tasa de cambio de cobertura forestal en la zona de transicion boreal (49,846 km2) de Saskatchewan, Canada. Utilizamos paisajes clasificados segun la base de datos del Inventario Canadiense de Tierras (1966) y datos de mapas tematicos Landsat (1994) para estudiar los cambios en la cobertura forestal entre 1966 y 1994. En el area de estudio habia 17,873 km2 de cobertura forestal en 1966 y 13,504 km2 en 1994. Esto representa una reconversion total del 73% de la zona de transicion boreal en Saskatchewan a la agricultura desde la colonizacion europea y una tasa anual de deforestacion del 0.89% en los ultimos 28 anos, una tasa aproximadamente tres veces mayor que el promedio mundial. Los modelos de regresion mixta, espacialmente autoregresivos explicaron una parte considerable de la variacion en la cobertura forestal (r 2 = 0.83) remanente en el paisaje y sugirieron que hay menos bosque en terrenos que (1) eran propiedad privada, (2) tenian suelos adecuados para la agricultura, (3) tenian una alta densidad de caminos y (4) estaban en la porcion sur del area de estudio. La robusta autocorrelacion espacial de los datos indico que las areas de bosque remanente tendian a estar espacialmente agregadas. Nuestra capacidad para predecir donde ocurrio la deforestacion entre 1966 y 1994 fue pobre cuando excluimos de nuestro modelo los terminos de autocorrelacion espacial. Sin embargo, hubo una mayor probabilidad de deforestacion en terrenos de propiedad privada que en los administrados por el gobierno de la provincia. A pesar de los cambios dramaticos en las areas forestales de la zona de transicion boreal, no hay programas para disminuir la deforestacion, no obstante la importancia de esta area para una amplia variedad de vida silvestre que habita los bosques.
- Published
- 2002
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11. Bird Species Associated with Riparian Woodland in Fragmented, Temperate-Deciduous Forest
- Author
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Jeremiah D. Groom and Thomas C. Grubb
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geography.geographical_feature_category ,Ecology ,Forestal ,Forestry ,Woodland ,Temperate deciduous forest ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Geography ,chemistry ,Common species ,Habitat ,Riparian forest ,Species richness ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Nature and Landscape Conservation ,Riparian zone - Abstract
Forest area is known to be correlated with bird-species diversity. Most researchers of riparian forest avifauna have used riparian woodland width as an index of forest area. We conducted point counts at 135 locations along Big and Little Darby creeks in Ohio and used Landsat Thematic Mapper data to determine woodland area and width surrounding each point-count station. Probability of detection was positively correlated with area for 11 bird species and negatively correlated with area for 8 species. Thus, along Big and Little Darby creeks, woodland area appeared to better predict bird-species presence than woodland width. The proposed Little Darby National Wildlife Refuge located within the study area includes restoration of riparian forest habitat along the two creeks. If the riparian habitat zones are not sufficient in area, already common species, rather than declining Neotropical migrants, may be the only species to benefit from restoration efforts. Resumen: Es sabido que el area del bosque se correlaciona con la diversidad de especies de aves. La mayoria de los investigadores de avifauna de bosques riparios han usado el ancho de la zona riparia arbolada como un indice de area forestal. Realizamos conteos en puntos en 135 localidades a lo largo de los arroyos Big y Little Darby en Ohio y usamos datos de Ladsat Thematic Mapper para determinar el area arbolada y su ancho alrededor de cada estacion de muestreo. La probabilidad de deteccion estuvo positivamente correlacionada con el area para 11 especies de aves y negativamente correlacionada con el area para 8 especies. De esta manera, a lo largo de los arroyos Big y Little Darby, el area arbolada parece predecir mejor la presencia de especies de aves que la anchura del area arbolada. El refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre propuesto en Little Darby ubicado dentro del area de estudio incluye la restauracion del habitat de bosque ripario a lo largo de estos dos arroyos. Si las zonas de habitat ripario no son suficientes en area, las especies que ya son comunes, en lugar de las migrantes neotropicales en disminucion podrian ser las unicas beneficiadas.
- Published
- 2002
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12. Avian Nesting Success in a Selectively Harvested North Temperate Deciduous Forest
- Author
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W. Douglas Robinson and Scott K. Robinson
- Subjects
Ecology ,biology ,Forest management ,Forestal ,Environmental factor ,Empidonax ,biology.organism_classification ,Bird nest ,medicine.disease_cause ,Predation ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Nest ,Cardinalis cardinalis ,chemistry ,medicine ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Nature and Landscape Conservation - Abstract
Predators and parasites of bird nests often reach maximum abundance near ecotonal edges, potentially causing reproductive failure for birds breeding near edges. Timber-harvesting methods in which single or small groups of trees are removed from forested lands may maximize amounts of edge created within forest tracts. We evaluated the effect of internal edges created by timber harvest in Trail of Tears, a deciduous forest in southern Illinois ( U.S.A.). We measured the nesting-success and brood-parasitism rates of four songbird species, the Acadian Flycatcher (Empidonax virescens), Kentucky Warbler (Oporornis formosus), Wood Thrush (Hylocichla mustelina), and Northern Cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis). Each species bred in each of three forest management units: compartments selectively harvested within the previous 6 years (recent cuts); compartments 10 to 15 years post-harvest (older cuts); and compartments remaining uncut for at least the last 40 years. Levels of brood parasitism by Brown-headed Cowbirds ( Molothrus ater) were high throughout the forest but were significantly higher in the selectively harvested compartments for Acadian Flycatchers and Kentucky Warblers. Nest predation differed among compartments in species-specific patterns. None of the four species suffered consistently greater losses of nests in cut than uncut forest in Trail of Tears. For three of the four species, however, rates of nest failure were consistently higher in Trail of Tears than in two other large tracts of uncut forest in the southern Illinois region, suggesting that predator populations may be greater in Trail of Tears than in other large forest tracts. Overall, the results suggest that selective logging added little to existing fragmentation effects in this landscape in which levels of nest predation and brood parasitism are chronically high. Although the creation of internal edges appeared to have few detrimental effects on these two measures of songbird productivity, effects may differ in landscapes with greater forest cover or different predator and brood-parasite assemblages. Resumen: Los depredadores y parasitos de nidos de aves a menudo alcanzan maxima abundancia en bordes ecotonales, potencialmente causando el fracaso reproductivo de aves que anidan cerca de los bordes. Modelos de explotacion forestal en los que se remueven arboles individuales o en pequenos grupos pueden maximizar la cantidad de bordes creados dentro de las areas forestales. Evaluamos el efecto de bordes internos creados por la explotacion de madera en Trail of Tears, un bosque deciduo en el sur de Illinois (EUA). Medimos el exito de anidacion y las tasas de parasitismo de cuatro especies de paserinas Empidonax virescens, Oporornis formosus, Hylocichla mustelina y Cardinalis cardinalis. Cada especie se reprodujo en cada uno de tres unidades de manejo: compartimientos cosechados selectivamente en los 6 anos previos (cortes recientes); compartimientos cosechados hace 10–15 anos (cortes mas viejos) y compartimientos sin cosecha en por lo menos los ultimos 40 anos. Los niveles de parasitismo por Molothrus ater fueron altos en el bosque, pero fueron significativamente mas altos para Empidonax virescens y Oporornis formosus en los compartimientos cosechados selectivamente. La depredacion de nidos fue diferente en los compartimientos en patrones especificos. Ninguna de las cuatro especies sufrio mayores perdidas en el bosque cosechado que en el no cosechado en Trail of Tears. Sin embargo, las tasas de fracaso de nidos fueron consistentemente mayores en tres de las cuatro especies en Trail of Tears que en dos grandes areas de bosque no cosechado en la region del sur de Illinois, lo que sugiere que las poblaciones de depredadores pueden ser mayores en Trail of Tears que en otras superficies boscosas. En general, los resultados sugieren que la tala selectiva agrego muy poco a los efectos de fragmentacion existentes en este paisaje en el que los niveles de depredacion y parasitismo de nidos son cronicamente altos. Aunque la creacion de bordes internos parecio tener pocos efectos negativos en estas dos medidas de la productividad de aves paserinas, los efectos pueden diferir en paisajes con mayor cobertura forestal o con diferentes estructuras de depredadores y de parasitos de nidos.
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- 2001
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13. Annual growth rings, rainfall‐dependent growth and long‐term growth patterns of tropical trees from the Caparo Forest Reserve in Venezuela
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Martin Worbes
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Wet season ,Ecology ,biology ,Forestal ,Terminalia ,Plant Science ,Evergreen ,Seasonality ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.disease ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Agronomy ,Dry season ,Dendrochronology ,medicine ,Precipitation ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics - Abstract
1 Tree-ring analyses and dendrometer measurements were carried out on 37 tree species in a semi-deciduous forest of the Reserva Forestal de Caparo, Venezuela, where the mean annual rainfall is about 1700 mm and there is a dry season from December to March. The main purposes of the investigation were to show the seasonality of cambial growth, and the connection between precipitation patterns and tree-ring curves. Long-term rates of wood increment were also estimated. 2 Cambial markings in consecutive years showed that annual rings were formed by many species. 3 The distinctiveness of growth zones was usually greater in deciduous species than in evergreen species, although not all deciduous species had distinct rings. 4 Dendrometer measurements showed that the annual growth rhythm was related to precipitation patterns. Evergreen species tended to show only a short interruption of wood growth (during the later part of the dry season), whereas deciduous species stopped growth completely at the end of the rainy season. 5 For deciduous species, regression analyses showed close relations between tree-ring width and the sum of precipitation outside the rainy seasons (i.e. November to April). Evergreen species reacted to the total annual amount of precipitation. 6 Variation in longest available ring chronology (for Terminalia guianensis) showed little correlation with the El Nino–Southern Oscillation effect. 7 On average trees from natural forests showed relatively constant growth over the entire life span. Plantation trees grew fast up to an age of 15–20 years, but annual increments then decreased to values seen in natural forest trees.
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- 1999
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14. Nesting Success of Neotropical Migrant Songbirds in a Highly Fragmented Landscape
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Michael D. Cadman, Lyle Friesen, and R. Jock MacKay
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education.field_of_study ,Pheucticus ,Ecology ,biology ,Population ,Forestal ,Environmental factor ,Forestry ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.disease_cause ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Geography ,chemistry ,Forest cover ,Wood thrush ,medicine ,education ,Anthropogenic factor ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Agricultural landscapes ,Nature and Landscape Conservation - Abstract
Small forests in agricultural landscapes are generally thought to be population sinks where the nesting success of Neotropical migrant songbirds is too low to sustain populations. In 1996 and 1997, we assessed the nesting success and productivity of Wood Thrushes ( Hylocichla mustelina) and Rose-breasted Grosbeaks ( Pheucticus ludovicianus) in the Region of Waterloo, a highly fragmented agricultural landscape with 14% forest cover in southwestern Ontario. We located 154 Wood Thrush nests and 63 Rose-breasted Grosbeak nests in 26 small forest fragments (3–14 ha) and 15 large fragments (26–140 ha). We used the Mayfield method to determine nesting success. Across all sites nesting success was 51% for Wood Thrushes and 46% for Rose-breasted Grosbeaks. Nesting success and productivity rates were used in a simple population growth model that suggested that the Wood Thrushes but not the Rose-breasted Grosbeaks were a self-sustaining population. Forest size and distance of nests to the nearest forest edge (measured in five distance classes ranging from 0 to over 100 m) did not significantly affect the nesting success or productivity of either species. Brown-headed Cowbirds ( Molothrus ater) parasitized 47% of all Wood Thrush nests and 10% of all Rose-breasted Grosbeak nests; parasitism significantly reduced Wood Thrush productivity but not that of Rose-breasted Grosbeaks. Our findings challenge the prevailing notion that small woodlots in a farmed landscape are invariably habitat sinks and offer additional incentive for habitat protection in settled landscapes where small forest fragments are often all that remain for conservation purposes. Resumen: Los bosques pequenos en paisajes agriculturales son generalmente vistos como sumideros poblacionales donde el exito de nidacion de aves canoras neotropicales migratorias es muy bajo como para sostener poblaciones. En 1996 y 1997 evaluamos el exito de nidacion y reproductivo del zorzalito maculado, Hylocichla mustelina y del picogrueso pechirrosado, Pheucticus ludovicianus en la region de Waterloo, un paisaje agricultural altamente fragmentado, con un 14% de la cobertura forestal en el Suroeste de Ontario. Localizamos 154 nidos de zorzales y 63 de picogrueso en 26 fragmentos pequenos de bosque (3–14 ha) y 15 fragmentos grandes (26–140 ha). Utilizamos el metodo Mayfield para determinar el exito de nidacion. A lo largo de todos los sitios el exito de nidacion fue de un 51% para los zorzales y de 46% para los picogruesos. El exito de nidacion y las tasas de productividad fueron usadas en un modelo de crecimiento poblacional simple que sugiere que los zorzales, pero no los picogruesos constituyeron una poblacion autosostenible. El tamano del bosque y las distancias de nidos al borde mas cercano del bosque (medidas en cinco categorias de distancia de 0 a> 100 m) no afectaron significativamente el exito de nidacion ni la productividad de las especies estudiadas. Los vaquero cabecicafe ( molothrus alter) parasitaron 47% del total de nidos de zorzales y 10% de los nidos del picogrueso; el parasitismo redujo significativamente la productividad del zorzalito pero no la del picogrueso. Nuestros resultados contrastan con la idea prevalente de que los lotes pequenos de bosques son habitats sumidero y ofrecen un incentivo adicional para la proteccion de habitats en paisajes habitados donde los fragmentos pequenos de bosque son todo lo que queda para propositos de conservacion.
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- 1999
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15. Nesting Success of a Neotropical Migrant in a Multiple-Use, Forested Landscape
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Scott K. Robinson and Solon F. Morse
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Cowbird ,education.field_of_study ,Ecology ,biology ,Population ,Forestal ,Environmental factor ,medicine.disease_cause ,biology.organism_classification ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Geography ,Nest ,chemistry ,Oporornis formosus ,medicine ,education ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Management practices ,Silviculture ,Nature and Landscape Conservation - Abstract
We studied the nesting success of an individually marked population of Kentucky Warblers (Oporornis formosus), a species that nests in disturbed and undisturbed forests, in a heterogeneous, managed forest site in the Shawnee National Forest in southern Illinois from 1992 to 1995. We examined the effects of forest stand type (clearcuts of various ages, tree plantations, and older forest) and distance from habitat edges on rates of nest predation and brood parasitism by Brown-headed Cowbirds ( Molothrus ater). Brood parasitism levels gradually decreased from 60% to 3% ( nests) over a distance of 2 km from an agricultural edge proximal to a known cowbird foraging site (a pig feedlot), but they did not vary with distance from any other kinds of edges or with forest stand type. Rates of nest predation ( nests) did not vary with distance from any edges, but they were significantly lower in older forest than within even-aged clearcuts, a tree plantation, and in successional vegetation adjacent to a residential facility. These results suggest that, even in fragmented landscapes with high overall levels of parasitism and nest predation, management practices within and immediately adjacent to forest tracts can affect the nesting success of some species, but not necessarily as a simple function of distance from edge. For the Kentucky Warbler, our results suggest that a management strategy that avoids even-age silviculture and leaves core stands of older forest far from cowbird feeding areas can increase nesting success to levels similar to those measured in more forested landscapes. Resumen: Estudiamos el exito de nidacion de una problacion individualmente marcada del Chipe Cachetinegro (Oporornis formosus), una especie que nida en bosques tanto perturbados como sin perturbar de un sitio foestal heterogeneo y manejado del Bosque Nacional Shawnee en el Sur de Illinois. Examinamos los efectos del tipo de area forestal (claraeos de varios tipos, plantaciones de arboles y bosques maduros) y de la distancia con el borde del habitat en la tasa de depredacion de nidos y el parasitismo de nidos por el baquero cabecicafe ( Molothrus ater). Los niveles de parasitismo disminuyeron gradualmente de un 60% a un 3% ( nidos) sobre una distancia de 2 Km desde un borde agricultural proximo a un sitio de forrajeo de baqueros (lote para alimentacion de cerdos), pero no vario con la distancia de otros tipos de bordes o con el tipo de area forestal. La tasa de depredacion de nidos ( nidos) no vario en base a la distancia con los bordes, pero fue significativamente mas baja en bosques maduros que dentro de los clareados de edades iguales, en una plantacion de arboles y en vegetacion sucesional adyacente a una zona residencial. Estos resultados sugieren que aun en paisajes fragmentados con niveles de parasitismo y depredacion de nidos generalmente elevados, las practicas de manejo dentro y en sitios immediatamente adyacentes a zonas forestales pueden afectar el exito de nidada de algunas especies, pero no necesariamente como una simple funcion de la distancia al borde. Para el Chipe Cachetinegro, nuestros resultados sugieren que una estrategia de manejo que evite la silvicultura de edades iguales y que deje zonas de bosque maduro alejadas de los sitios de alimentacion del baquero cabecicafe puede incrementar el exito de nidacion a niveles similares a aquellos medidos en paisajes con mayor area boscosa.
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- 1999
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16. Response of Avian Communities to Disturbance by an Exotic Insect in Spruce-Fir Forests of the Southern Appalachians
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Peter T. Fauth, Bradley W. Goodner, Jennifer A. Sadowski, Patricia G. Parker, and Kerry N. Rabenold
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Canopy ,education.field_of_study ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,Fraser fir ,biology ,Ecology ,Forestal ,Population ,Species diversity ,biology.organism_classification ,Population decline ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Geography ,Spruce-fir forests ,chemistry ,Local extinction ,education ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Nature and Landscape Conservation - Abstract
The avian community of montane coniferous forests changed substantially over 21 years in response to the introduction of the balsam woolly adelgid insect (Adelges piceae) and the resulting death of endemic Fraser fir trees (Abies fraseri). These relict forests are at the southern limit of their distribution on the highest ridges of the southern Appalachian Mountains. We combined a historical study at Mount Collins in the Great Smoky Mountains with a geographic comparison of sites within five southern Appalachian mountain ranges variably affected by the adelgid. At Mount Collins, fir was virtually eliminated and canopy cover reduced to half its previous level. Long-term data from Mount Collins showed that the combined density for all breeding birds also declined by half. Of the common territorial species present in 1974, 10 of 11 declined, 6 by more than 50%. Some species are near local extinction. Canopy- and subcanopy-foraging species declined more than near-ground and trunk-foraging species. In addition, invasions of birds characteristic of open and disturbed forests have diluted the boreal character of the avifauna. These changes are consistent with two other long-term studies and are not explained by regional population trends. In the other southern Appalachian mountain ranges, where habitat is not as extensive, the adelgid invasion resulted in greater declines in avian abundance, stronger effects on sensitive species, and more pronounced invasions by successional species. Sensitive species in the southern Appalachian studies were also strongly affected in other studies of forest disturbance by fire and logging. The extent of relatively pristine spruce-fir forest and the population pools in other forest types in the Great Smoky Mountains appear to have buffered the effects of forest decline on the bird community. Respuesta de Comunidades de Aves a Perturbaciones de un Insecto Exotico en Bosques de Abeto en el Sur de los Apalaches La comunidad de aves de bosques coniferos de montana cambio sustancialmente a lo largo de 21 anos en respuesta a la introduccion del insecto adelgido lanudo Aldeges piceae y a la resultante muerte de arboles de Abetos Fraser (Abies fraseri). Estos vestigios de bosques se encuentran al limite sureno de su distribucion en las montanas mas altas de los Apalaches. Combinamos un estudio historico del monte Collins en las montanas Great Smoky con una comparacion geografica de sitios entre cinco cordilleras de los Apalaches afectados en forma variable por el adelgido. En el monte Collins, los abetos fueron virtualmente eliminados y la covertura del dosel reducida a la mitad de su nivel previo. Datos de largo plazo del monte Collins mostraron que la densidad combinada para todas las especies de aves anidando tambien disminuyo a la mitad. De las especies comunes en el territorio en 1974, 10 de 11 disminuyeron, seis en mas de un 50%. Algunas especies se encuentran cerca de su extincion local. Especies forrajeras de dosel y sub-dosel disminuyeron mas que aquellas especies forrajeras a nivel cercano al suelo y troncos. Aunado a esto, invasiones de aves caracteristicas de areas abiertas y bosques perturbados han diluido el caracter boreal de la avifauna. Estos cambios son consistentes con otros dos estudios de largo plazo y no son explicados por tendencias poblacionales a nivel regional. En otras cordilleras de los Apalaches donde el habitat no es tan extenso la invasion del adelgido resulto en una mayor disminucion de la abundancia de aves, mayores efectos en especies sensitivas e invasiones mas pronunciadas de especies sucesionales. Especies sensitivas en estudios del sur de los Apalaches tambien resultaron fuertemente afectadas en otros estudios de perturbacion de un bosque debido a incendios y tala. La extension de un bosque relativamente virgen de Abetos y los reservas poblacionales en otros tipos de bosques en las montanas Great Smoky parecen haber amortiguado los efectos de declive forestal en la comunidad de aves.
- Published
- 1998
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17. Gap Crossing Decisions by Forest Songbirds during the Post-Fledging Period. Decisiones de Cruce de Claros por Aves Paserinas de Bosques Durante el Periodo Post-Juvenil
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André Desrochers and Susan J. Hannon
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Ecology ,biology ,Forestal ,Fledge ,Forestry ,Woodland ,biology.organism_classification ,Gap crossing ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Geography ,chemistry ,Forest cover ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Agricultural landscapes ,Parus atricapillus ,Nature and Landscape Conservation - Abstract
Gaps in forest cover, created by agriculture, forestry, and other anthropogenic activities, are assumed to impede the movements of many forest songbirds. Little is known, however, about the reluctance of different species of birds to cross habitat gaps. We studied this by inducing birds in the post-fledging period to cross gaps of varying widths and to choose between routes through woodland or across open areas by attracting them to a recording of mobbing calls by Chickadees ( Parus atricapillus). In 278 experiments conducted in boreal forest and agricultural landscapes near Quebec city, 157 birds or flocks of birds of five species were attracted. Overall, birds were twice as likely to travel through 50 m of woodland than through 50 m in the open to reach the recording. When given a choice of traveling through woodland or across a gap, the majority of respondents preferred woodland routes, even when they were three times longer than shortcuts in the open. However, species differed greatly in their response to gaps. Our results show that woodland links significantly facilitate movements of birds across fragmented landscapes. Es considerado que los claros en la cobertura forestal creados por la agricultura y otras actividades antropogenicas impiden los movimientos de muchas especies de aves paserinas. De cualquier manera, se conoce poco acerca de la renuencia de diferentes especies de aves a cruzar claros en los habitats. Estudiamos esto, induciendo aves en el periodo post-juvenil a cruzar claros de diversas dimensiones y a escoger rutas a traves de areas boscosas o abiertas, mediante la atraccion por llamadas grabadas de parvadas de Parus atricapillus. En 278 experimentos conducidos en paisajes de bosque boreal y agricultural, cercanos a la ciudad de Quebec, 157 aves o parvadas de cinco especies fueron atraidas. En general, las aves fueron mayormente atraidas a viajar a traves de 50 m de area boscosa que a traves de 50 m de claro, para encontrar la grabacion. Cuando se dio la opcion de viajar a traves de bosque o claro, la mayoria de las aves que respondieron prefirieron las areas arboladas, aun cuando estos viajes fueron tres veces mas largos que atajos por las areas abiertas. Sin embargo, las especies respondieron de diferente manera a los claros. Nuestros resultados muestran que uniones de areas boscosas facilitan significativamente los movimientos de aves a traves de paisajes fragmentados.
- Published
- 1997
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18. History and Importance of Land Use and Protection in the North Quabbin Region of Massachusetts (USA). Historia e importancia del uso y proteccion de suelo en la region North Quabbin de Massachussets (E.U.A.)
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Alisa D. Golodetz and David R. Foster
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River valley ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Geography ,Ecology ,Land use ,chemistry ,Environmental protection ,Forestal ,Cultural values ,Forestry ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Nature and Landscape Conservation - Abstract
Evaluating the consequences and future of land protection requires broad temporal and spatial perspectives of ecological and cultural factors. We assessed the development of a system of protected areas comprising 37% of central Massachusetts in terms of changing rates and means of land protection. We compared protected areas to the surrounding matrix in terms of physical, biological, and historical features and used these results to raise issues concerning future planning. The rate, purpose, and means of land protection in the North Quabbin Region (168,312 ha) have been dynamic as a result of changes in cultural values and transformation of the landscape from predominantly agriculture to forest. Protected lands are managed by 25 federal and state agencies, private groups, and municipal departments and commissions and are physically and biologically typical of the regional landscape which results from (1) participation of diverse organizations with varied agendas; (2) predominance of large government acquisitions driven by landscape-scale criteria; and (3) absence of coordination among groups. The large area, relative homogeneity and largely undeveloped status of the North Quabbin Region suggest conservation goals distinct from those in the fragmented and extensively developed neighboring areas of the Connecticut River Valley and Cape Cod and Islands Region. Large tracts of forests, wetlands, and lakes in the North Quabbin Region provide (1) habitat for species requiring extensive, intact areas; (2) the opportunity to maintain broad-scale ecological processes; (3) connections to regional conservation areas; and (4) recreation. To realize the area’s potential, a comprehensive plan must be based on a broad-scale perspective and historical understanding of the landscape. La evaluacion de consecuencias y futuro de la proteccion de suelos requiere de amplias perspectivas espaciales y temporales de factores ecologicos y culturales. Evaluamos el desarrollo de un sistema de areas protegidas que abarca el 37% del centro de Massachussets en terminos de cambios en las tasas y medios de proteccion de suelo. Comparamos las areas protegidas con la matriz circundante en terminos de sus caracteristicas fisicas, biologicas e historicas e utilizamos los resultados para hacer consideraciones de respecto a planeacion futura. La tasa, el proposito y los medios de proteccion de suelo en la region North Quabbin (168,312 ha) han sido dinamicos como consecuencia de cambios de valores culturales y transformacion del paisaje de predominantemente agricola a forestal. Las areas protegidas son manejadas por 25 agencias federales y estatales, grupos privados, departamentos y comisiones municipales; fisica y biologicamente son tipicas del paisaje regional que resulta de (1) la participacion de organizaciones diversas con agendas variadas; (2) predominancia de grandes adquisiciones gubernamentales motivadas por criterios a escala de paisaje y (3) falta de coordinacion entre grupos. La extension de la region North Quabbin, su relativa homogeneidad y estatus poco desarrollados sugieren metas de conservacion distintas a las de areas vecinas, fragmentadas y extensamente desarrolladas, del valle del Rio Connecticut y las regiones Cape Cod e Islands. Los extensos bosques, humedales y lagos en la region North Quabbin proporcionan (1) habitat para especies que requieren areas extensas e intactas, (2) la oportunidad de mantener procesos ecologicos en dmplia escala, (3) conexiones con areas de conservacion regionales y (4) recreacion. Para que el potencial del area sea realidad se debe utilizar un plan general basado en una perspectiva escalar amplia y en el entendimiento de la historia del paisaje.
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- 1997
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19. Effects of Clearcutting on Habitat Use and Reproductive Success of the Ovenbird in Forested Landscapes
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David I. King, Curtice R. Griffin, and Richard M. DeGraaf
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Clearcutting ,Ovenbird ,Ecology ,Reproductive success ,biology ,Forestal ,Forestry ,biology.organism_classification ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Geography ,Habitat ,chemistry ,Forest cover ,Anthropogenic factor ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Nature and Landscape Conservation - Abstract
We studied Ovenbirds (Seiurus aurocapillus) in northern New Hampshire during 1992 and 1993 to determine whether edge-related changes in habitat use and reproductive success reported in fragmented landscapes exist in predominantly forested landscapes. Six study plots were placed adjacent to four recent clearcuts (2.1–5 ha) and extended 400 m into the forest interior. Nests, territories, and territorial males obtaining mates were equally distributed in edge (0–200 m) and interior (201–400 m) areas. Nest survival was higher in the forest interior in 1992 and for 1992 and 1993 combined. The proportion of pairs fledging ≥ 1 young, fledgling weight, and fledgling wing-chord did not differ between edge and interior in either year. Number of young fledged per pair was slightly lower in edge areas, but these differences were not significant. We conclude that clearcutting in extensively forested landscapes can affect Ovenbird reproductive success. Nevertheless, the effect on Ovenbird populations is moderated by the abundance of mature forest cover in the region and by the tendency of Ovenbirds to renest after initial nest failure. Estudiamos horneros (Seirus aurocapillus) en el norte de New Hampshire (E.U.A.) durante 1992 y 1993 para determinar si existen cambios en el uso del habitat y exito reproductivo relacionados con el efecto de borde en paisajes predominantemente forestales. Se ubicaron seis parcelas de estudio adyacentes a cuatro zonas (2.1–5 ha) recientemente taladas y que se extendian 400 m hacia el interior del bosque. Tanto nidos, como territorios y machos territoriales con pareja tuvieron la misma distribucion en areas borde (0–200 m) e interiores (201–400 m). La supervivencia de nidos fue mayor en el interior del bosque en 1992 y en 1992 y 1993 combinados. La proporcion de parejas con ≥ 1 cria, peso de las crias y cuerda alar de crias no tuvo diferencia entre borde e interior en ningun ano. El numero de crias por pareja fue ligeramente menor en areas borde, pero esta diferencia no fue significativa. Concluimos que la tala en paisajes forestales puede afectar al exito reproductivo de horneros. Sin embargo, el efecto sobre las poblaciones de horneros esta moderado por la abundancia de cobertura forestal madura en la region y por la tendencia de horneros a reanidar despues de un fracaso inicial.
- Published
- 1996
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20. Demography, group composition, and dispersal in wild cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus) groups
- Author
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Charles T. Snowdon, Luis H. Soto, Giraldo Lh, and Anne Savage
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Fertile Period ,biology ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Forestal ,biology.organism_classification ,Mating system ,Saguinus oedipus ,Emigration ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Biological dispersal ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Reproduction ,Callitrichidae ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,media_common ,Demography - Abstract
Groups of individually marked cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus), located in La Reserva Forestal Protectora Serrania de Coraza-Montes de Maria in Coloso Colombia, were studied over a period of 5 years. Data on group composition, stability, birthing seasons, and dispersal patterns are used to examine the reproductive strategies and tactics used by males and females. Both monogamous groups and groups containing two pregnant females have been observed. All groups contained at least one adult female and male, with several groups containing several adult males and females. Both males and females dispersed to neighboring groups, and there were no sex differences in rates of emigration. Males were more likely to immigrate into a new group following the death/emigration of a resident male. Females appeared to tolerate immigrating females but would actively defend their breeding position during fertile periods. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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- 1996
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21. Predictive Model of the Effects on Lake Metabolism of Decreased Airborne Litterfall through Riparian Deforestation
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R.L. France and R.H. Peters
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Canopy ,geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,Ecology ,Forestal ,Drainage basin ,Forestry ,Plant litter ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Deforestation ,Riparian forest ,Environmental science ,Total phosphorus ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Nature and Landscape Conservation ,Riparian zone - Abstract
The importance of airborne allochthonous litter to the carbon and nutrient budgets of lakes has been seldom studied. We complied data on the input of terrestrial litter to develop a simple and speculative model to predict the potential consequences of riparian deforestation on one aspect of lake metabolism, specifically the balance between phytoplankton production and plankton respiration. During the autumn of 1992, 56 litter traps were deployed around the littoral zones of four oligotrophic lakes in a densely forested region of northwestern Ontario, Canada. The airborne litter input was estimated to be 32 g dry weight per meter of forested shoreline per year. Allochthonous litter input per unit offshore distance was related to the size of riparian trees, their proximity to the shoreline, and the elevation of their canopy. Combining our data with those from other studies suggests that terrestrial litter can contribute up to 15% of the total carbon supply to oligotrophic lakes and up to 10% of the total phosphorus supply to lakes with a large surface area relative to that of their drainage basin. These results were incorporated into a simple model that predicts that removal of shoreline trees could increase the ratio of plankton production to respiration in oligotrophic lakes situated within small drainage basins. Such lakes may therefore shift from allotrophy to increasing autotropy (energy self-sustenance) following riparian deforestation. La importancia de los detritos aloctonos transportados por el aire para el ciclo del carbonoy los nutrientes ha sido poco estudiada. En el presente estudio compilamos datos sobre el ingreso al sistema de detritos terrestres, con la finalidad de desarrollar un modelo simple y especulativo para predecir las consecuencias potenciales de la deforestacion riberena sobre un aspecto del metabolismo lacustre, especificamente con respecto al balance entre la produccion fitoplanctonica y la respiracion del plancton. Durante et otono de 1992, se colocaron 56 trampas para detritos alrededor de las zonas litorales de cuatro lagos oligotroficos en una region densamente forestal del noroeste de Ontario, Canada. El ingreso de detritos transportatos por el aire fue de 32 g de peso seco por metro de costa forestal por ano. El ingreso de detritos alocotonos por unidad de distancia a partir de la costa, fue relacionado con el tamano de los arboles riberenos, su proximidad a la ribera y la altura de su fronda. La combinacion de nuestros datos con aquellos tomados de otros estudios sugieren que los detritos terrestres pueden contribuir hasta un 15% del total de carbono suministrado a los lagos oligotroficos y hasta un 10% del total de suministro defosforo en los lagos con una gran superficie en relacion con sus cuencas de drenaje. Estos resultados fueron incorporados en un modelo simple, que predice que la remocion de arboles riberenos puede incrementar el cociente entre la produccion planctonica y las tasas de respiracion, en lagos oligotroficos situados dentro de pequenas cuencas de drenaje. Dichos lagos podrian pasar de una alotrofia a una creciente autotrofia (energia auto-mantenida) despues de una deforestacion riberena.
- Published
- 1995
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22. Conservation or Commercial Management of Temperate Forests of Baja California Sur, Mexico
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Laura R. Arriaga, Carmen Mercado, and Sara Díaz
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Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests ,Future studies ,Ecology ,Perennial plant ,Forestal ,Forestry ,%22">Pinus ,Intrusion ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Geography ,chemistry ,Tropical plants ,Temperate rainforest ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Nature and Landscape Conservation - Abstract
The current status of the oak and oak-pine forests in the Sierra de La Laguna range of the Baja California peninsula is examined from four perspectives: (1) the structural analysis of the woodlands; (2) the natural regeneration of hurricane windfall clearings and its effect on the oak-pine community; (3) the density, mortality, size, and commercial potential of the only pine species Pinus lagunae; and (4) the possible destruction of this endemic species by attack from moths. These factors were evaluated to make recommendations regarding the management and/or commercialization of the forest resources of this proposed Biosphere Reserve. Results show that the oak woodlands occurring at low elevations contain many tropical plants from the tropical dry forest that surrounds these woodlands, and that the tropical elements decrease at higher altitudes. In forest gaps, oaks were more abundant than pines. Gaps contained a lower diversity of perennial plants than mature oak-pine forest. P. lagunae has a high adult mortality, which can be attributed to the joint effect of fire and insect attack. Results indicate that the forest in this region does not have timber-yielding potential because of the small area it covers and because of the low tree diameters and volume, which are insufficient to carry out a continuous and income-producing extraction of the pine resource of Baja California Sur. Finally, options for management are discussed and future studies are proposed to determine the life cycle and extent of the moth populations. El estado actual de los bosques de encino y de encino-pino que se desarrollan en la Sierra de La Laguna de la Peninsula de Baja California es analizado bajo cuatro perspectivas: 1. El analisis estructural de las comunidades boscosas, 2. La regeneracion natural en zonas abiertas por la caida natural de arboles, 3. La densidad, mortalidad, tamano y potencial comercial de la unica especie de conifera; Pinus lagunae, y 4. La posible destruccion de esta especie endemica por el ataque de algunas lepidopteros. Estos factores se evaluaron con el objeto de hacer recomendaciones sobre el manejo y/o comercializacion de las especies maderables de esta zona propuesta como Reserva de la Biosfera. Los resultados muestran que los encinares, a bajas altitudes, presentan una gran intrusion de plantas tropicales provenientes de la selva baja Caducifolia que rodea estos bosques, estas elementos tropicales que disminuyen al aumentar la altitud. En los claros de este bosque, los encinos fueron mas abundantes que los pinos y la diversidad fue mayor que la del bosque maduro. P. lagunae presenta una alta mortalidad de individuos adultos (25 a 45 anos), la cual se atribuye al efecto conjunto del fuego y al ataque de lepidopteros. Los resultados de este estudio indican que el recurso forestal de la zona no tiene una vocacion maderera debido a que el area que cubre es muy pequena y a que los arboles poseen un diametro y volumen reducido que hacen poco rentable la explotacion comercial de los pinares del Sur de Baja California. Finalmente, se discuten algunas alternativas de manejo y se proponen estudios futuros para determinar el ciclo de vida de estos lepidopteros y su nivel de infeccion sobre la poblacion de pinos.
- Published
- 1994
- Full Text
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23. Primate Conservation along the Tana River, Kenya: An Examination of the Forest Habitat
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Kimberly E. Medley
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Canopy ,Ecology ,biology ,Forestal ,biology.organism_classification ,Cercocebus galeritus ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Geography ,Habitat ,chemistry ,biology.animal ,Crested mangabey ,Primate ,Mangabey ,Red colobus ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Nature and Landscape Conservation - Abstract
The Tana River National Primate Reserve, Kenya, was established in 1976 to preserve the endemic and endangered Tana River red colobus (Colobus badius rufomitratus) and crested mangabey (Cercocebus galeritus galeritus). Between 1975 and 1985 their populations declined by 80% and 45%, respectively. A study addressing primate-to-habitat relationships was conducted in 12 forest areas to determine what attributes appear most important to the in situ preservation of both endangered primates. Correlations among the abundances of primate groups, their group sizes, and the structural, resource, disturbance, and spatial attributes of the forest were used to distinguish the quality of forest patches. Intraforest habitat quality was examined, using canonical variate analysis to discriminate primate ranging patterns based on canopy and subcanopy tree composition. The colobus and mangabey show positive relationships to interior-forest habitat and appear susceptible to forest disturbances that reduce forest area or that increase forest edge and intraforest disturbance. Forest loss, fragmentation, and consequent reduction in the area-to-perimeter ratio of the remaining forests measured from 1960 to 1975 provide a partial explanation for the decline in primate populations. The results suggest that a combination of primary food items and seasonal food resources in large, high-stature, closed-canopy forests is the best predictor of high-quality habitat for these monkeys. Stewardship should be directed at the preservation of these areas or the restoration of forests toward this habitat model La Reserva de Primates del Rio Tana, en Kenya, fue establecida en 1976 para preservar el colobus rojo del rio Tana (Colobus badius rofomitratus)—endemico de esta region y en peligro de extincio—y el mangabey crestado (Cercocebus galeritus galeritus). Entre 1975 y 1985 sus poblaciones declinaron en un 80% y un 45%, respectivamente. Se condujo un estudio dirigido a evaluar la relacion primate-habitat en 12 areas selvaticas para determinar que atributos serian los mas importantes para la preservacion, in situ, de ambas especies de primate en peligro de extincion. Se usaron correlaciones entre la abundancia de los grupos de primates, su tamano grupal, y astributos estructurales, de recursos, de perturbacion y espaciales de la selva, para distinguir la calidad de los parches de selva. Se examino la calidad del habitat intra-forestal usando analisis canonico de variables para discriminar los patrones de desplazamiento de los primates basados en la composicion arborea del canopeo y subcanopeo. El colobus y el mangabey muestran relaciones positivas con respecto al habitat selvatico interior y parecen susceptibles a perturbaciones de la foresta que reducen el area forestal, o incrementan el borde forestal y la perturbacion intra-forestal. La perdida de selva, la fragmentacion y la consecuente reduccion en la relacion area-perimetro de las selvas remanentes medidas entre 1960 y 1975 proveen una explicacion parcial para la declinacion de las poblaciones de primates. Los resultados sugieren que una combinacion de items de alimentos primarios y recursos alimenticios estacionales en canopeos selvaticos cerrados, grandes y de gran porte, son los mejores predictores del habitat de alta calidad para estos monos. El manejo tendria que estar dirigido a la preservacion de estas areas o a la restaurancion de las selvas hacia este modelo de habitat.
- Published
- 1993
- Full Text
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24. An American Invasion of Great Britain: The Case of the Native and Alien Squirrel (Sciurus) Species
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Jean L. Banwell, T J Crawford, and Michael B. Usher
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Grande bretagne ,Sciurus carolinensis ,Ecology ,biology ,Forestal ,Alien ,biology.organism_classification ,Invasive species ,Geographic distribution ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Geography ,chemistry ,Humanities ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Royaume uni ,Nature and Landscape Conservation ,Sciurus - Abstract
The invasion of Great Britain by the gray squirrel from America has posed many interesting problems in ecology and conservation (interactions with the native red squirrel) and in forest management (the gray squirrel severely damages young stands of deciduous trees). Since 1973, mapped data on the annual distribution of the two species in state-managed forests have been published by the Forestry Commission. Using the established methodology of annual ornithological index numbers, series of index numbers have been calculated to show the distributional dynamics of the two species. In Great Britain as a whole there has been rather limited change over the 15-year period from 1973. However, this masks (1) the dramatic distributional decline in the red squirrel in Wales balanced by a modest expansion in Scotland, and (2) the substantial distributional increase in the gray squirrel in the small number of grid squares in Scotland in comparison with the relatively steady distribution in the large number of grid squares in England. A new index, measuring the annual replacement of one species by the other species, indicates little overall change in England and Scotland, but a net advance of the gray squirrel in Wales. A series of Markovian matrices predicted that the red squirrel would persist in forests in Scotland and in some areas of England, but would be rare in Wales. Over Great Britain as a whole, the gray squirrel is likely to occur in about twice as many forest areas as the red squirrel. Resumen: La invasion de la Gran Bretana por la ardilla gris proveniente de America ha planteado muchos problemas de interes en ecologia y conservacion (interaccion con la ardilla roja nativa) y en manejo forestal (la ardilla gris dana severamente parcelas jovenes de arboles caducifolios). Desde 1973 la comision forestal ha publicado mapas sobre la distribucion anual de las dos especies en bosques administrados por el estado. Empleando la metodologia establecida de indices numericos ornitologicos anuales, se han calculado una serie de indices numericos para mostrar la dinamica de los cambios en la distribucion de las dos especies. A nivel de Gran Bretana ha habido solo un cambio limitado dentro del periodo de 15 anos desde 1973. Sin embargo, esto enmascara (1) la dramatica declinacion en la distribucion de la ardilla roja en Gales, compensado por una modesta expansion en Escocia, y (2) el substancial incremento en la distribucion de la ardilla gris en el reducido numero de cuadros en la reticula de Escocia, comparado con la relativa estabilidad de la distribucion en el gran numero de cuadros en la reticula de Inglaterra. Un nuevo indice, que mide el remplazo anual de unu especie por la otra, indica poco cambio general en Inglaterra y Escocia, pero un avance neto de la ardilla gris en Gales. Una serie de matrices Markovianas predijeron que la ardilla persistiria en bosques de Escocia y en algunas areas de Inglaterra, pero que deberia ser rara en Gales. Sobre Gran Bretana en su conjunto, es probable que la ardilla gris se presente en aproximadamente el doble de areas forestales que la ardilla roja.
- Published
- 1992
- Full Text
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25. Quantitative Ethnobotany and the Case for Conservation in Ammonia*
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R. L. Carneiro, B. M. Boom, G. T. Prance, and William Balée
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chemistry.chemical_compound ,Geography ,Ecology ,chemistry ,Amazon rainforest ,Quantitative ethnobotany ,Forestal ,Forestry ,Dense forest ,Tree species ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Nature and Landscape Conservation - Abstract
Quantitative data are presented on the use of trees in terra firme dense forest by four indigenous Amazonian groups: the Ka'apor and Tembe, both Tupi-Guarani-speaking groups of Brazil; the Panare, a Cariban-speaking group of Venezuela; and the Chacobo, a Panoan-speaking group of Bolivia. In each case, an ethnoecological forest inventory was conducted of a 1-hectare parcel of forest. All trees at least 10 centimeters diameter at breast height (DBH) were marked, and botanical specimens were collected Specimens were presented to indigenous informants to gather data on use. Based on these interviews and the identifcation of specimens collected, it was possible to calculate the percentage of tree species on each hectare that was useful to each group: Ka'apor, 768 percent; Tembe 61.3 percent; Panare, 48.6 percent; Chacobo, 78.7 percent. Furthermore, by dividing the trees into various use categories (food construction, technology, remedy, commerce, and other), and designating the cultural importance of each species as “major” or “minor,” it was possible to devise a “use value” for each species, and by summation, for each plant family. Based on these calculations, it was determined that the Palmae was the most useful family for all four indigenous groups. Our data support the assertion that the terra firme rainforests of Amazonia contain an exceptionally large number of useful species and that certain plant families (e.g. Palmae) deserve special consideration in terms of conservation. The fact that each indigenous group has different suites of most useful species is, in fact, more a reflection of plant endemism within Amazonia than intercultural differences per se. High indigenous plant use combined with high endemism has important implications for conservation policy: many reserves are needed throughout Amazonia Resumen: Se presentan datos cuantitativos sobre el uso de aarboles en bosques densos de terra firme, por cuatro grupos de indigenas amazonicos: los Ka'apor y los Termbe brasilenos de la familia linguistica Tupi-Guarani; los Panare, venezolanos de la familia linguistica Cariban; y los Chacobo, bolivianos de la familia linguistica Panoan. En cada uno de los casos se hizo un inventario forestal etnoecologico en una parcela de bosque de una hectarea; se marcaron todos los aarboles depor lo menos 10 cm de diametro a la altura del pecho (DAP), se colectaron muestras botanicas y se mostraron a los indigenas para obtener datos acerca de su uso. Basados en las entrevistas y la identificacion de los especimenes colectados fue posible calcular los siguientes porcentajes de especies arboreas utiles para cada grupo: 768% para los Ka'apor, 61.3% para los Tembe, 48.6% para los Panare y 78.7% para los Chacobo. Ademas, dividiendo los arboles en varias categories de uso (alimento, construccion, tecnologia, medicina, comercio y otros), y designando la importancia cultural de cada especie como “mayor” o “menor” fue posible estimar un “valor de uso” para cada especie y un “valor total” para cada familia de plantas. Estos datos indican que la familia Palmae era la mas util para los cuatro grupos. Nuestros datos sustentan la afirmacion de que los bosques lluviosos de terra firme contienen un numero excepcionalmente grande de especies utiles y que ciertas familias de plantas (e.g, Palmae) merecen especial atencion en terminos de conservacion. El hecho de que cada grupo indigena tenga diferentes colecciones de especies es mas un reflejo de endemismo vegetal en la Amazonid que diferencias interculturales per se. El gran uso de plantas nativas combinado con el alto endemismo tiene implicaciones para la politica de conservacion: se necesitan muchas resmas a traves de la Amazonia.
- Published
- 1987
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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