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Issue Addressed: Effective interventions to reduce energy drink (ED) consumption are needed. This study explored the effect of warning labels on intentions to reduce ED consumption, perceived label effectiveness and protection motivation theory (PMT) constructs., Methods: Australian ED consumers aged 18 to 39 years (N = 343) participated in an experimental online survey, randomly assigned to view one of three ED warning label conditions (weight gain, cardiac effects, no label-control). Intentions to reduce ED consumption, perceived effectiveness of labels and selected PMT constructs were assessed., Results: Participants reported moderate-high awareness of the health effects of consumption (62.68%) and advisory statements on EDs (69.39%), including daily consumption limits (48.40%). EDs were consumed frequently, with 56.26% regular (at least weekly) consumers and most commonly for functional benefits (e.g., alertness). ED warning labels did not have a statistically significant effect on intentions to reduce consumption. The cardiac label performed better than the weight gain label in 'grabbed attention' (72.97% vs. 55.66%, p = 0.008), with non-significant trends (p > 0.05, absolute differences ≥ 10%) suggesting it was stronger on some other perceived effectiveness measures. Supplementary analyses indicated females in the cardiac condition reported greater intentions to reduce ED consumption than females in the control condition (p = 0.042)., Conclusions: Graphic warning labels and labels warning of cardiac effects are worthy of further exploration as a potential intervention to reduce ED consumption. SO WHAT?: Future research should explore the motivations underlying ED consumption and further explore messages that will resonate with consumers., (© 2025 The Author(s). Health Promotion Journal of Australia published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of Australian Health Promotion Association.)

Background: Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a malignant cancer with poor prognosis and high mortality rate. Sine oculis homeobox homolog 1 (SIX1) participates in the development of many cancers. However, the function of SIX1 in PC is not fully understood., Methods: SIX1 expression was determined using immunohistochemistry in PC tissues and cell lines. Glucose consumption, lactate production, and ATP assays were used to detect the function of SIX1. PC cells and NK cells were cocultured to study the effect of SIX1 overexpression in PC cells on NK cell function. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays were used to study the relationship between SIX1 and lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA). A series of in vitro and in vivo assays were further applied to elucidate the important role of the SIX1/LDHA axis in metabolism and NK cell dysfunction in PC., Results: SIX1 was significantly upregulated in PC tissue; SIX1 overexpression promoted the glycolysis capacity of PANC-1 and CFPAC-1 cells and resulted in NK cell dysfunction after the NK cells had been cultured with PC cells. LDHA inhibitor partially restored the promotion of PC caused by SIX1 overexpression. According to ChIP assays, SIX1 directly binds to the LDHA promoter region. Moreover, LDHA inhibitor and lactate transporter blocker treatment promoted the function of NK cells cocultured with PC cells. In vivo experiments yielded the same results., Conclusion: The SIX1/LDHA axis promotes lactate accumulation and leads to NK cell dysfunction in PC., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Wanli Ge et al.)

Several inflammation-related factors (IRFs) have been reported to predict organ failure of acute pancreatitis (AP) in previous clinical studies. However, there are a few shortcomings in these models. The aim of this study was to develop a new prediction model based on IRFs that could accurately identify the risk for organ failure in AP. Methods . 100 patients with their clinical information and IRF data (levels of 10 cytokines, percentages of different immune cells, and data obtained from white blood cell count) were retrospectively enrolled in this study, and 94 patients were finally selected for further analysis. Univariate and multivariate analysis were applied to evaluate the potential risk factors for the organ failure of AP. The area under the ROC curve (AUCs), sensitivity, and specificity of the relevant model were assessed to evaluate the prediction ability of IRFs. A new scoring system to predict the organ failure of AP was created based on the regression coefficient of a multivariate logistic regression model. Results . The incidence of OF in AP patients was nearly 16% (15/94) in our derivation cohort. Univariate analytic data revealed that IL6, IL8, IL10, MCP1, CD3+ CD4+ T lymphocytes, CD19+ B lymphocytes, PCT, APACHE II score, and RANSON score were potential predictors for AP organ failure, and IL6 ( P = 0.038), IL8 ( P = 0.043), and CD19+B lymphocytes ( P = 0.045) were independent predictors according to further multivariate analysis. In addition, a preoperative scoring system (0-11 points) was constructed to predict the organ failure of AP using these three factors. The AUC of the new score system was 0.86. The optimal cut-off value of the new scoring system was 6 points. Conclusions . Our prediction model (based on IL6, IL8, and CD19+ B Lymphocyte) has satisfactory working efficiency to identify AP patients with high risk of organ failure., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests., (Copyright © 2021 Yunpeng Peng et al.)

Introduction: It is acknowledged that patients undergoing neurosurgery with neurological illness are at higher risk of lower extremity deep vein thrombosis (DVT). As an underlying life-threatening complication, the incidence and risk factors for high-risk patients with lower extremity deep vein thrombosis are still controversial in relative high-risk patients after neurosurgery., Materials and Methods: A total of 204 patients who underwent neurosurgery and were considered as a high-risk group of DVT according to times of stay in bed more than 3 days were enrolled in this study. We evaluated the lower extremity DVT by using Color Doppler Ultrasound System (CDUS). Clinical parameters of patients at the time of admission and postoperation were recorded and prepared for further analysis. Early predictive factors for postoperative lower extremity DVT were established. Diagnostic performance of predictive factors was evaluated by using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis., Results: The overall incidence rate of DVT in 204 enrolled patients was 30.9%. Multivariate logistic regression indicated that hypertension (OR 3.159, 95% CI 1.465-6.816; P = 0.003), higher postoperative D-dimer (OR 1.225, 95% CI 1.016-1.477; P = 0.034), female (OR 0.174, 95% CI 0.054-0.568; P = 0.004), and lower GCS score (OR 0.809, 95% CI 0.679-0.965; P = 0.013) were independently associated with incidence of DVT in patients after neurosurgery. The logistic regression function (LR model) of these four independent risk factors had a better performance on diagnostic value of DVT in patients after neurosurgery., Conclusion: The combined factor was constructed by hypertension, postoperative D-dimer, gender, and GCS score, and it might be a more handy and reliable marker to stratify patients at risk of DVT after neurosurgery., Competing Interests: We declare that we have no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2020 Juhua Li et al.)

Background . The incidence of hypertriglyceridemia-induced acute pancreatitis (HIAP) is increasing worldwide, and now it is the third leading cause of acute pancreatitis in the United States. But, there are only 5% of patients with severe hypertriglyceridemia (>1000 mg/dl) which might generate acute pancreatitis. In order to explore which part of the patients is easy to develop into pancreatitis, a case-control study was performed by us to consider which patient population tend to develop acute pancreatitis in patients with severe hypertriglyceridemia. To perform a retrospective case-control study, we identified severe hypertriglyceridemia patients without AP (HNAP) and with HIAP with a fasting triglyceride level of >1000 mg/dl from The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University during January 1, 2014, to December 31, 2016. Baseline patient characteristics, comorbidities, and risk factors were recorded and evaluated by the univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis for HIAP and HNAP patients. A total of 124 patients with severe hypertriglyceridemia were included in this study; of which, 62 patients were in the HIAP group and 62 were in the HNAP group. Univariate logistic regression analysis showed that there was no gender difference in both groups; however, there were more younger patients in the HIAP group than in the HNAP group ( P value < 0.001), and the HIAP group had low level of high-density lipoprotein compared to the HNAP group ( P < 0.05 ). Meanwhile, the presence of pancreatitis was associated with higher level of glycemia and a history of diabetes ( P < 0.05 ). Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that a history of diabetes and younger age were independent risk factors for acute pancreatitis in patients with severe hypertriglyceridemia. Uncontrolled diabetes and younger age are potential risk factors in patients with severe hypertriglyceridemia to develop acute pancreatitis., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2019 Qiang Li et al.)

Objective: Lymphocytes are one of the main effector cells in the inflammatory response of acute pancreatitis (AP). The purpose of the study was to evaluate whether peripheral blood lymphocyte (PBL) subsets at admission change during AP based on clinical outcomes and to explore whether these changes vary by aetiology of AP. Hence, we performed a prospective study to find a predictor in lymphocyte subsets that might allow easier, earlier, and more accurate prediction of clinical outcomes., Methods: Patients with AP were enrolled from December 2017 to June 2018 at the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University. Age, sex, clinical and biochemical parameters, and aetiology of AP were obtained at admission. PBL counts were assessed within 24 hours after admission. Clinical outcomes were observed as endpoints. The areas under the curve (AUCs) of different predictors were calculated using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve., Results: Overall, 133 patients were included. Patients (n=24) with organ failure (OF) had significantly lower CD4+ T lymphocyte levels than those (n=109) with No OF (NOF) (39.60 (33.94-46.13) vs. 32.41 (26.51-38.00), P=0.004). The OF group exhibited significantly higher CD19+ B lymphocytes than the NOF group (16.07 (10.67-21.06) vs. 23.78 (17.84-29.45), P=0.001). Of the AP cases, 68.8% were caused by gallstones; 10.1% were attributed to alcohol; 16.5% were due to hyperlipidaemia; and 4.6% had other causes. Across all aetiologies, a lower CD4+ T lymphocyte level was significantly related to OF (P<0.05). However, CD19+ B lymphocytes were significant only in gallstone pancreatitis (P<0.05). The ROC curve results showed that the AUC values of CD4+T lymphocytes, CD19+ B lymphocytes, and combined CD4+T lymphocytes and CD19+ B lymphocytes were similar to those of traditional scoring systems, such as APACHEII and Ranson., Conclusions: CD4+ T and CD19+ B lymphocytes during the early phase of AP can predict OF.