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Objective: Restrictive eating behaviors occur across ages, but little is known about symptoms of avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID), especially in adults. This study sought to examine the prevalence of symptoms of ARFID in the adult population, providing a psychometric evaluation of the Eating Disorders in Youth-Questionnaire (EDY-Q) and population norms., Method: In a representative survey of the German population, N = 2,424 adults (1,297 women, 1,127 men; age 49.5 ± 17.5 years) were assessed with the EDY-Q and measures of eating disorder and general psychopathology for divergent validation., Results: The point prevalence of self-reported symptoms of ARFID amounted to 0.8% (20/2,424), with 0.8% of women (10/1,297) and 0.9% of men (10/1,127) being affected. Adults with symptoms of ARFID were significantly more likely to have underweight or normal weight, were more likely to report restrictive behaviors and lower levels of eating disorder psychopathology and binge eating than noneating-disordered controls and adults with symptoms of an eating disorder, but did not significantly differ in levels of compensatory behaviors, or depression and anxiety. The EDY-Q revealed favorable item statistics, heterogeneity, and satisfactory construct validity, including factorial, discriminant, and divergent validity. Weight-status specific norms were provided., Discussion: Both women and men from the population reported symptoms of ARFID with an anthropometric and psychopathological profile similar to that seen in youth with symptoms of ARFID, however, with lower prevalence estimates, and distinctive from that in other eating disorders. Interview-based assessment of this symptomatology is required to confirm the prevalence of ARFID diagnosis., (© 2020 The Authors. International Journal of Eating Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Objective: Urologic cancer patients often assess their quality of life (QoL) as being relatively good. Response shift (change in internal standards) may be one reason for that effect. The aim of this study was to test such response shift effects., Methods: A sample of 197 male urologic cancer patients was tested while hospitalised (t1) and three months later (t2). The participants had to assess their current health state and the health state of two anchoring vignettes. They also completed the EORTC QLQ-C30 and PHQ-4 questionnaires, including a retrospective thentest. The control sample was comprised of members of the general population., Results: The patients rated their general health as being worse than people from the general population did (effect size: d = 0.73, p < 0.001). Moreover, the patients assessed the vignette presenting physical problems as being significantly healthier than people from the general population did (d = 0.42, p < 0.001). Under the retrospective thentest condition, the patients rated their QoL and their mental burden as being significantly worse than in the pre-test condition. Both methods showed response shift effects., Conclusion: Urologic cancer patients' assessments of their QoL should be handled with caution because of possible shifts in their internal standards of judgement., (© 2019 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Measurements of quality of life (QoL) can be distorted by respondents adapting to new situations between measurement points and consequently having a changed frame of reference. To investigate this bias in breast cancer survivors, we compare their QoL with that of the general population and use two complementary methods for detecting this bias. Breast cancer survivors (n = 308, response rate: 91%) were tested with the QoL questionnaire European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire Core 30. Response shift was examined with the thentest (retrospective judgements) and with the structural equation modelling (SEM) approach. Compared with the general population, breast cancer survivors showed impaired QoL in all functioning scales (Hedges' g: -0.56 to -0.93) and symptom scales (Hedges' g: 0.28-0.74).The thentest method indicated recalibration effects in several dimensions including social functioning. The SEM method detected a non-uniform recalibration effect for social functioning from pretest to posttest and from pretest to thentest, but no effect between thentest and posttest. Breast cancer survivors' QoL is clearly diminished. Comparing the two approaches for detecting response shift showed that it is also useful to apply SEM to retrospective judgements and that this can reveal response shift effects that would otherwise be overlooked., (© 2018 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

The objective of this study was to analyse whether general self-efficacy and resilient coping are negatively impacted when people are sick with cancer (compared with people from the general population), and whether these resource variables predict quality of life outcomes in that patient group. A sample of 959 patients recruited in an oncologic rehabilitation clinic was examined once while hospitalised and once again six months thereafter. The outcome variables were quality of life (EORTC QLQ-C30) and distress (PHQ-4). The resource variables were self-efficacy (General Self-Efficacy Scale) and resilient coping (Brief Resilient Coping Scale). Representative samples of the general population served as controls. Self-efficacy (d = 0.08) and resilient coping (d = 0.28) were only slightly lower in the patients' sample than in the general population. Both resource variables were associated with quality of life, but self-efficacy (and not resilient coping) was the only independent predictor of quality of life functioning scales and distress scores when the baseline values of the dependent variables were also taken into account. Strengthening patients' belief in their own ability to cope with the disease may help them retain and/or regain a higher level of quality of life., (© 2018 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Objective: The aim of this study was to develop, evaluate, and standardize a short form of the well-established Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire (EDE-Q). The newly developed EDE-Q8 was required to reflect the originally postulated structure of the EDE-Q., Method: Data were drawn from two nationwide representative population surveys in Germany: a survey conducted to develop the EDE-Q8 in 2009 (N = 2,520); and a survey conducted in 2013 (N = 2,508) for the evaluation and calculation of EDE-Q8 percentiles., Results: The EDE-Q8 had excellent item characteristics, very good reliability and a very good model fit for the postulated second-order factorial structure. Furthermore, a strong correlation between the EDE-Q8 and a 13 item short form of the Eating Attitudes Test was observed., Discussion: The EDE-Q8 appears to be particularly suitable in epidemiological research, when an economical assessment of global eating disorder psychopathology is required. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2016; 49:613-616)., (© 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

There are normative data of the quality of life (QoL) questionnaire EORTC QLQ-C30 (the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire) for several European countries and Korea, but not for Latin America. The aim of this study was to provide these normative values for the general population in Colombia and to assess differences in terms of age and sex. For that reason, a sample of 1500 representatively selected individuals of the Colombian population completed the EORTC QLQ-C30 form. Results showed that mean scores of the Colombian population are similar to those obtained in European countries; whereas the mean values from a Korean study were lower (worse QoL). Age and sex differences were found in several scales and symptom items. Linear regression analyses were calculated to help quantify the influence of age and gender on QoL. Men reported better functioning and less symptoms than women on all scales, and older individuals reported worse global scores in terms of functioning and lower QoL than younger ones. In sum, the normative values presented can be used to assess QoL scores of Latin American cancer patients and to compare groups of patients with unequal age and sex distributions., (© 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.)

How can we understand the uses of music in daily life? Music is a universal phenomenon but with significant interindividual and cultural variability. Listeners' gender and cultural background may influence how and why music is used in daily life. This paper reports the first investigation of a holistic framework and a new measure of music functions (RESPECT-music) across genders and six diverse cultural samples (students from Germany, Kenya, Mexico, New Zealand, Philippines, and Turkey). Two dimensions underlie the mental representation of music functions. First, music can be used for contemplation or affective functions. Second, music can serve intrapersonal, social, and sociocultural functions. Results reveal that gender differences occur for affective functions, indicating that female listeners use music more for affective functions, i.e., emotional expression, dancing, and cultural identity. Country differences are moderate for social functions (values, social bonding, dancing) and strongest for sociocultural function (cultural identity, family bonding, political attitudes). Cultural values, such as individualism-collectivism and secularism-traditionalism, can help explain cross-cultural differences in the uses of music. Listeners from more collectivistic cultures use music more frequently for expressing values and cultural identity. Listeners from more secular and individualistic cultures like to dance more. Listeners from more traditional cultures use music more for expressing values and cultural identity, and they bond more frequently with their families over music. The two dimensions of musical functions seem systematically underpinned by listeners' gender and cultural background. We discuss the uses of music as behavioral expressions of affective and contemplative as well as personal, social, and sociocultural aspects in terms of affect proneness and cultural values.

The assessment of quality of life in cancer patients is hampered because patients may change their frames of reference during the course of the disease. The aim of this study was to test individual differences in these response shift effects. Urologic cancer patients (n= 275) were examined during the stay in the hospital (T1), 2 weeks later (T2) and 3 months later (T3). Furthermore, at T3 they were asked to retrospectively assess their situation at T1 (then-test). The difference between this retrospective assessment and the original assessment at T1 was used to determine the response shift effect (recalibration). Anxiety (Generalized Anxiety Disorder Questionnaire-2), depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-2) and health dissatisfaction (Questionnaire on Life Satisfaction) were obtained at all points in time. The effect sizes of the mean response shift effects (recalibration) ranged between 0.26 and 0.48. Nevertheless, a large proportion of the sample showed no response shift (22-38%) or even negative response shift effects (20-30%). There were significant correlations among the response shift measures of the domains (anxiety, depression and health dissatisfaction) with coefficients between 0.29 and 0.51. The results indicate that response shift should not only be assessed on the mean score level, since it is also a dimension of individual difference., (© 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.)

Objective: The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship between optimism and anxiety, depression and health-related quality of life (HRQOL). A further aim was to investigate the predictive value of optimism for anxiety, depression and HRQOL, quantified with and without controlling the corresponding base level., Methods: A total of 427 urogenital cancer patients were asked to complete the Life Orientation Test (LOT), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and the health survey SF-8 during their stay in the hospital (T1), two weeks later (T2) and three months later., Results: Finally, 275 patients (64.4%) completed all questionnaires. Optimism at T1 was significantly associated with anxiety (r=-0.35), depression (r=-0.41) and HRQOL (physical: r=0.29; mental: r=0.27) and can predict outcome variables three months later. After controlling for the base levels of anxiety, depression and HRQOL, the predictive value of optimism remained significant but small. The incrementally variance explained by the LOT varied between 2.1% in anxiety and 8.2% in physical HRQOL., Conclusion: Especially patients with a low level of optimism and a high level of pessimism are at risk for higher levels of anxiety and depression in addition to lowered HRQOL., ((c) 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)