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Introduction Previous neuroimaging studies have suggested that brain functional impairment and hyperarousal occur during the daytime among patients with chronic insomnia disorder (CID); however, alterations to the brain's intrinsic functional architecture and their association with sleep quality have not yet been documented. Methods In this study, our aim was to investigate the insomnia‐related alterations to the intrinsic connectome in patients with CID (n = 27) at resting state, with a data‐driven approach based on graph theory assessment and functional connectivity density (FCD), which can be interpreted as short‐range (intraregional) or long‐range (interregional) mapping. Results Compared with healthy controls with good sleep, CID patients showed significantly decreased long‐range FCD in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortices and the putamen. These patients also showed decreased short‐range FCD in their multimodal‐processing regions, executive control network, and supplementary motor‐related areas. Furthermore, several regions showed increased short‐range FCD in patients with CID, implying hyper‐homogeneity of local activity. Conclusions Together, these findings suggest that insufficient sleep during chronic insomnia widely affects cortical functional activities, including disrupted FCD and increased short‐range FCD, which is associated with poor sleep quality., Using graph theory assessment and functional connectivity density (FCD) methods to investigate the insomnia‐related alterations to the intrinsic connectome in patients with CID patients, we found that insufficient sleep during chronic insomnia widely affects cortical functional activities, including disrupted FCD and increased short‐range FCD, which is associated with poor sleep quality.

Herein, a series of catalysts made of Pd–WN on various supports was synthesized by modifying supports with small-size WN NPs firstly and loading Pd subsequently. Their catalytic performances were evaluated for selective hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde (CAL) to hydrocinnamaldehyde (HALD). Interestingly, it was found the synergistic effect between Pd and WN can improve conversion and selectivity of CAL to HALD. Among these catalysts, Pd–WN/SBA-15 shows best performance with highest conversion (99 %) and selectivity to HALD (97 %), which is superior to commercial 5 % Pd/C catalyst. The hydrogenation kinetics of Pd–WN/SBA-15 has been adequately represented by a standard pseudo-first-order approximation, and it discloses that the existence of WN can effectively decrease the activation energy (23.2 kJ mol−1). The synergistic effect of Pd and WN results in enriching the electron density of Pd, increasing the ratio of surface Pd0 and decreasing the size of Pd on the Pd–WN/SBA-15 catalyst.

Catalysts made of Pt nanoparticles dispersed on graphene (X wt %Pt/G, X= 2.0, 3.5, and 5.0) were prepared and characterized by XRD, Raman spectroscopy, BET surface area measurements, TEM, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and a 3.5 wt % Pt supported on Vulcan Carbon catalyst (3.5 wt %Pt/ VC) was included as a reference. Although the mean Pt nanoparticle size is approximately 4.4 nm for all X wt %Pt/G and 3.5 wt %Pt/VC catalysts, cinnamal alcohol was produced with high selectivity only with the graphene-supported catalysts: 92 % conversion and 88 % selectivity toward cinnamal alcohol were obtained with 3.5 wt %Pt/G. This catalyst also showed good stability in recycling tests. The good selectivity observed with the graphene-based catalysts is attributed to the higher fraction of reduced surface Pt 0 atoms seen on the surface of the Pt nanoparticles (determined by XPS). This interpretation is consistent with DFT calculations. Additional p–p interactions between cinnamaldehyde and graphene may also play a role in the selective hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde.

Bulk, supported, and porous perovskite LaCoO3 were prepared and their catalytic performances for CO oxidation were investigated. XRD, FTIR spectroscopy, SEM, TEM, and N2 physisorption measurements were performed to identify their structure, and temperature-programmed desorption of oxygen, temperature-programmed reduction by hydrogen, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were conducted to study their physicochemical properties. With the change from bulk to nanoparticles and further to a porous structure, the series of LaCoO3 samples showed increased oxygen vacancies and improved oxidizing ability, which led to enhanced catalytic performances for CO oxidation. The correlation of the CO oxidation activity with the amount of exposed metal sites indicated that the Co ions should be the active site of the reaction. Comparison of the activation energy supported the changes observed in the activities.

Cu@C composite spheres with copper nanoparticles dispersed in the carbonaceous matter have been synthesized by a one-step hydrothermal method by using different copper salts mixed with an aqueous glucose solution. The spheres have been characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, thermogravimetric–differential thermal analysis, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and Raman spectrocopy. The results show that Cu(NO3)2, CuSO4,and CuCl2 exhibit an accelerating effect on the size of the composite spheres, and microsized composites were obtained. However, a morphological change from irregular cubes and spheres to uniform spheres with a narrow size distribution of 340–400 nm was observed when cupric acetate [Cu(Ac)2] was used. Interestingly, Cu2O, generated in situ from Cu(ac)2, plays an important role in the size of the composite spheres. Moreover, a CuO@SiO2 core–shell structure has been synthesized by using the Cu@C composite spheres as a sacrificial template, and the CO + NO reaction was used as a probe reaction to evaluate its catalytic performance. CuO@SiO2 exhibits excellent catalytic performance in the CO + NO reaction.