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Hybridization and polyploidization are pivotal to plant evolution. Genetic crosses between distantly related species are rare in nature due to reproductive barriers but how such hurdles can be overcome is largely unknown. Here we report the hybrid genome structure of xBrassicoraphanus, a synthetic allotetraploid of Brassica rapa and Raphanus sativus. We performed cytogenetic analysis and de novo genome assembly to examine chromosome behaviors and genome integrity in the hybrid. Transcriptome analysis was conducted to investigate expression of duplicated genes in conjunction with epigenome analysis to address whether genome admixture entails epigenetic reconfiguration. Allotetraploid xBrassicoraphanus retains both parental chromosomes without genome rearrangement. Meiotic synapsis formation and chromosome exchange are avoided between nonhomologous progenitor chromosomes. Reconfiguration of transcription network occurs, and less divergent cis-elements of duplicated genes are associated with convergent expression. Genome-wide DNA methylation asymmetry between progenitors is largely maintained but, notably, B. rapa-originated transposable elements are transcriptionally silenced in xBrassicoraphanus through gain of DNA methylation. Our results demonstrate that hybrid genome stabilization and transcription compatibility necessitate epigenome landscape adjustment and rewiring of cis-trans interactions. Overall, this study suggests that a certain extent of genome divergence facilitates hybridization across species, which may explain the great diversification and expansion of angiosperms during evolution.

Background Povidone-iodine (PVP-I) is well known as an antiseptic and exhibits extensive activity against various pathogens. However, due to its uniquely unpleasant nature, it cannot be used locally to deactivate various sinonasal pathogens. Therefore, we developed a PVP-I composite that blocks the unpleasant odor of PVP-I for use as a local antiseptic in the sinonasal cavity and evaluated its effect on bacterial biofilm's formation and elimination in in vivo and in vitro models. Methods MTT, lactate dehydrogenase, and live/dead staining assay were performed to examine the cellular toxicity of PVP-I composites on the primary human nasal epithelial and RPMI 2650 cells. Crystal violet assay was performed to quantify bacterial biofilm after treating with various agents, including PVP-I and antibiotics. Hematoxylin-and-eosin staining, live/dead staining assay, and scanning electron microscopy were conducted to evaluate the effect of PVP-I on biofilm formation in a mice biofilm model. Results It was observed that the PVP-I composite did not have any significant toxic effect on the nasal epithelial cells. Furthermore, the PVP-I composite effectively inhibited the formation of bacterial biomass within a dose-dependent manner after 48 hours of incubation with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. In mice, it effectively eliminated biofilm from the mucosa of the nasal cavity and maxillary sinus at the tested concentrations. Conclusion The results of this study indicate that the PVP-I composite is a promising compound that could be used locally to prevent the formation of biofilms and to eliminate them from the sinonasal cavity.

This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of phytoncide (PTC) instead of zinc oxide on growth performance, blood profile, nutrient digestibility and faecal microflora in growing pigs. A total of 120 growing pigs [(Landrace × Yorkshire) × Duroc] with initial body weight 24.48 ± 1.62 kg were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments for a 6 weeks feeding trials, the treatments as follow: CON (base diet)，ZO (CON + 0.03% Zinc Oxide), PTC1 (CON + 0.5% PTC), PTC2 (CON + 1.0% PTC). Compared to basal diet, during weeks 1-3, 3-6, and overall experimental period, the ADG of growing pigs fed phytoncide diet trend to be increased, and fed ZO diet was significantly increased (p

OBJECTIVE Age-related changes in lip morphological and physiological characteristics are key indices for estimating age based on facial features, as reported in many studies. Yet, a majority of studies have focused on Caucasian individuals, with few studies characterizing these changes in Asian female populations. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate lip morphological and physiological characteristics in a cohort of Korean women. METHODS A total of 114 volunteers participated in the study. Linear distances (length of philtrum, length of lip, width of lip, and lengths of lower and upper oral commissures), angle of the upper lip, 3D lip heights, and wrinkles were calculated and averaged for each age-group. We also measured lip color, hydration, trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL), and blood flow. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 20.0 (significance level P

Plant leaves undergo a series of developmental changes from leaf primordium initiation through growth and maturation to senescence throughout their life span. Although the mechanisms underlying leaf senescence have been intensively elucidated, our knowledge of the interrelationship between early leaf development and senescence is still fragmentary. We isolated the oresara15-1Dominant (ore15-1D) mutant, which had an extended leaf longevity and an enlarged leaf size, from activation-tagged lines of Arabidopsis. Plasmid rescue identified that ORE15 encodes a PLANT A/T-RICH SEQUENCE- AND ZINC-BINDING PROTEIN family transcription factor. Phenotypes of ore15-1D and ore15-2, a loss-of-function mutant, were evaluated through physiological and anatomical analyses. Microarray, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and chromatin immunoprecipitation as well as genetic analysis were employed to reveal the molecular mechanism of ORE15 in the regulation of leaf growth and senescence. ORE15 enhanced leaf growth by promoting the rate and duration of cell proliferation in the earlier stage and suppressed leaf senescence in the later stage by modulating the GROWTH-REGULATING FACTOR (GRF)/GRF-INTERACTING FACTOR regulatory pathway. Our study highlighted a molecular conjunction through ORE15 between growth and senescence, which are two temporally separate developmental processes during leaf life span.

BACKGROUND Nasal polyposis is characterized by persistent inflammation and remodeling in sinonasal mucosa. Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) is a DNA receptor of the innate immune system that plays a pivotal role in fibrosis and inflammatory responses. The aim of this study is to explore the expression, activity, and potential pathogenic role of TLR9 signaling in tissue remodeling in nasal polyp-derived fibroblasts (NPDFs). METHODS Fibrotic and inflammatory responses elicited by type A CpG oligonucleotides were examined in the NPDFs by a combination of real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, Western blot analysis, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and immunofluorescence staining. For these experiments, the NPDFs were stimulated with different TLR9 agonists (CpG A and B) and blocked with inhibitors (MyD88 inhibitor and chloroquine). RESULTS TLR9 expression was significantly higher in nasal polyposis (NP) tissues compared to control or chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) mucosa. In the NPDFs, TLR9 showed intracellular localization and expression of TLR9 was increased after treatment with CpG A. CpG A increased production of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), fibronectin, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) (MMP1, MMP2, and MMP9) in the NPDFs, while MyD88 inhibitor and chloroquine, which are known to block the TLR9 signaling pathway, inhibited their production. CpG A also produced type I interferons (IFN-α and IFN-β), which were inhibited by MyD88 inhibitor. CONCLUSION Our data indicates that CpG A-induced fibroblast activation and cytokine production were mediated via TLR9 stimulation in NPDFs. Disrupting this process with an inhibitor targeting TLR9 or its downstream signaling pathways could represent a novel approach to CRS with NP (CRSwNP) therapy.

The use of antibiotics as growth promoters in feed has been fully or partially banned in several countries. The objective of this study was to evaluate effects of levan-type fructan on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, faecal shedding of lactic acid bacteria and coliform bacteria, diarrhoea scores, and faecal gas emission in weaning pigs. A total of 144 weaning pigs [(Yorkshire × Landrace) × Duroc] were randomly allocated to four diets: corn-soybean meal-based diets supplemented with 0, 0.1, 0.5, or 1.0 g kg-1 levan-type fructan during this 42-day experiment.; Results: During days 0 to 21 and 0 to 42, average daily gain and average daily feed intake were linearly increased (P

Background Sinonasal fungus ball (FB) is a type of noninvasive fungal rhinosinusitis affecting immunocompetent hosts. FB, previously considered rare, has been reported with increasing frequency. We reviewed our experience of 538 cases over the past 20 years. Methods We retrospectively examined clinical records including clinical presentations, radiological findings, management, and outcomes of FB patients who have undergone surgery for treatment. The number of FB patients who underwent endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) was calculated annually. Causal relationships between structural variations and FB were also investigated. Results The number of FB patients who underwent sinus surgery has increased. The mean age was 58.3 years, and the gender ratio was approximately 2 (female): 1 (male). While the most common presenting symptoms of maxillary sinus FB patients were nasal symptoms, such as postnasal drip and nasal obstruction, sphenoid sinus FB patients presented with headache mostly. On computed tomography (CT) scans, the most common finding was intralesional hyperdensity (77.3%). There was no significant correlation between the presence of FB and structural variations (nasal septal deviation, concha bullosa, Haller cell). Median follow-up period of the patients was 11 months. Recurrence or residual disease occurred in only 6 (1.1%) cases. Conclusion The number of FB patients who underwent surgery has increased steadily over the past 20 years. FB should be considered in patients with unilateral nasal symptoms and unexplained headaches. A preoperative CT scan is an essential tool in making diagnosis easier and faster. Endoscopic surgery is the treatment of choice, with a low morbidity and recurrence rate.

Summary Two experiments were conducted to investigate effects of different space allocations and different dietary metabolizable energy (ME) levels on growth performance and nutrient digestibility in growing and finishing pigs. In experiment 1, a total of 84 growing pigs [(Yorkshire × Landrace) × Duroc] with an initial body weight (BW) of 27.10 ± 1.60 kg were used in a 5-week trial. Pigs were blocked based on initial BW into a 2 × 2 factorial design with the following factors: (i) 0.60 or 0.80 m2/pig space allocations; and (ii) 3,400 or 3,550 kcal/kg ME of diets. In experiment 2, a total of 84 finishing pigs with an initial BW of 67.43 ± 1.97 kg were used in a 10-week trial. Pigs were allotted based on initial BW into a 2 × 2 factorial design with the following factors: (i) 0.81 or 1.08 m2/pig space allocations; and (ii) 3,300 or 3,450 kcal/kg ME of diet. In experiment 1, high ME diet improved gain-to-feed ratio (G:F) in pigs with low space allocation but not in pigs in high space allocation (p

Leaf senescence is not only primarily governed by developmental age but also influenced by various internal and external factors. Although some genes that control leaf senescence have been identified, the detailed regulatory mechanisms underlying integration of diverse senescence-associated signals into the senescence programs remain to be elucidated. To dissect the regulatory pathways involved in leaf senescence, we isolated the not oresara1-1 (nore1-1) mutant showing accelerated leaf senescence phenotypes from an EMS-mutagenized Arabidopsis thaliana population. We found that altered transcriptional programs in defense response-related processes were associated with the accelerated leaf senescence phenotypes observed in nore1-1 through microarray analysis. The nore1-1 mutation activated defense program, leading to enhanced disease resistance. Intriguingly, high ambient temperature effectively suppresses the early senescence and death phenotypes of nore1-1. The gene responsible for the phenotypes of nore1-1 contains a missense mutation in SENESCENCE-ASSOCIATED E3 UBIQUITIN LIGASE 1 (SAUL1), which was reported as a negative regulator of premature senescence in the light intensity- and PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT 4 (PAD4)-dependent manner. Through extensive double mutant analyses, we recently identified suppressor of the G2 Allele of SKP1b (SGT1b), one of the positive regulators for disease resistance conferred by many resistance (R) proteins, as a downstream signaling component in NORE1-mediated senescence and cell death pathways. In conclusion, NORE1/SAUL1 is a key factor integrating signals from temperature-dependent defense programs and leaf senescence in Arabidopsis. These findings provide a new insight that plants might utilize defense response program in regulating leaf senescence process, possibly through recruiting the related genes during the evolution of the leaf senescence program.

Background The aim of this work was to evaluate factors that influence local recurrence and survival after surgical resection of sinonasal malignant melanoma, using a large population-based multicenter study in Korea. Methods Retrospective analysis was performed for 155 newly diagnosed sinonasal malignant melanoma patients gathered from 15 university hospitals throughout Korea. Demographic data, tumor characteristics, surgical approach, adjuvant treatment, recurrence, and outcomes were analyzed. Results Three-year and 5-year overall survival rates were 48.8% and 40.1%, respectively. Local recurrence rate was 46.6%, with a mean recurrence time of 15.5 months. On multivariate analysis, patients who underwent surgery that included an endoscopic approach showed decreased local recurrence rate (p = 0.042) and increased survival rate (hazard ratio [HR], 1.702; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.007 to 2.875; p = 0.047) compared to those who underwent an external approach. Patients with postoperative radiotherapy showed a decreased local recurrence rate (p = 0.001), but without impact on survival rate. Male gender, tumor beyond the nasal cavity, and presence of distant metastasis were associated with poor survival. Conclusion An endoscopic-including surgical approach was associated with improved local control and survival in sinonasal malignant melanoma patients. Postoperative radiotherapy helped increase the local control rate.

Objectives/Hypothesis Organized hematoma (OH) is a rare non-neoplastic disease. We studied the clinical characteristics of 17 patients with sinonasal OH and those of 75 cases in the English literature. Study Design Retrospective review of medical records and systematic review of the literature on OH. Methods Comprehensive review of the English-language literature on OH was performed. We screened all eligible cases based on initial features, and 75 eligible cases found in 15 publications were analyzed. We also retrospectively analyzed and compared medical records of 17 patients diagnosed with pathologically proven sinonasal OH. Data such as demographics, clinical characteristics, pathologic features, radiologic findings, treatment modalities, and follow-up results were compared to the 75 previously mentioned cases. Results Fifteen cases involved the maxillary sinus, one case involved the frontal sinus, and one case involved the sphenoid sinus. There were six patients over 60 years old, and all were taking an antiplatelet agent. The paranasal sinus computed tomography (CT) of seven patients showed bony destruction of the involved sinus. A review of the available literature revealed mostly similar results with our cases, except for the proportion of patients taking aspirin (5.3%) and sex distribution (male:female = 49:25). Conclusions We reported 17 cases of OH, including a case of frontal sinus and a case of sphenoid sinus lesion. A large proportion of OH patients had bony destruction of the affected sinus on CT. In these patients, a careful diagnosis should be made to distinguish them from a malignant tumor or other expansile diseases. Level of Evidence 4. Laryngoscope, 125:2027–2033, 2015

Objectives/Hypothesis: The scaffold protein IQGAP1 is a ubiquitously expressed 190 kDa protein that participates in protein-protein interactions, integrating diverse signaling pathways. In this study, we examined the expression of IQGAP1 in sinonasal inverted papillomas (IP) and sinonasal squamous cell carcinomas (SCC), which include IP with SCC (IPcSCC) and SCC alone. We also tried to elucidate whether the amount of IQGAP1 expression is related with any clinicopathologic features of sinonasal SCCs. Study Design: This was a retrospective study. Methods: The expression of IQGAP1 was analyzed by means of immunohistochemistry. The degrees of IQGAP1 expression and subcellular localization (rim formation) were analyzed with respect to the following clinicopathologic variables: age, gender, T stage, histologic differentiation, local recurrence, and distant metastasis. Results: The expression of IQGAP1 was significantly higher in patients with IPcSCC (3.62 ± 0.14), and SCC (2.93 ± 0.34) compared with IP (1.43 ± 0.26). The rim formation scale was significantly higher in IPcSCC (2.39 ± 0.24) compared with IP (1.68 ± 0.15). Distant metastasis in patients with SCC significantly correlated with an increased IQGAP1 rim formation (p = 0.011). Histologic differentiation was also significantly correlated with a positive staining scale for IQGAP1 in IPcSCCs (p = 0.038). Conclusion: These results indicated that IQGAP1 expression is associated with both the histologic differentiation of IPcSCCs and is present in SCC cases where distant metastasis has occurred.

Purpose: Ultrasound(US)elastography measures the deformation of tissue in response to stress to derive and display its stiffness. Typically, the clinicians visually inspect and categorize the pseudo-color pattern of an elastographyimage into one of 5–6 different scores. This scoring method could lead to sizable variability due to its subjective nature. In this paper, we introduce a new method to objectively derive an elasticity score for differential diagnosis of thyroid nodules using USelastography. Methods: Elastography data from 106 patients (123 nodules: 103 benign and 20 malignant) referred for a fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy were used for this retrospective study. No external compression was applied since carotid artery pulsation was used as the compression source. Elasticitycontrast index (ECI), which was derived using spatiotemporal strain information, was computed to quantify the local stiffness contrast within a nodule. A larger ECI value suggests a stiffer nodule, thus indicating an increased likelihood of being malignant. Results: The mean ECI value of malignant nodules (0.83 ± 0.23) was significantly higher than that of benign nodules (0.53 ± 0.18) (p = 0.00002). Using a cut-off value of 0.60, 19 malignant nodules and 76 benign nodules were detected correctly, leading to the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of 95%, 73.8%, 41.3%, and 98.7%, respectively. Conclusions: The objective determination of an elasticity score by our method could reduce variability in scoring, leading to more reliable elastography results. With further clinical validation, we believe that ultrasoundelastography could be used as an FNA triage tool in managing thyroid nodules.

SUMMARY The fungus Pyrenophora tritici-repentis causes tan spot, a wheat leaf disease of worldwide importance. The pathogen produces three host-selective toxins, including Ptr ToxB, which causes chlorophyll degradation and foliar chlorosis on toxin-sensitive wheat genotypes. The ToxB gene, which codes for Ptr ToxB, was silenced in a wild-type race 5 isolate of the fungus thorough a sense- and antisense-mediated silencing mechanism. Toxin production by the silenced strains was evaluated in culture filtrates of the fungus via Western blotting analysis, and plant bioassays were conducted to test the virulence of the transformants in planta. The chlorosis-inducing ability of the silenced strains was correlated with the quantity of Ptr ToxB, and transformants in which toxin production was strongly decreased also caused very little disease on toxin-sensitive wheat genotypes. Cytological analysis of the infection process revealed that, in addition to a reduced capacity to induce chlorosis, the silenced strains with the greatest decrease in the levels of Ptr ToxB produced significantly fewer appressoria than the wild-type isolate, 12 and 24 h after inoculation onto wheat leaves. The results provide strong support for the suggestion that the amount of Ptr ToxB protein produced by fungal isolates plays a significant role in the quantitative variation in the virulence of P. tritici-repentis.

Objectives/Hypothesis: To evaluate the correlation between growth differences of the face and nasal septal deviation, and to evaluate whether developmental differences of the face have an effect on nontraumatic nasal septal deviation (DNS). Study Design: Retrospective study. Methods: Twenty-five patients with DNS who underwent facial aesthetic surgery and had an ostiomeatal unit-computed tomography (OMU-CT) scan and photos for facial analysis were included in the study. Coronal views of the OMU-CT scan where the nasal septum was most severely deviated were selected and from which five parameters (angle of septal deviation [ASD], angle of nasal floor [ANF], angle of lateral nasal wall [ALW], angle of inferior turbinate [AIT], and width of IT [WIT]) were measured. Preoperative frontal views of the patients were analyzed by comparing the distances between the following points on both sides of the faces: midsagittal plane to Zygion (MSP-Zy), Glabella to Exocanthion (G-Ex), Exocanthion to Cheilion (Ex-Ch), and Zygion to Cheilion (Zy-Ch). Results: The differences between the right and left MSP-Zy, G-Ex, and Ch-Zy distance were significantly associated with the direction of septal deviation. The difference between the right and left AIT and WIT were also significantly associated with the direction of septal deviation. Using bivariate correlation, it was found that the absolute difference between the right and left MSP-Zy, G-Ex, and WIT showed significant correlation with the amount of septal deviation. Conclusions: We demonstrate that there is a strong relationship between deviated nasal septum and facial growth asymmetry.

Shape Memory Alloys (SMA) have been actively studied in many fields utilizing their high energy density, and SMA wire embedded composite, in particular, can be used as a smart material for a load carrying structure and actuator. Composite materials such as Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastics (GFRP) can sustain large loads, but at the same time the high stiffness of the material limits the displacement range of the SMA wire embedded composite. In this research, a SMA wire embedded hybrid composite was designed and fabricated to have a larger displacement than a SMA wire embedded single composite. The hybrid composite is designed with a n-shape and it is comprised of three parts with different stiffness materials, GFRP with higher stiffness at both ends and silicone rubber with lower stiffness in the middle to increase the displacement range of the structure. The SMA wire embedded hybrid composite can be actuated by applying an electric current through the embedded SMA wire. The fabricated composite was mechanically fastened to prevent separation between the wire and the composite laminae induced by temperature rise of the wire. The displacement of SMA wire embedded hybrid composite was examined by measuring the radius of curvature.

Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the preventive effect of halofuginone on posterior glottic stenosis (PGS) in an animal model. Study Design A randomized, controlled animal study. Subjects and Methods Sixteen male New Zealand White rabbits were used for this study. After the mucosa of posterior glottis was removed for producing PGS, the study group (eight rabbits) was given intraperitoneal halofuginone at 0.1 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks and saline was injected into peritoneum in the control group. At 4 weeks after injury, postsurgical changes of posterior glottis were evaluated by gross and histologic examination. Results PGS was induced by the mucosal stripping of the posterior glottis. The halofuginone-treated group showed less scarring and granulation tissue formation. Also, the degree of synechia was significantly less than that of control group. Histologic analysis showed the decreased fibrosis in the halofuginone-treated group. Conclusion This study suggests that halofuginone can be helpful in preventing PGS after laryngeal injury.

Objective/hypothesis Ciliary wave disorder (CWD) is essential for effective mucociliary transport. The purpose of this study was to investigate morphologic and functional restoration in recovered sinus mucosa after 12 weeks of experimentally induced rhinosinusitis and regenerated sinus mucosa after mechanical injury. Study design Prospective study with animal models. Methods Ten New Zealand white rabbits weighing between 2.5 and 3 kg were used for this experiment. In the recovered mucosa group (n = 5), the natural ostium of the maxillary sinus was closed with a synthetic sponge and removed 2 weeks later. In the regenerated sinus mucosa group (n = 5), maxillary sinus mucosa was stripped off through the anterior wall. Left sinus mucosae were used as controls. Twelve weeks postoperatively, ciliary beat frequency (CBF) and CWD were measured using an image analysis system. Morphologic changes in cilia were also observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Results The average CBFs in control, recovered, and regenerated mucosa were 13.21 +/- 3.66 Hz, 13.20 +/- 3.53 Hz, and 14.16 +/- 3.87 Hz, respectively. The average CWDs in these groups were 8.46 +/- 4.4, 21.04 +/- 14.73, and 24.43 +/- 19.2, respectively. SEM showed that loss of cilia and irregularities of ciliary arrangements were prominent in regenerated sinus mucosa. Conclusion Although 12 weeks is enough for morphologic regeneration of the ciliated epithelium after experimental sinusitis in rabbit maxillary sinuses, it does not appear long enough for full functional recovery. Restoration of CBFs does not equate to concurrent CWD restoration.

In this paper, we investigate empirically whether there are differences in labor market outcomes according to workers' region of birth. We also investigate whether wage differentials by region of birth are due to taste discrimination, statistical discrimination as measurement error, or both of these things. The empirical analyses based on the Korean Labor and Income Panel Study (KLIPS) data show the following. First, Honam-born workers have a higher migration ratio to other regions than Youngnam-born workers. Second, workers born in other regions have a higher propensity to become contingent workers and are paid significantly lower wages than Seoul/Kyonggi-born workers. Finally, our empirical tests support the third hypothesis that wage differentials by region of birth are attributable partly to statistical discrimination as measurement error and partly to taste discrimination. We rejected a hypothesis based solely on taste discrimination as well as a hypothesis based solely on statistical discrimination as measurement error.

Objectives/Hypothesis Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) is considered as a key molecule in regulating Th17:regulatory T-cells (Tregs) balance. The aims of this study were to investigate whether HIF-1α is associated with the RORγ (RAR-related orphan receptor gamma) expression of Tregs in nasal polyps and to verify whether Staphylococcus enterotoxin B (SEB) is involved in this process. Study Design Clinical experimental study. Methods Forty patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis were enrolled and divided into eosinophilic nasal polyps (EPs) and noneosinophilic nasal polyps (NEPs) according to the proportion of eosinophils. Fifteen subjects who were undergoing septoplasty were enrolled as control subjects. Expression of HIF-1α in the tissue was measured using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Western blot, and flow cytometry. The mRNA expression of RORC (RAR-related orphan receptor C) and HIF-1α in Tregs separated from tissues were measured by RT-PCR. Double immunofluorescent staining for RORC/FOXP3 and HIF-1α/FOXP3 were conducted on the tissues. Expression of RORC and HIF-1α in Tregs from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was measured using flow cytometry after stimulation with SEB. Results Expression of RORC and HIF-1α in Tregs was significantly higher in EPs and NEPs compared with control mucosa, and there was a significant correlation between RORC and HIF-1α expression in Tregs. Expression of RORC and HIF-1α mRNA in Tregs separated from the tissues was also significantly higher in nasal polyps compared with control mucosa. Expression of RORC and HIF-1α in Tregs were increased after 24-hour stimulation with SEB in the PBMCs. Conclusions HIF-1α–induced RORC expression in Tregs may play a key role in the pathogenesis of nasal polyps. Level of Evidence NA Laryngoscope, 124:E151–E159, 2014