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Health literacy (HL) refers to individuals' abilities to process and use health information to promote health. This study aimed to develop the first HL measurement tool for the Chinese Hong Kong population.A two-phase methodology was adopted. In Phase I, evidence synthesis with a deductive method was conducted to formulate the item list from the literature. In Phase II, a modified e-Delphi survey was conducted among stakeholders (i.e., healthcare providers and healthcare consumers) to confirm the content validity of the item list. The stakeholders were invited to rate the relevance of each draft item on a 4-point scale and provide suggestions for revisions, removal or adding new items.In Phase I, a total of 34 items covering functional, interactive and critical HL were generated. In Phase II, to obtain a balanced view from experts and laypeople, healthcare professionals (n = 12) and consumers (n = 12) were invited to participate in the Delphi panel. The response rates of the three rounds were 100%. After the third round, the consensus was reached for 31 items, and no further comments for adding or revising items were received. All items exhibited excellent content validity (item content validity index: 0.79-1.00; K*: 0.74-1.00).A Health Literacy Scale for Hong Kong was developed. Compared with existing HL scales, the scale fully operationalized the skills involved in functional, interactive and critical HL. The Delphi study shows evidence supporting the high content validity of all items in the scale. In future studies, these items should undergo rigorous testing to examine their psychometric properties in our target population groups. By illuminating the details in the development process, this paper provides a deeper understanding of the scale's scope and limitations for others who are interested in using this tool.Public as healthcare consumers, in addition to healthcare providers, were involved in developing a new HL scale for this study. The input from the public contributed to examining the scale's content validity by judging whether all items reflected the skills that they need to find and use health-related information in their daily life.

This cluster-randomized pre-post comparison study examined the effects of using Sesame Workshop's Little Children, Big Challenges: General Resilience (LCBC) digital media toolkit in preschool classrooms over a 12-week period. Participants included 157 preschool teachers and 766 preschool children from 159 preschool classrooms in 38 Head Start centers, 7 Military Child Development Centers, 2 community-based preschool agencies, and a public school district. Children's social-emotional skills, behaviors, and relationship qualities were measured using a combination of direct testing of children and teacher behavioral ratings. Hierarchical linear modeling accounted for classroom-level nested data and the results indicated that LCBC increased emotion vocabulary, attachment, initiative, self-control, emotion regulation, and adaptability. The LCBC intervention also significantly reduced teacher conflict, attention problems, and emotion control problems. Additionally, the teacher survey indicated that the intervention was appealing to teachers and students. Reasons for nonsignificant effects on teacher closeness, social problem solving, and social skills are discussed.

We report the heterologous expression, structure, and antimicrobial activity of a lasso peptide, ubonodin, encoded in the genome of Burkholderia ubonensis. The topology of ubonodin is unprecedented amongst lasso peptides, with 18 of its 28 amino acids found in the mechanically bonded loop segment. Ubonodin inhibits RNA polymerase in vitro and has potent antimicrobial activity against several pathogenic members of the Burkholderia genus, most notably B. cepacia and B. multivorans, causative agents of lung infections in cystic fibrosis patients.

The purpose of the current study was to examine the effects of mand, tact, and native-to-foreign (NFI) and foreign-to-native (FNI) intraverbal training on the acquisition of a foreign language. We used a multiple-baseline design across participants with an embedded adapted alternating treatments design to compare the effects of mand training, tact training, NFI training, and FNI training on the acquisition rate of Chinese words in four typically developing adults. We also examined the emergence of untrained foreign language responses for each training condition. Data for 3 out of the 4 participants suggest that mand training was the most efficient training procedure with respect to acquisition rate. The greatest amount of emergent responding was observed for the mand and tact training conditions.

To address the issue of heavy dialysis burden due to the rising prevalence of end-stage renal disease around the world, a roundtable discussion on the sustainability of managing dialysis burden around the world was held in Hong Kong during the First International Congress of Chinese Nephrologists in December 2015. The roundtable discussion was attended by experts from Hong Kong, China, Canada, England, Malaysia, Singapore, Taiwan and United States. Potential solutions to cope with the heavy burden on dialysis include the prevention and retardation of the progression of CKD; wider use of home-based dialysis therapy, particularly PD; promotion of kidney transplantation; and the use of renal palliative care service.

Layers of amorphous manganese oxides were directly formed on the surfaces of different carbon materials by exposing the carbon to aqueous solutions of permanganate (MnO4- ) followed by sintering at ...

The flagellar motor is an important virulence factor in infection by many bacterial pathogens. Motor function can be modulated by chemotactic proteins and recently appreciated proteins that are not part of the flagellar or chemotaxis systems. How these latter proteins affect flagellar activity is not fully understood. Here, we identified spermidine synthase SpeE as an interacting partner of switch protein FliM in Helicobacter pylori using pull-down assay and mass spectrometry. To understand how SpeE contributes to flagellar motility, a speE-null mutant was generated and its motility behavior was evaluated. We found that deletion of SpeE did not affect flagellar formation, but induced clockwise rotation bias. We further determined the crystal structure of the FliM-SpeE complex at 2.7 A resolution. SpeE dimer binds to FliM with micromolar binding affinity, and their interaction is mediated through the β1' and β2' region of FliM middle domain. The FliM-SpeE binding interface partially overlaps with the FliM surface that interacts with FliG and is essential for proper flagellar rotational switching. By a combination of protein sequence conservation analysis and pull-down assays using FliM and SpeE orthologues in E. coli, our data suggest that FliM-SpeE association is unique to Helicobacter species.

An evaluation of increased response effort to dispose of items was conducted to improve recycling at a university. Signs prompting individuals to recycle and notifying them of the location of trash and recycling receptacles were posted in each phase. During the intervention, trashcans were removed from the classrooms, and one large trashcan was available in the hallway next to the recycling receptacles. Results showed that correct recycling increased, and trash left in classrooms increased initially during the second intervention phase before returning to baseline levels.

Chinese professional immigrants make up the 2nd largest visible minority group in Canada. Their successful resettlement in the host country is inextricably tied to the prosperity and success of the general Canadian society that depends heavily on its immigration practice for the country's development and growth. However, there is a dearth of literature and research on this particular population, especially in the areas of career development and vocational psychology based on the unique cultural context of Canada. To address the pivotal career needs of Chinese professional immigrants, this article identifies and discusses 6 prominent career-related barriers they face in the resettlement process: migration-related stressors; language proficiency; cultural nuances and knowledge; discrimination and prejudice; foreign-earned experiences, education, and credentials not recognized; and family separation and fragmentation. Strategies to tackle these career development barriers are proposed from a life-career integrated perspective, alongside ideas and strategies for effective career interventions.

Research has identified a variety of effective approaches for responding to errors during discrete-trial training. In one commonly used method, the therapist delivers a prompt contingent on the occurrence of an incorrect response and then re-presents the trial so that the learner has an opportunity to perform the correct response independently. Some authors recommend inserting trials with previously mastered targets between the prompted response and opportunities to respond independently, but no studies have directly examined the benefits of this approach. In this study, we manipulated the placement of trials with mastered targets during discrete-trial training to compare the effectiveness of error correction with and without this recommended insertion procedure. Four children with autism participated, and each was taught 18 targets across 3 target sets. Results indicated that embedding trials with mastered targets into error correction may not confer benefits for most children and that doing so may lead to less efficient instruction.

Reproducible efficacy assessments of Chinese herbal medicines are largely based on well-established quality control procedures. This study presents a comprehensive quality control procedure for tumor-shrinking decoction (TSD), a 15-herb preparation under study as a potential therapy for uterine fibroids. Morphological, microscopic, and physicochemical authentications were first carried out on individual herbal medicines composing TSD. Contaminant tests on TSD for the presence of heavy metals and pesticide residues were performed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. Furthermore, batch-to-batch quality monitoring of the decoction was investigated via ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). An aqueous extract of the herbal medicines was prepared and formulated into TSD. The tested contaminants were within the maximum permitted levels of the Hong Kong government in proprietary Chinese medicines. UPLC and HPLC fingerprints for quality tracking on TSD were established. The decoction was quantitatively standardized by UPLC and HPLC, respectively, with five and three chemical compounds serving as references. Collectively, the procedure established in this study will not only serve as a fundamental basis for the investigation and development of TSD as a novel therapy for uterine fibroids, but also as a protocol for studying other polycomponent herbal preparations.

Aim The streptococci are important bacteria that cause serious childhood infections. We investigated cardiopulmonary morbidity associated with streptococcal infection and pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) admission. Methods A retrospective study between 2002 and 2013 of all children with a laboratory isolation of streptococcus. Results There were 40 (2.3%) PICU patients with streptococcal isolations including Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A streptococcus, GAS, n = 7), Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B streptococcus, GBS, n = 5), Streptococcus pneumoniae (SP, n = 20), alpha-hemolytic (n = 4), beta-hemolytic (n = 2) and gama-hemolytic (n = 2) streptococci. Comparing among GAS, GBS and SP, respiratory isolates were more likely positive for GAS or SP (P = 0.033), whereas cerebrospinal fluid was more likely positive for GBS (P = 0.002). All GAS and GBS, and the majority of SP (90%) were sensitive to penicillin. All SP specimens were sensitive to cefotaxime and vancomycin. These infections were associated with high PICU mortality of 43%, 20% and 25%, respectively. Isolation of streptococci was associated with a 30% mortality and high rates of need for mechanical ventilatory and inotropic supports. Patients with GAS, SP or any streptococcal isolation had relative risks [95% confidence interval (CI), P value] of PICU deaths of 7.5 (CI 3.1–18.1, P

Summary FliG and FliM are switch proteins that regulate the rotation and switching of the flagellar motor. Several assembly models for FliG and FliM have recently been proposed; however, it remains unclear whether the assembly of the switch proteins is conserved among different bacterial species. We applied a combination of pull-down, thermodynamic and structural analyses to characterize the FliM–FliG association from the mesophilic bacterium Helicobacter pylori. FliM binds to FliG with micromolar binding affinity, and their interaction is mediated through the middle domain of FliG (FliGM), which contains the EHPQR motif. Crystal structures of the middle domain of H. pylori FliM (FliMM) and FliGM–FliMM complex revealed that FliG binding triggered a conformational change of the FliM α3-α1′ loop, especially Asp130 and Arg144. We furthermore showed that various highly conserved residues in this region are required for FliM–FliG complex formation. Although the FliM–FliG complex structure displayed a conserved binding mode when compared with Thermotoga maritima, variable residues were identified that may contribute to differential binding affinities across bacterial species. Comparison of the thermodynamic parameters of FliG–FliM interactions between H. pylori and Escherichia coli suggests that molecular basis and binding properties of FliM to FliG is likely different between these two species.

Objectives The purpose of this study was to examine the angiographic and clinical results of stent full metal jacket in treating long lesions using everolimus-eluting stents (EES). Background Data are lacking regarding the use of EES for this lesion subgroup. Methods From 2007 to 2011, 77 symptomatic patients who had severe coronary stenoses necessitating implantation of stents with total length longer than 60 mm were treated with overlapping EES. Results The mean age of patient was 61 ± 11 years with male predominance (66%). Diabetes mellitus was seen in 35 (45.5%) patients. Majority of patients had class III angina with normal heart function. On average, 3.1 stents were implanted per lesion; the mean stent size and length were 2.70 ± 0.28 mm and 82 ± 16 mm. Restudy angiography was performed on 71 patients (72 lesions) at 8.9 ± 2.5 months. Angiographic restenosis was seen in 9 (12.5%) lesions; the lesion length and late loss were 67 ± 15 mm and 0.4 ± 0.6 mm, respectively. The use of intravascular ultrasound has been found to be a predictor of less restenosis (P = 0.02; HR: 0.02; CI: 0.01–0.59). The in-hospital and 1 year major adverse cardiac event rates were 7.8% and 13%. The annual cardiac death rates were 2.6%, 3.4%, and 5.3% in the first 3 years. Conclusions The use of EES full metal jacket for long lesions is only associated with good short-term clinical and angiographic outcomes. Long-term follow-up has revealed a high cardiac death rate which may necessitate prolongation of dual antiplatelet therapy. (J Interven Cardiol 2013;26:22–28)

This study analyzed the career development of career and technical education (CTE) high school graduates during their school-to-work transition, specifically their adaptability in the face of barriers. Forty graduates (22 men, 18 women) from working-class backgrounds participated in baseline surveys at graduation and phenomenological interviews 1 year postgraduation. Primary themes were job loss altered career plans, whereas relevant jobs propelled career development; limited access to college constrained options, whereas college experience expanded options; graduates experienced the loss of education-related support, and CTE served as a backup plan. Teachers and school counselors emphasized organizational barriers including limited staffing for upper level math courses and inconsistent workplace partnerships. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (2009), careers in science and technology are among die fastest growing occupations today. Socioeconomic background, however, can influence one's particular career choice or educational pathway en route to a science or technology career. People growing up in lower income families and who are first generation for college are about twice as likely as higher income peers from college-educated families to enroll in career and technical education (CTE) high school programs (Laird, Chen, & Levesque, 2006). Because more than two thirds of high schools have CTE programs, thousands of students each year gain CTE preparation in areas such as allied health or computers (Phelps, Parsad, Far ris, & Hudson, 2001). CTE graduates are at least 3 times more likely than are college preparatory students to delay their pursuit of college, to leave college without graduating, or to pursue a community college or trade college (Laird et al., 2006), which is problematic because many more science, technology, engineering, and mathematics careers now require a 4-year degree (Carnevale, Smith, & Strohl, 2010). Ultimately, CTE graduates with interests in science or technology are more likely to become medical assistants or drafters rather than pharmacists or engineers (Packard & Babineau, 2009). Little is known about the career development of CTE graduates even though they are a vital part of the workforce and career landscape. The career development scholarly community in recent years has recognized its bias toward studying middle-class professionals. Richardson (1993) made a compelling argument to career development scholars to focus beyond the middle class to include individuals across age, race, ethnicity, and social position. By focusing on CTE graduates, we wanted to highlight and value the pursuit of trades that do not require a 4-year degree; at the same time, we recognized that socioeconomic status can considerably restrict career opportunity and perceptions of feasibility (Gottfrcdson, 1981). Students from low-income or first-generation college backgrounds often feel college is less likely (Pisarik & Shoffncr, 2009) or feel pressured to complete school quickly (Packard & Babineau, 2009). In addition, these students describe feeling constrained in their career exploration (Zikic & Hall, 2009), guided more by survival than vocational interest (Blustein et al., 2002). School counselors, principals, teachers, parents, and career counselors need to learn more about the school -to- work transitions of CTE graduates so they can support their career development, their participation in the workforce within trades, and their persistence in higher education. We were guided by Savickas's (2005) career construction theory, which views career development as an active process by which individuals make meaning out of their choices during the construction of careers. Indeed, careers are not viewed as simply "unfolding" (Savickas, 2005, p. 43) because individuals take thoughtful action to construct the process. Career construction theory includes three central components: vocational personality, life themes, and career adaptability. …

Introduction (purpose of the study): The objective of this study was to assess whether dual-time-point ¹⁸F-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose (¹⁸F-FDG)-PET/CT imaging improved the evaluation of suspected malignancy and if there was any resulting change in management. Methods: A total of 53 patients with suspected malignancy were investigated by performing two static acquisitions started at mean times t = 64 and t = 155 min after the tracer injection. The total number of malignant lesions was 133 and the total number of benign lesions was 61. Visual and semiquantitative analysis was performed on both the early and delayed images. Results: Overall, there was a significant improvement (P < 0.001) in the sensitivity of delayed imaging (94%) compared with early imaging (77%) in detecting malignant lesions, without a reduction in specificity. In 10 patients, 13 malignant lesions were undetected on early imaging alone but detected on delayed imaging. In seven patients, 10 malignant lesions were incorrectly classified as 'likely benign' on early imaging but correctly reported as 'likely malignant' on delayed imaging. Management was altered in 2 out of 17 patients. Overall, delayed imaging altered management in 2 out of 53 studied patients. Dual-time-point ¹⁸FDG-PET/CT imaging was useful in differentiating malignant from benign intra-abdominal lesions but did not improve the evaluation of pulmonary lesions. Conclusions:¹⁸F-FDG-PET/CT imaging should be performed as late as reasonably possible after tracer administration in order to increase tumour-to-background contrast and thereby improve the sensitivity of demonstrating additional sites of disease. Dual-time-point ¹⁸FDG-PET/CT may be of benefit in the evaluation of intra-abdominal lesions but does not improve the overall evaluation of pulmonary lesions.

Endocrine disruptors are exogenous substances that act like hormones in the endocrine system and disrupt the physiologic function of endogenous hormones. In the present study, we established reporter yeast strains (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) expressing human estrogen receptors, ERalpha or ERbeta. These strains contain a reporter plasmid carrying an estrogen responsive element (ERE) upstream of the beta-galactosidase gene, and a plasmid expressing a steroid receptor coactivator, SRC-1e. Using these reporter strains, we demonstrated dose-dependent estrogenic activities of different categories of ligands, a natural hormone, 17beta-estradiol (E2); a synthetic drug, diethylstilbestrol (DES); phytoestrogens, genistein, daizein and emodin; and an environmental endocrine disrupter, bisphenol A. EC(50) values of E2 for ERalpha and ERbeta are 5.31 x 10(-10) and 5.85 x 10(-10) M, respectively. We also demonstrated that these yeasts were applicable for measuring estrogenic activities of environmental water samples. Most downstream sites of a river showed similar activity in both ERalpha and ERbeta assays. These yeast strains are useful and convenient for detecting and comparing the estrogenic ligand activities of environmental samples in response to ERalpha and ERbeta.

Summary Purpose: Kv4.2 subunits contribute to the pore-forming region of channels that express a transient, A-type K+ current (A-current) in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cell dendrites. Here, the A-current plays an important role in signal processing and synaptic integration. Kv4.2 knockout mice show a near elimination of the A-current in area CA1 dendrites, producing increased excitability in this region. In these studies, we evaluated young adult Kv4.2 knockout mice for spontaneous seizures and the response to convulsant stimulation in the whole animal in vivo and in hippocampal slices in vitro. Methods: Electroencephalogram electrode-implanted Kv4.2 knockout and wild-type mice were observed for spontaneous behavioral and electrographic seizures. The latency to seizure and status epilepticus onset in Kv4.2 knockout and wild-type mice was assessed following intraperitoneal injection of kainate. Extracellular field potential recordings were performed in hippocampal slices from Kv4.2 knockout and wild-type mice following the bath application of bicuculline. Results: No spontaneous behavioral or electrographic seizures were observed in Kv4.2 knockout mice. Following kainate, Kv4.2 knockout mice demonstrated a decreased seizure and status epilepticus latency as well as increased mortality compared to wild-type littermates. The background strain modified the seizure susceptibility phenotype in Kv4.2 knockout mice. In response to bicuculline, slices from Kv4.2 knockout mice exhibited an increase in epileptiform bursting in area CA1 as compared to wild-type littermates. Discussion: These studies show that loss of Kv4.2 channels is associated with enhanced susceptibility to convulsant stimulation, supporting the concept that Kv4.2 deficiency may contribute to aberrant network excitability and regulate seizure threshold.

Interesterified blends of hard palm stearin (IV of 11) and canola oil (hPS/CO) in ratios of 20 : 80, 30 : 70, 40 : 60, 50 : 50, 60 : 40 and 70 : 30 were prepared using immobilized Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase (Lipozyme TL IM). Comparison of physical properties was carried out between non-interesterified and enzymatically interesterified products by monitoring their slip melting point (SMP), solid fat content (SFC), melting thermogram and polymorphism behavior. The Lipozyme TL IM-catalyzed interesterification significantly modified the physical properties of the hPS:CO blends. The results showed that all the interesterified blends had lower SMP and SFC than their unreacted blends. The SMP result showed that the interesterified blends of hPS/CO 40 : 60, 50 : 50 and 60 : 40 could be useful for stick margarine and shortening applications, respectively. From the SFC analysis, the interesterified blends of hPS/CO 40 : 60 have SFC curves similar to vanaspati. The interesterified blends of hPS/CO 50 : 50 and 60 : 40 have SFC curves similar to margarines, puff pastry margarine and shortening. Interesterification had replaced the higher- and lower-melting triacylglycerols by the middle-melting triacylglycerols, yielding mixtures of lower SMP and SFC, compared to the original palm stearin. X-ray diffraction analysis indicated the appearance of β' crystals in all the interesterified hPS/CO blends from predominantly β-type oils.

This report describes the successful treatment of a 33-year-old Chinese woman who had affect dysregulation and chronic trauma symptoms resulting from an intra-familial childhood sexual abuse. A strategically phased multimodal treatment tailored to the needs of the client was used. The treatment framework consisted of three phases: training on affect management, strengthening the ego and re-processing the trauma. Hypnosis was utilized as a means for grounding and stabilizing the overwhelming emotions; for addressing the negative self-schema; and also for re-processing the traumatic memories in a safe and controlled way. Data from self-reports, observation and objective measures indicates a significant reduction in the trauma symptoms. Copyright © 2007 British Society of Experimental & Clinical Hypnosis. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

In the process of migration, some traditions persist while others do not. The Yulan Festival, also known as the Ghost Festival, continues to be observed by different subethnic Chinese migrant groups in Hong Kong for a variety of reasons. Although the festival organisation accentuates subethnic distinctions, paradoxically it also enables different groups to integrate into the larger community. The activities articulate various meanings of ‘place’– as ‘ancestral place’ on the mainland where the rituals are believed to originate, as the specific locality/neighbourhood in Hong Kong where the festival is held, and Hong Kong as a whole. This article, based on interviews with Chiu Chow and Hoklo participants, shows how they think of the different meanings of ‘place’, which in turn reflects the way they make sense of the process of migration.

People are becoming more health conscious nowadays, but most of them are not able to adopt a lifestyle with adequate physical exercise and a healthier eating pattern. Many attempt to compensate by taking ‘health foods’. Despite the recent economic recession, the functional food market is expanding rapidly in Asian countries. Recent statistics indicate a huge increase in weight loss and functional food product advertising expenditure in Hong Kong and other Asian countries. In a large scale survey conducted by the Hong Kong Consumer Council on advertisements, it was found that 85% of the medicines, health food and therapies sampled contain questionable claims and misleading messages, which was the second most problematic category of the survey. In addition, young people do not understand much about modern food processing, in particular with regard to low energy and functional foods, and they know very little about modern food marketing strategies. The situation is potentially detrimental to consumer welfare, especially to the younger generation. This study was conducted to reflect critically on implications of the issue on the health and well-being of young people in Hong Kong. Attempts are made to explore directions for designing relevant and effective education programmes to empower young people's abilities in understanding food advertising strategies and making informed decisions on food choice. This paper begins with a critical review of the current situation with regard to Hong Kong. Then, the results of an interview survey and a questionnaire survey on pre-service and in-service teachers’ perception towards misleading food advertising and labelling are reported. The situations at schools are defined and problems faced by teachers in providing relevant consumer education programmes to students are identified. Finally, some prospective foci for further investigation of this important issue, with a view to developing students’ critical skills in evaluating claims offered in food advertisements, will be considered.

Student training is a critical but often overlooked aspect of the mentoring process. Composite mentoring, involving the strategic selection of a diverse set of mentors, is proposed to guide students to take a more active role in their own mentoring experiences. A mentoring program with composite mentoring as a guiding framework was designed and implemented for college women pursuing science careers. The effectiveness of the program is illustrated, and students reported enhanced mentoring and career-related experiences. Implications for advising, career counseling, and mentoring program design are discussed. It would help if the mentor was the type of person who you wanted to become. The university does have a lot of mentoring programs where they pair people up. But I wouldn't identity very well with a 50-year-old single woman who's never been married. I need to find somebody who is in their mid-30s, had a family, took time off to be with her family, went back, and explain all that. -Nicole, former chemistry student I don't have just one mentor. My mother is a woman and has a family and a job. But, I don't want to be a Spanish teacher. On the other hand, my boss is a doctor. I want to be a doctor. But, there are very many ways in which he's different from me. I think you really have to select the ways in which you say-this is what I want to be. -Selina, current premedical student A mentor is traditionally defined as an older, more experienced person who acts as a guide, advocate, and teacher to a younger, less experienced person (Casey & Shore, 2000). Mentors can provide career, academic, psychosocial, and role modeling functions both within and outside of a school setting (Donaldson, Ensher, & Grant-Vallone, 2000). There are many benefits that students receive from mentoring during the college years and beyond. Mentoring can positively influence the career choices students make (Simpson, 1996), their persistence in pursuing their educational goals (Gloria, Robinson Kurpius, Hamilton, & Willson, 1999), and their success in higher education (Blake-Beard, 1999). When considering the personal and career development of women, mentoring relationships are regarded as critical, yet highly complex (Blake-Beard, 1999; Hubbard & Robinson, 1998; Sosik & Godshalk, 2000). Women may try to seek mentors who can shed light on combining their personal and professional lives (Gilbert & Rossman, 1992), an issue that often discourages college women from persisting in fields that are nontraditional ones for women, such as science (e.g., Seymour & Hewitt, 1997). However, they may not experience mentoring that adequately addresses their concerns (Frestedt, 1995). Also, women may perceive (Ragins & Cotton, 1991) and experience greater barriers to establishing mentoring relationships than do men (Noe, 1988). Because role modeling is considered an important component of the mentoring process (Donaldson et al., 2000), it is natural that college students might search, albeit unsuccessfully, for one mentor who resembles the person they want to become. How can career development counselors and faculty advisers help students, especially women and other students who are likely to encounter barriers to mentoring, to identify and to access the mentoring experience that is available to them? In this article, I suggest that student training is a critical but often overlooked aspect of the mentoring process. Whether in the context of a formal program or an informal advisory relationship, students can learn to take a more active role in their mentoring experience, creatively meeting their desire to find mentors who match their hoped-for future selves. These ideas are reflected in the description and evaluation of the current mentoring program I designed and implemented, and they have implications for college-level advising, career counseling, and design of future mentoring programs. …

About halfway through the Vingt regards sur l'enfant-esus (1944), in 'Premiere communion de la vierge', Messiaen recalls the opening bars of La nativite du Seigneur (1935).1 This introduces what might reasonably be called the Virgin's theme (Ex. 1), since both movements allude to her presence, although in Technique de mon langage musical Messiaen gives this pattern the rather impersonal designation of a cadence.2 Unadorned as it is when it appears at the outset of La nativite, its recurrence in Vingt regards, once again as Messiaen's musical image of the Virgin, is played against a scintillating chain of chords that, in a fashion typical of Messiaen, move in approximate but not strict parallel motion.3 Not only does the Virgin's theme appear in Technique (Chap. 16, 'Modes of Limited Transpositions') as the 'typical cadence' of mode 2, but this chain of chords is also listed on the same occasion as mode 2 set 'in [a] parallel succession of chords' (Ex. 2a).4 This chapter is in many ways Messiaen's fullest account of his modes, although any discussion of mode-colour relationship is curiously missing.5 At the outset he dwells on the transpositional impossibilities and tonal possibilities of his seven modes. Each of them is then presented in scalar form, although typical chords and cadence formulas are shown only for modes 2 and 3. In addition, Messiaen takes special care to arrange the modes, with the exception of 1 and 5, as parallel chord series ('parallel succession of chords' in Satterfield's translation; Ex. 2), one of which, as we have seen, 51nds its way into 'Premiere communion de la vierge'. Messiaen's remark on these parallel chord series is typically brief. None of these chord series are parallel in the strict sense, but, as he puts it, 'each voice [of the series] realizes the entire mode, starting on a different degree'. As a result of this, each of them engages on a regular basis one or more different chord types.6 Although the literature has rarely touched on these series, giving rather more attention to Messiaen's adaptation of decz-talas and birdsongs, we cannot fail to grasp their import as we listen to their insistent presence in his music. As far as his published musical works are concerned, Le banquet celeste (1928) contains the earliest use of such a parallel chord series (p. 2). This series is based on mode 2. Parallel chord series based on modes 3 and 6 soon follow in Preludes of 1929 (Technique, Exs. 302 and 352).7 By contrast, mode 4 is not used in this way until La nativite (Technique, Ex. 156), while series based on