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OBJECTIVE: Adherence to adjuvant endocrine therapy (AET) in breast cancer survivors is suboptimal. Using the theory of planned behavior (TPB), this study aimed to identify the strongest predictors from the TPB of AET intentions and past behavior and assessed whether ambivalence and anticipatory emotions increased the predictive capacity of TPB. METHODS: Two hundred eighty women diagnosed with hormone positive (HR+) breast cancer who filled at least one prescription of AET responded to a survey measuring TPB constructs, attitudinal ambivalence, and anticipatory emotions. The outcomes were intentions to adhere to AET and past medication adherence (previous 2 weeks). RESULTS: The TPB explained 66% of intentions to adhere to AET (P < 0.001). Ambivalence did not improve the TPB model’s predictive value. When emotions were included with TPB, the model explained 70% of adherence intentions F (11,226) = 52.84, P < 0.001 (R(2)(c) = .70). This increase of 4% in predictability was statistically significant (ΔR(2) = 0.04), F(6, 226) = 7.90, P < 0.001. Women who self-reported nonadherence in the past 2 weeks differed significantly in the TPB variables, ambivalence, and anticipatory emotions from adherent women. Nonadherent participants reported lower-future intentions to adhere F (1, 236) = 5.63, P = 0.018. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest key concepts, such as anticipatory positive emotions that should be addressed in future interventions to enhance AET adherence and survivorship.

Soil acidity and aluminum (Al) toxicity are major problems limiting performance of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) in many parts of the world, but neither an effective screening procedure nor a tolerant cultivar is available. The objective of this study was to evaluate different screening methods for selection of acid soil tolerant alfalfa germplasms in the greenhouse during 1991-1994. The general screening methods included selection in unlimed soil, selection in unlimed soil containing a limed germination layer, selection for either tolerance or sensitivity to acid soil stress with Al toxicity in tissue culture, selection in unlimed soil with tandem selection for Al tolerance in tissue culture, and selection in unlimed soil containing a limed, fertilized germination layer with tandem selection for Al tolerance in tissue culture. All selected populations and checks were evaluated during 1994 in greenhouse cups containing the following soil treatments : (i) cups filled with unlimed soil, (ii) cups filled with limed soil, and (iii) cups filled with unlimed soil containing a germimation layer of limed soil. Most of the selected populations possessed better root and shoot growth than the original base population (GA-TE) in unlimed soil, but only the population selected in unlimed soil showed better root and shoot growth in unlimed soil with a limed germination layer. No population had poorer performance than GA-TE in limed soil. Selection ih cell culture for Al toxicity tolerance did not improve tolerance per se, but selection for Al sensitivity enhanced sensitivity. In terms of success, resources, and time, screening in unlimed soil was the most effective method to improve acid soil stress tolerance.

In two studies, subjects read and rated how well they understood a poem. Beforehand, however, they had participated under hypnosis in an exercise designed to induce feelings of being uncertain about something. For half of the subjects hypnosis was made salient as a cause for the feelings; for the other half the feelings remained unexplained. The results showed that when left unexplained, the feelings of uncertainty were interpreted by subjects as indications that they did not understand the poem. When attributed to the hypnosis, however, the feelings had no effect on ratings of comprehension. In one experiment, subjects were also studied who were not susceptible to hypnosis, and who, therefore, did not feel uncertain in the first place. The results suggest that just as positive and negative affective feelings serve as information for making evaluative judgments, feelings of certainty and uncertainty serve as information for making cognitive judgments (t. e. judgments of knowing).

At Vulcan Chemicals, total quality requires auditing and auditing ensures total quality. This article details the continuing integration of the two processes and describes some of the audits—and their measured regulate.

The aviability of a tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) clone whose members are infected with different strains of its endophytic fungus, Acremonium coenophialum Morgan-Jones & Gams, would help identify the individual contributions of the endophyte and tall fescue toward traits normally associated with endophyte-infected tall fescue plants

There is a paucity of information on the relationships between modern (i.e., released in or after 1978) and historically obsolete cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivars with respect to their ability to yield when grown in the presence of high levels of tobacco budworm (TBW), Heliothis virescens F. The objective of this study was to compare 18 cultivars of cotton developed between 1890 and 1986 for ability to yield when grown with and without TBW infestations. This comparison was accomplished by growing cultivars for 2 yr under two regimes: (i) artificial infestation with TBW (w/TBW) and (ii) complete control of all insect pest (w/o TBW)

Cotton plants, Gossypium hirsutum L., initiate more fruiting buds than are matured. This research quantified the boll set percentage and boll size by fruiting site in a population of cotton plants. The fruiting sites of harvestable bolls were recorded for 2 yr in eight cultivars : Stoneville 213 (ST 213), Stoneville 506 (ST506), Stoneville 825 (ST 825), Tamcot CAMD-E (CAMD-E), Deltapine 50 (DPL 50), McNair 235 (MC 235), DES 119, and Deltapine 20 (DPL 20) (...)

The success of tetraploid red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) in Europe has stimulated interest in developing tetraploid red clover adapted to the United States. The use of 2n gametes to produce tetraploid alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) from diploid germplasm suggests that 2n gametes may be an alternative to chemical treatment. Diploid plants that produce 2n eggs are known to occur in red clover, and plants that produce 2n pollen have been reported. The objectives of this study were to search for red clover plants producing 2n pollen, and to determine the cytological origin of such pollen. Six hundred plants, belonging to six different diploid (2n = 2x = 14) cultivars, were screened for 2n pollen production by examining dry pollen samples with the aid of a microscope. Eighteen plants (3%) produced at least 1% 2n pollen and were classifted as 2n pollen producers. Individual plants ranged from 1 to 84% in frequency of 2n pollen production. Pollen mother cell analyses revealed that 2n pollen resulted from parallel or tripolar spindles during anaphase II of microsporogenesis. This mechanism is genetically equivalent to a first division restitution (FDR) mode of gamete formation. One 2n pollen producer proved to be a synaptic mutant. Normally, synaptic mutants are male sterile, but fertility is restored by parallel spindles in this plant. Because the lack of homologous pairing limits genetic recombination, this plant can produce gametes with the same genetic constitution as the sporophyte. It is apparent from the results that 2n gametes may be useful in red clover polyploidization programs. Additional index words: Parallel spindles, Trifolium pratense L., Synaptic mutant, Tetraploid red clover, 2n gametes. R clover (Trifolium pratense L.) is a diploid (2n = 2x -14) species used as a forage crop .throughout the temperate regions of the world. There Is no evidence to date of naturally occurring tetraploid forms of the species; however, chemically induced tetraploids (2n = 4x = 28) have been produced. In certain parts of Europe, tetraploid forms are sometimes agronomicall~, superior to the diploid forms in yield, disease resistance, and persistence (Taylor and Smith, 1979). Considering the success tetraploids in Europe, it may be desireable to develop .tetraploid germplasm adapted to United States growlng conditions. The conventional method for obtaining red clover tetraploids has been through the use of colchicine or nitrous oxide. Recent research with 2n gametes in other species suggests that these gametes can be used as an alternative to chemical treatments in a breeding program. Production of 2n pollen has been extensively studied in potato, Solanum tuberosum L., (Mok and Peloquin, 1975), alfalfa, Medicago sativa L., (Vorsa and Bingham, 1979), and peas, Pisum sativum L., (Myers, 1981). First division restitution (FDR) 2n len has facilitated the transfer of germplasm from the diploid level to the tetraploid level in both potato 1 Cooperative investigation of USDA-ARS and the Wisconsin Agric. Exp. Stn., Madison, Wis. This research supported in part by U.S. Competitive Grant no. 8100349. Received 11 |uly 1983. ~ Research assistant, Dep. of Agronomy, Univ. of ~Visconsin, Madison, and supervisory research geneticist, USDA-ARS and professor of agronomy, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706. (Peloquin, 1982) and alfalfa (Bingham, 1968). In these species, 2n pollen can be produced by disorientation of the meiotic spindles during anaphase II. The spindles may lie in one plane instead of two, in which case they are either parallel or tripolar. Parallel s.pindies lead to the formation of two restitution microspores, while tripolar spindles form one restitution microspore and two normally .reduced microspores. The]~roduction of 2n pollen via parallel or t~:~polar spindles is genetically, equivalent to the FDR mechanism of 2n gamete tormation. All the heterozygous loci from the centromere to the first crossover are preserved in each chromosome arm, 50% from the first crossover to the second, and 75% in each successive crossover. Thus, most of the heterozygosity present in the sporophyte is retained in the gametophyte and subsequently transmitted to the progeny (Mendiburu and Peloquin, 1977). A synaptic mutant, occurring together with parallel spindles during anaphase II, has been described in potato. The combination of these two mutants leads to the formation of pollen with exactly the same genetic constitution and heterozygosity as the sporophyte. This occurs as the lack of normal pairing significantly reduces crossing over, resulting in a corresponding increase in the amount of heterozygosity transmitted by a restitution gamete. When the lack of pairing is complete the genome of the gametophyte is identical to that of the sporophyte (Peloquin, 1983). Maximizing the heterozygosity in autopolyploids is important (Dunbier and Bingham, 1975), and FDR 2n gametes can be an effective breeding tool for autopolyploid crops (Mendiburu et al., 1974; Bingham, 1979). Red clover plants that produce 2n eggs have been identified (Broda and Smith, 1980; Taylor and Giri, 1982), suggesting that 2n gametes can be used to produce tetraploid red clover germplasm. The only report of functional 2n pollen within the true clovers (Trifolium spp.) has been in T. alpestre L. (Maizonnier, 1972). Strzyzewska (1974, 1976) reported the formation of 2n pollen by post meiotic fusion in diploid red clover, but pollen function was not tested in 4x2x crosses. Kazimierski and Kazimierska (1970) reported that a hybrid of T. repens L. X T. nigrescens Viv. produced dyads and triads. The authors also included a microphotograph of tripolar spindles. The objectives of this investigation were to search for plants which produced 2n pollen in diploid red clover and to determine cytologically the origin of the 2n pollen. MATERIALS AND METHODS In red clover, x and 2x pollen can be easily distinguished by their distinct morphology when dry. Haploid pollen is oblong and regular in shape, while diploid pollen is triangular, square, or irregular in shape (Taylor et al., 1976). Red clover flowers were tripped on a slide, and the pollen was then examined under low magnification. One thousand grains from each plant were scored for ploidy level. In all, 600 plants, 100 each from six diploid red clover cultivars

Identification des effets de 8 produits chimiques isoles de plants de coton, sur la croissance des larves de Heliothis virescens, lorsqu'ils sont ajoutes a l'alimentation artificielle

A large portion of the world's germ plasm of cotton has been screened at the USDA Boll Weevil Research Laboratory, State College, Mississippi during the period 1962–68 utilizing developed techniques. An oviposition suppression factor causing 25–40% reduction in number of eggs laid by the weevil has been found in Gossypium barbadense and successfully moved into upland cotton, G. hirsutum. Two years field data with frego cottons indicate that the frego character contributes a significant degree of non-preference for egg laying by the boll weevil under field conditions. The frego character is currently being combined with selected lines of G. hirsutum carrying the oviposition suppression factor. A seedling screening technique utilizing field cages and greenhouse sand flats has been shown to have significant value in screening for individual resistant plants within a commercial variety. A number of selections with 25% or more resistance to oviposition are under extensive investigation. A number of biologically active materials have been detected in the cotton plant and other hosts of the boll weevil which significantly influences feeding stimulation, feeding deterrency, repellency and attractancy of the weevil to its hosts. A highly active square abscission factor has been detected and extracted successfully from 2nd and 3rd instar larvae. The material injected into cotton squares causes 95% abscission of squares within 48–60 hours. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG RESISTENZ- UND ANFALLIGKEITSFAKTOREN DER BAUMWOLLE UND ANDERER WIRTSPFLANZEN GEGENUBER DEM BAUMWOLLKAPSELKAFER, ANTHONOMUS GRANDIS Ein groser Teil des Weltsortiments der Baumwolle wurde in den Jahren 1962–68 im USA-Baumwollkafer-Institut der Staatshochschule von Mississippi mit modernen Methoden getestet. Ein die Eiablage unterdruckender Faktor, der die Anzahl der abgelegten Eier um 25–40% herabsetzt, wurde bei Gossypium barbadense gefunden und erfolgreich in Hochland-Baumwolle, G. hirsutum, eingekreuzt. Zweijahrige Erfahrungen mit “frego”-Baumwolle weisen darauf hin, das das “frego”-Merkmal unter Feldbedingungen in einem signifikanten Ausmase zur Nonpraferenz fur die eierablegenden Kafer beitragt. Das “frego”-Merkmal wird laufend mit selektierten Linien von G. hirsutum kombiniert, die den Faktor fur Eiablage-Unterdruckung tragen. Eine Samlings-Prufungstechnik, die Feldkafige und Gewachshaus-Sandbeete benutzt, hatte nachweislich signifikanten Wert fur die Auslese resistenter Einzelpflanzen innerhalb einer Handelssorte. Eine Anzahl Selektionslinien mit 25 oder mehr Prozent Eiablage-Resistenz wird intensiv gepruft. Eine Anzahl biologisch aktiven Materials wurde bei Baumwolle und anderen Wirtspflanzen entdeckt, das Frasstimulation, Frasabschreckung, Repellenz und Attraktanz der Kafer in bezug auf ihre Wirte signifikant beeinflust. Ein hochaktiver Kapsel-Abwurf-Faktor wurde entdeckt und erfolgreich aus Larven des 2. und 3. Stadiums extrahiert. In Baumwollkapseln injiziert, verursachte dieses Material innerhalb 48–60 Stunden Abwurf von 95% der Kapseln.

Thirteen germplasm lines of cotton, Gossypiumh irsutum L., including seven cultivars were grown for 3 years with and without tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens F. There is a paucity of information available on the performance of cotton germplasm when grown under tobacco budworm infestation. Development of insecticide resistance in this insect or a loss of effective insecticides from the market would pose substantial problems for the cotton industry. Objectives of this study were i) to determine the performance of 13 diverse germplasm lines when grown under controlled, uniform levels of tobacco budworm infestation, ii) to identify germplasm useful to breedersf or use in developing cultivars resistant to tobacco budworm, iii) to identify germplasm lines with different levels of resistance useful for studies on how or why cotton germplasm resist tobacco budworm and iv) to develop information useful for improving breeding practices in cotton. Plots were grown on a Leeper silty clay loam, fine montmorilloritic, non-acid, thermic, chromondertic, Haplaquept, 0 to 2%s lope. Infested plots were inoculated with first instar tobacco budwormla rvae five to six times at weekly intervals beginning about the second week of squaring as determinedi n ‘Stoneville 213’. Worm-free plots were sprayed weekly with fenvalerate [cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methy4-chloroalpha-(l-methylethyl)benzeneacetate]. Resistance was measured as the ability to resist yield loss when continually infested with tobacco budworm larvae for 5 to 6 weeks. Resistance was identified in ‘Stoneville 506’ and confirmed in PEE DEE 875, PEE DEE 8619 and ‘Tamcot CAMD-E’. Because two are cultivars and are presently being grown, information on them can immediately be put to use. Each of the four germplasms should be useful to breeders as parental lines to increase resistance to tobacco budworm. Regression analyses on one year's data suggest that about 65% of the resistance is associated with early, rapid fruiting. However, additional unidentified factors are also involved.