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The vitamin B12 (in the form of cyanocobalamin) under assessment is produced by fermentation with a genetically modified strain of Ensifer adhaerens and it is intended to be used as a nutritional additive for all animal species. In 2018, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) of EFSA issued an opinion on the safety and efficacy of the product. In that assessment, the Panel could not conclude on the safety of the additive for the target species, consumers and the environment due to uncertainties on the safety of the production strain and the resulting product. Due to high endotoxin content, potential inhalation exposure when handling premixtures and reported irritancy for skin and eyes, the additive was considered to pose a risk to user safety. The applicant provided supplementary data on the identity of the production strain, its susceptibility to antibiotics and toxigenic potential, as well as on the absence of cells and recombinant DNA of the production strain in the final product. The production strain is not expected to produce any toxic compound during fermentation but harbours antimicrobial resistance genes. However, viable cells and recombinant DNA of the strain were not detected in the most concentrated form of the additive. With this new information, the FEEDAP Panel concluded that vitamin B12 produced by E. adhaerensCNCM I-5541 (identified as SCM 2034 in the previous opinion) is safe for all animal species, the consumers and the environment. The applicant did not provide new evidence that would lead the FEEDAP Panel to reconsider previous conclusions regarding the safety for the user.

Aim The aim of this study was to examine the effects of estradiol valerate (EV) on the thickness of clomiphene citrate (CC)-stimulated endometrium. Material and Methods Thirty-four normal ovulatory women were randomized double-blindly into two groups to receive CC 100 mg/day on day 2–6 of the treatment cycle, and either vitamin B (placebo) or EV 6 mg/day on day 10–14 of the cycle. The endometrial thickness, endometrial pattern, numbers of mature follicles, and maximal diameters of preovulatory follicles were evaluated by transvaginal sonographic examination. Results Thirty women completed both treatment cycles. Two other participants dropped out during the treatment due to side-effects (headache). The average endometrial thickness of the group treated with CC + placebo became slightly thinner when compared to the thickness at the baseline (9.04 vs 9.52 mm; P = 0.24). The CC + placebo and the CC + EV resulted in similar endometrial pattern, ovulation day, numbers of mature follicles, and sizes of the leading follicles before ovulation. However, an addition of EV into the CC cycle significantly increased the average endometrial thickness (10.7 mm vs 9.04 mm; P

Background To describe the sources of meat and their contributions to vitamin B12, iron and zinc in five ethnic groups in the USA. Methods Dietary data for the Multiethnic Cohort, established in Hawaii and Los Angeles, were collected using a quantitative food frequency questionnaire from more than 215 000 subjects, aged 45–75 years at baseline (1993–1996). Participants included African American, Latino, Japanese American, Native Hawaiian and Caucasian men and women. Servings of meat items were calculated based on the US Department of Agriculture recommendations and their contributions to intakes of total meat, red meat, vitamin B12, iron and zinc were determined. Results Of all types of meat, poultry contributed the most to meat consumption, followed by red meat and fish among all ethnicities, except for Latino (born in Mexico and Central/South America) men who consumed more beef. Lean beef was the most commonly consumed red meat for all ethnic-sex groups (9.3–14.3%), except for Native Hawaiian and Japanese American men, and Japanese American women whose top contributor was stew/curry with beef/lamb and stir-fried beef/pork with vegetables, respectively. The contribution of meat was most substantial for zinc (11.1–29.3%) and vitamin B12 (19.7–40%) and, to a lesser extent, for iron (4.3–14.2%). Conclusions This is the first large multiethnic cohort study to describe meat sources and their contributions to selected nutrients among ethnic minorities in the USA. These findings may be used to develop ethnic-specific recommendations for meat consumption aiming to improve dietary quality among these groups.

Canada began to fortify its flour and bread with vitamin B when it entered the Second World War. The decision was informed by the biology of vitamin B and therefore I suggest that the complexity of this political maneuver can best be understood by considering the specificity of the biochemistry of vitamin B. In this paper I will show that the specific biology of vitamin B allowed the Canadian government the possibility of a healthier population under wartime conditions but also allowed the government a variety of means by which to develop and organize food processing practices to this end.

The third-generation peptide-dendrimer B1 (AcES)8(BEA)4(K-Amb-Y)2BCD-NH2 (B=branching (S)-2,3-diaminopropanoic acid, K=branching lysine, Amb=4-aminomethyl-benzoic acid) is the first synthetic model for cobalamin-binding proteins and binds cobalamin strongly (K(a)=5.0 x 10(6) M(-1)) and rapidly (k(2)=346 M(-1) s(-1)) by coordination of cobalt to the cysteine residue at the dendrimer core. A structure-activity relationship study is reported concerning the role of negative charges in binding. Substituting glutamates (E) for glutamines (Q) in the outer branches of B1 to form N3 (AcQS)8(BQA)4(B-Amb-Y)(2)BCD-NH2 leads to stronger (K(a)=12.0 x 10(6) M(-1)) but slower (k(2)=67 M(-1) s(-1)) cobalamin binding. CD and FTIR spectra show that the dendrimers and their cobalamin complexes exist as random-coil structures without aggregation in solution. The hydrodynamic radii of the dendrimers determined by diffusion NMR either remains constant or slightly decreases upon binding to cobalamin; this indicates the formation of compact, presumably hydrophobically collapsed complexes.

Zusammenfassung 54 entwohnte mannliche Sprague-Dawley-Ratten wurden 21 Tage lang in Dreiergruppen in einstreulosen Kafigen mit 3 cm hohen Plexiglaslaufrosten gehalten und mit einer halbsynthetischen Diat (24,8% Rohprotein, 19,1 MJ Bruttoenergie je kg) bis zu einem durchschnittlichen Lebendgewicht von 140 g gefuttert. Die praktisch Vitamin-B6-freie Diat wurde fur die 6 Versuchsgruppen mit 0; 1,5; 3; 6; 12 und 24 mg Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxin · HC1) je kg Futter supplementiert. In Abhangigkeit von der alimentaren Vitamin-B6-Versorgung wurden neben den Leistungsparametern Gewichtszunahmen, Futterverbrauch, Futterverwertung und Eiweis-ansatz vor allem die Konzentrationen und Gehalte an Vitamin B6 in Blut, Leber, Rest- und Gesamtkorper bestimmt. Damit sollten Aussagen zum Bedarf und zur Homoostasie von Vitamin B6 gemacht werden. Gewichtszunahmen, Futterverbrauch, Futterverwertung und Eiweisgehalt der Tiere waren bei 0 mg Vitamin B6 je kg Futter signifikant schlechter gegenuber den Zulagegruppen. Die Vitamin-B6-Konzentration des Blutes stieg mit jeder Vitamin-B6-Zulage an und erreichte 0,49 μg je ml bei der hochsten Dosierung. Die Vitamin-B6-Konzentration von Leber und Gesamtkorper der Zulagegruppen lag bei 9 μg bzw. 1,9 μg je g, der Gesamtgehalt bei 60 bzw. 250 μg. Aufgrund dieser Kriterien ist bei vorliegender Diat ein Gehalt von 6 mg Vitamin B6 je kg Futter als optimale Versorgung zu fordern. Hohere alimentare Vitamin-B6-Versorgung als 6 ppm war ohne Einflus auf den Vitamin-B6-Gehalt in Leber und Korper. Daraus wird abgeleitet, das Vitamin B6 im vorliegenden Versorgungsbereich von 0–24 mg Vitamin B6 je kg Futter einer homoostatischen Regulation unterliegt.

Objective: The aim of the present study was to measure the prevalence and patterns of dietary and health supplement utilisation of older Australians. Design: A self-administered mail questionnaire. Subjects and setting: Almost 2500 Australians aged 65 years and over were randomly selected from the 2000 Australian Electoral Commission roll. All states and territories were proportionally represented in the sample. Responses were obtained from 1263 predominantly independently living Australians aged 65 years and over. Results: At the time of the survey, 43% (n = 548) reported the use of some form of supplement: females 52% (n = 324) and males 35% (n = 224). The supplements used most often were vitamin C (26%), multivitamin/mineral preparations (17%), fish oils (17%), vitamin E (16%), calcium (+/– vitamin D) (13%), garlic capsules or oil (11%), vitamin B (single or mixed) (9%), other single vitamins or minerals (7%), zinc (6%) and gingko (5%). The majority of supplements were consumed regularly (daily or every few days) and for an extended period (more than three years). Supplement users appeared to rely on their doctor, newspapers, family or friends and pharmacy staff for information about supplements. The most commonly cited reasons for supplement use were to enhance energy levels, improve stamina and promote feelings of wellness. Conclusion: A high proportion of older supplement users reported regular and prolonged patterns of supplement use. Health professionals should explore the motives that maintain this behaviour, evaluate the appropriateness of the type and patterns of supplement use and provide supplement users with information that explains the potential risks associated with commonly used supplements.

Individual ribeye cuts from 10 grass- and 8 grain-finished bulls of the same herd were analyzed for vitamin and selenium content. Vitamin A, vitamin E, thiamin, vitamin B 6 , vitamin B 12 and selenium concentrations of ribeye cuts from grass- and grain-finished bulls were similar. Vitamin C and folic acid levels were not detectable in ribeyes from both groups. Ribeyes from grass-finished bulls contained significantly higher quantities of β-carotene (P 20% Daily Values) of vitamin B 12 and selenium and good sources (10-19% Daily Values) of thiamin, niacin and vitamin B 6 .

Aim: To determine the prevalence of the use of complementary medicine in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Method: A prospective survey was conducted of 132 patients using a standard questionnaire. Results: Of the 132 patients, 15.2% were on alternative therapy and 56.7% were taking food supplements. The common types of alternative therapy taken were oral traditional herbs (50%) and noni juice (20%). Vitamin C, calcium, vitamin E, vitamin B, Spirulina, evening primrose oil, fish oil and multivitamins were the commonest food supplements. There was no significant relationships between taking alternative treatment and educational level (P = 0.16), income (P = 0.05) or race (P = 0.42) of the patients. The majority of these patients took these therapies or supplements for up to 1 year. Up to 70% of the patients had not consulted a doctor before taking these therapies, with immediate family members and friends being the main sources of recommendation. The majority of patients spent RM50−RM500 (US$13−US$132) for 2 months’ supply of medications. In conclusion, 15.2% of SLE patients in our study were on alternative therapy and 57.6% on food supplements. Conclusion: Physicians should be aware of these practices which should be taken into account during the history-taking and subsequent management of the patients.

Firstly, the content of essential human elements in BAA is strictly controlled, indicated in the instructions and does not change during storage. Secondly, modern food is not able to provide organism with all necessary biologically active substances in the right quantities. Every cell in the human body needs a variety of vitamins and macro and micronutrients. This can not be replaced by any cream. Nutrients and foods which are good for the skin, also good for the other systems of the body and overall health. Biologically active additives - raise the tone of cells and are an excellent stimulant of metabolism and blood flow in all layers of the skin. An important role in restoring the activity of cells and their normal functions play vitamins (especially A , E , F, C, vitamin B and D complex). According to the survey, 131 women aged 20 to 45 years: 37 % of respondents use any BAAs. 45% of respondents have a negative attitude to the BAA and consider them harmful.• 75 % of respondents did not know the differe...

We report a case of severe vitamin B-12 deficiency in a child who had a clinical presentation of hemolysis and thrombocytopenia that suggested the diagnosis of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) and was associated with decreased ADAMTS13 activity. In this report, we review vitamin B-12 deficiency in children, the relationship between ADAMTS13 activity and TTP and discuss other conditions associated with decreased ADAMTS13 activity.

Fresh pork Canadian backs, cut into boneless pork chops, were cooked to 71C internal temperature by grilling at 93, 121, 148, 176, or 204C. Cooking times were significantly longer for chops grilled at 93C than for those grilled at the higher temperatures. Yield, moisture, and crude fat values of the chops in the different treatments were similar. Chops grilled at 204C had significantly lower retention values for thiamin and vitamin E and had lower mean retention values for vitamin B-6. Retention values for selenium were similar for all treatment groups. Shorter cooking times along with higher vitamin retentions were obtained in boneless pork chops grilled at 121, 148, and 176C.

Vitamin B6 is a water-soluble vitamin, important for the normal functioning of multiple organ systems. In patients receiving haemodialysis, vitamin B6 deficiency has been reported. The impact of ongoing advances in renal medicine on vitamin B6 status has not been evaluated. The aims of this review were (i) to determine the current level of vitamin B(6) deficiency in the haemodialysis population; (ii) to determine the effect of current haemodialysis prescriptions on vitamin B(6) levels; and (iii) to consider the impact of recent medical advances in haemodialysis on vitamin B(6) levels. Electronic databases were used to locate studies with biochemical measures of vitamin B6 between the years 2000 and 2010. Inclusion exclusion criteria were applied by two independent reviewers. Of 316 articles identified, 53 were selected for detailed review. Appropriate vitamin B6 measures and information were extracted. Eleven final studies were included. Vitamin B6 deficiency was shown to be between 24% and 56%. Dialysis reduced plasma levels by 28-48% depending on the dialyser used. Advances in renal medicine including the use of erythropoietin stimulating agents and ion exchange phosphate binding resins were shown to negatively affect vitamin B6 status. Current recommendations for supplementation range from 10-50 mg. These figures are based on older studies often with small numbers of patients. Suboptimal vitamin B6 status is common in the haemodialysis population. Advances in renal medicine and engineering of dialysis membranes may contribute to increased levels of deficiency.

A basis for interest in the benzimidazole ring system as a nucleus from which to develop potential chemotherapeutic agents was established in the 1950s when it was found that 5,6-dimethyl-l-(alpha-D-ribofuranosyl)benzimidazole (I) was an integral part of the [structure: see text] structure of vitamin B(12). As a result of these interests and extensive studies, one health related arena that has benefited greatly has been the treatment of parasitic diseases. The discovery of thiabendazole in 1961 further spurred chemists around the world to design and synthesize several thousand benzimidazoles for screening for anthelmintic activity but less than twenty of them have reached commercial use. Much of this work has been done by pharmaceutical companies and is only reported in the patent literature. In this paper, Leroy Townsend and Dean Wise review the development of some of the synthetic methods that have been critical to the preparation of the benzimidazoles of anthelmintic importance. Only a few molecules that demonstrate the processes are discussed here, but numerous reviews of the synthesis and chemistry of other benzimidazoles are available.

The permeability and diffusion results using the time lag technique suggest that the diffusion coefficient D of vitamin B-12 for both crosslinked and blended chitosan membranes depends solely upon the equilibrium swelling ratio Q of the material in water. The functional dependence of D on Q was obtained from the data. The partition coefficients calculated for vitamin B-12 in all membranes studied were nearly constant. The results are shown to be consistent with the pore type transport mechanism for vitamin B-12 in these membranes.

An unprecedented methylation of alkyl radicals is possible with the diamagnetic vitamin B(12) derivative methylcobalamin (see schematic representation). Methylcorrinoids can thus also be considered as methylating cofactors in radical C-methylations.

Asthma can be broadly defined as enhanced reactivity of the airways to specific and nonspecific stimuli, resulting in diffuse airways obstruction with clinical symptoms like dyspnea, cough, and a tight chest. Stimuli that may provoke asthmatic responses include environmental allergens, respiratory infection, certain drugs such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and exercise.’ An important aspect of asthma treatment is the administration of bronchodilators of which theophylline is most commonly used.2 As will be reviewed in this paper, vitamin B, status and asthma have been studied by several researchers3^’; however, the effect of medication per se on vitamin B, status has not been investigated. Because it would be practically impossible to study vitamin B, status in asthmatics without the use of bronchodilators, we opted for the alternative: to study the effect of bronchodilators on vitamin B, metabolism in healthy volunteers. We therefore investigated the effect of theophylline on vitamin B, metabolism in healthy volunteers, and our results are summarized and reviewed in the second part of this paper.

Unit operations in lima bean processing were evaluated by their effects on the availability of vitamin B-6. Blanching of rehydrated lima beans resulted in the loss of about 20% of the pyridoxine. In the enzymic digests of the heat processed samples, pyridoxal and pyridoxal-5′-phosphate were not found in appreciable quantities. This was interpreted as a loss in availability, because the acid hydrolysates of both the processed and blanched samples showed a difference of only 15% in the pyridoxal content. This showed that although vitamin B-6 was destroyed only to a small extent during thermal processing, its availability was reduced by almost 50%.

Purpose: To describe phenotypes of autosomal dominantly inherited corneal dystrophies characterized by recurrent corneal erosions in Sweden. Methods: We have presented data about families with autosomal dominantly inherited recurrent erosions at national meetings in Sweden for 5 years and urged colleagues to report their existence to us. Their reports have led us to investigate several families. Interviews and clinical examinations were made to establish a pedigree and the specific phenotype for each family. Results: Five families with more than fifty members have been found. The largest was a seven-generation family with 342 members. Another 12 smaller families have been identified. Altogether 870 family members of whom 202 were affected were included. The families originated from all parts of Sweden and one also included members in Finland. The phenotypes vary. For example, the onset were usually at the age of 4-6 years, but in one family before 12 months of age. Also corneal opacifications of varying type and degree were found. In one family opacifications were first noted at the age of about 7 years, but usually first seen at the age of 20-40 years. Vitamin B complex treatment was effectively employed to reduce symptoms and number of recurrences in a family with 175 members. In another family phototherapeutic keratectomy (PTK) cured the recurrent erosions. In yet other families neither vitamin B supplementation nor PTK has been the cure when tried. Conclusions: It seems that inherited recurrent erosions are more common in Sweden than was first believed. Phenotypically it appears to be several different corneal diseases. The ongoing molecular genetic work-up will disclose if several genes are involved and/or several mutations in one or more genes.

In the urine of domestic canines given a daily dosage (100 mg/kg/day) of pyridoxamine for approximately 4 weeks, an unusual metabolite was noticed in HPLC analysis, and hypothesized to be N-methylp...

The use of vitamin B 1 2 for synthetic organic transformations has been extensively studied. Herein, we report the intramolecular cyclization reaction of a series of arylalkene substrates catalyzed by vitamin B 1 2 . Thesereactions proceed in good yields in environmentally benign solvents and do not require the use of a toxic heavy metal catalyst. Variation of the reaction pH can predictably alter the product distribution.

The impact of vitamin B-6 deficiency on temporal changes in markers of SAA metabolism was determined in weanling pigs. Pigs (5.3 kg; n=6 per group) were fed a semi-purified diet (20.5% casein; 3474...