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We report the 1.7 A crystal structure of ribosomal protein S4 from Bacillus stearothermophilus. To facilitate the crystallization, 41 apparently flexible residues at the N-terminus of the protein have been deleted (S4Delta41). S4Delta41 has two domains; domain 1 is completely alpha-helical and domain 2 comprises a five-stranded antiparallel beta-sheet with three alpha-helices packed on one side. Domain 2 is an insertion within domain 1, and it shows significant structural homology to the ETS domain of eukaryotic transcription factors. A phylogenetic analysis of the S4 primary structure shows that the likely RNA interaction surface is predominantly on one side of the protein. The surface is extensive and highly positively charged, and is centered on a distinctive canyon at the domain interface. The latter feature contains two arginines that are totally conserved in all known species of S4 including eukaryotes, and are probably crucial in binding RNA. As has been shown for other ribosomal proteins, mutations within S4 that affect ribosome function appear to disrupt the RNA-binding sites. The structure provides a framework with which to probe the RNA-binding properties of S4 by site-directed mutagenesis.

In all cells, protein synthesis is coordinated by the ribosome, a large ribonucleoprotein particle that is composed of > 50 distinct protein molecules and several large RNA molecules. Here we present the crystal structure of ribosomal protein L6 from the thermophilic bacterium Bacillus stearothermophilus solved at 2.6 A resolution. L6 contains two domains with almost identical folds, implying that it was created by an ancient gene duplication event. The surface of the molecule displays several likely sites of interaction with other components of the ribosome. The RNA binding sites appear to be localized in the C-terminal domain whereas the N-terminal domain contains the potential sites for protein-protein interactions. The domain structure is homologous with several other ribosomal proteins and to a large family of eukaryotic RNA binding proteins.

The relative positions of the centers of mass of the 21 proteins of the 30S ribosomal subunit from Escherichia coli have been determined by triangulation using neutron scattering measurements in solution. This mapping is the first complete account of the quaternary structure of the small ribosomal subunit to be obtained by any method.