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Given the importance of risk and time preferences for economics and other disciplines, we seek to examine the intertemporal stability of six related survey-based measures. Using a panel of subjects over three waves, between 2013 and 2015, we find remarkably high aggregate stability over the examined period in all six measures while we observe significant patterns of instability at the individual level. Our results contribute to the discussion on the wider adoption of survey-based measures, especially considering the ease with which such measures can be incorporated in large-scale surveys.

Objective This study examined the association between youth, parent, and family characteristics in mother-father agreement of youth externalizing behaviors among ethnically diverse families. Method Eighty-eight mother-father dyads of youth (44% Latino, 38% European-American, 17% African American) 6-16 years participated. Results Overall associations between parent's reports of youth behavior problems were positively correlated. Significant predictors of parent difference scores in regression analyses included mother's depression scores (negatively), mother and father parenting stress scores (positively and negatively, respectively), and child's symptom severity (positively in the Inattention and Learning Problems models; negatively in the Defiance/Aggression model). Conclusions Results highlight the need for psychosocial screening of youth's parents during child psychological assessment to identify situations in which both parent reports are needed for youth assessment. Further, it contributes to the small literature base of discrepancies in parent reports in minority youth and expands upon the minimal research involving paternal caregivers.

Introduction After mitral isthmus (ΜΙ) catheter ablation, perimitral atrial flutter (PMF) circuits can be maintained due to the preservation of residual myocardial connections, even if conventional pacing criteria for complete MI block are apparently met (MI pseudo‐block). We aimed to study the incidence, the electrophysiological characteristics, and the long‐term outcome of these patients. Methods Seventy‐two consecutive patients (mean age 62.4 ± 10.2, 62.5% male) underwent MI ablation, either as part of an atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation strategy (n = 35), or to treat clinical reentrant atrial tachycardia (AT) (n = 32), or to treat AT that occurred during ablation for AF (n = 5). Ιn all patients, the electrophysiological characteristics of PMF circuits were studied by high‐density mapping. Results Mitral isthmus block was successfully achieved in 69/72 patients (95.6%). Five patients developed PMF after confirming MI block. In these patients, high‐density mapping during the PMF showed a breakthrough in MI with extremely low impulse conduction velocity (CV). In contrast, in usual PMF circuits that occurred after AF ablation, the lowest CV of the reentrant circuit was of significantly higher value (0.07 ± 0.02 m/s vs 0.25 ± 0.07 m/s, respectively; P, This is a retrospective clinical study comprising 72 patients who underwent mitral isthmus (MI) ablation either as part of an atrial fibrillation ablation strategy, or to treat reentrant AT. The MI block was acutely achieved in 69/72 patients. However, five patients, despite showing MI block based on conventional pacing maneuvers, developed perimitral atrial flutter through a gap in previous ablation lesions with extremely low impulse conduction velocity as shown by high density mapping.

The regimen of 5-azacytidine for patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) has remained unchanged since its first approval. Although several modifications have since been made and delays and dose reductions are common especially during the first treatment cycles, there are minimal data on the prognostic effect of these modifications. In this study, based on data from 897 patients with MDS treated with 5-azacytidine recorded in a national registry, the effect of treatment delays and dose reductions on response, transformation to acute myeloid leukaemia, and survival (after 5-azacytidine initiation, OST ) were analysed. Delays during the first two cycles were noted in 150 patients (16·7%) and were found to adversely affect OST independently of the International Prognostic Scoring System score [hazard ratio (HR), 1·368; P = 0·033] or pre-existing neutropenia (HR, 1·42; P = 0·015). In patients achieving a response, delays before response achievement were correlated with its type (complete remission, 2·8 days/cycle; partial remission, 3·3 days/cycle; haematologic improvement, 5·6 days/cycle; P = 0·041), while delays after response achievement did not have any effect on retention of response or survival. Dose reductions were found to have no prognostic impact. Based on our results, treatment delays especially during the first cycles should be avoided, even in neutropenic patients. This strict strategy may be loosened after achieving a favourable response.

Acute pericarditis has a wide spectrum of clinical presentations largely depending on underlying aetiologies. We assessed the role of age and sex in the clinical features and outcome of acute pericarditis.A total of 240 consecutive patients hospitalized with a first episode of acute pericarditis were included. At baseline demographics, clinical features, laboratory and imaging findings and medical therapy were recorded. Patients were followed up for at least 18 months for complications. Data comparisons were performed according to sex and age (≤60 or60 years).The male/female ratio was 1.42, and 56% of patients were60 years. Younger patients depicted more often chest pain (P = .001), fever and rubs (P .001 for both), ST elevation and PR depression (P = .032 and .009, respectively), higher CRP values (P = .009) and less often dyspnoea (P = .046) and pericardial effusion (P = .036). Moreover, they received less often glucocorticoids (P .001) and depicted less atrial fibrillation (P = .003) and a higher rate of recurrent pericarditis (P = .013). After multivariate adjustment for confounders, age60 years remained an independent predictor for a lower risk of recurrent pericarditis (hazard ratio 0.60, 95% CI: 0.39-0.96, P = .033). Regarding sex, females were older (P = .007), showed less often ST elevation and PR depression (P .001 and .002, respectively) and had a higher baseline heart rate (P = .02). Sex was not associated with recurrent pericarditis risk.Patients with acute pericarditis have distinct presenting clinical, biochemical and prognostic features according to age and sex. Awareness of such differences is important for clinical decision-making.

A quasi-static progressive damage model for prediction of the fracture behaviour and strength of adhesively bonded fibre-reinforced polymer joints is introduced in this paper. The model is based on the development of a mixed-mode failure criterion as a function of a master R-curve derived from the experimental results obtained from standard fracture mechanics joints. Consequently, the developed failure criterion is crack-length and mode-mixity dependent, and it takes into account the contribution of the fibre-bridging effect. Energy release rate values for adhesively bonded double-lap joints are obtained by using the virtual crack closure technique method in a finite element model, and the numerically obtained strain energy release rate is compared to the critical strain energy release rate given by the mixed-mode failure criterion. The entire procedure is implemented in a numerical algorithm, which was successfully used for predicting the strength and R-curve response of adhesively bonded double-lap structural joints made of pultruded glass fibre-reinforced polymers and epoxy adhesives.

The current study compares the effects of experimentally induced positive anticipatory thinking and distraction in preadolescents aged 12-13. Eighty-seven participants were instructed to either engage in positive anticipatory thoughts or perform a distraction task while preparing to perform a sporting activity in front of their peers. Results revealed that trait social anxiety was associated with more negative estimates of sport performance and catastrophic thoughts relating to the impending sport activity. Additionally, compared to children who distracted, children in the positive anticipation condition showed significantly increased anxiety levels, more catastrophic thoughts and more negative predictions of sport performance and appearance, although these effects did not appear to interact with trait social anxiety. Finally, no significant manipulation effect on participants' observable behavior was found. The findings further highlight the utility of distracting from an impending, anxiety-provoking situation to keep anxious feelings to a low level.

Focused Clinical Question: The integration of connective tissue (CT) to a laser-ablated abutment with a microgrooved surface at the apical millimeter (LL) has been documented in both animal and human studies. How should the healing be influenced to optimize the CT integration on abutment surfaces? Summary: When smooth machined titanium (ST) abutments were placed, epithelial attachment was found on abutments, but no CT integration was noted. On LL abutments, a zone of epithelial attachment and CT integration was noted. When an ST abutment was switched for an LL abutment, the soft tissue was inconsistent; however, when an LL abutment was placed after the removal of a prior LL abutment, CT integration was observed. Conclusions: Consistent CT integration was observed on LL abutment surfaces after implant placement. Switching LL abutments with new LL abutments consistently led to CT integration. This was not consistent when an ST abutment was switched for an LL abutment. Plaque and gingival indices were comparable between teeth and abutments. Probing depth (PD) was lower around teeth. There was no difference in PD between abutments. CT integration on LL abutments was optimized by initial healing occurring on an LL abutment or by creation of a CT wound before insertion of the abutment.

Background: Data are limited on the potential effect of intensive oral hygiene regimens and periodontal therapy during pregnancy on periodontal health, gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and serum cytokines, and pregnancy outcomes. Methods: A clinical trial was conducted on 120 communitydwelling, 16- to 35-year-old pregnant women at 16 to 24 weeks of gestation. Each participant presented with clinical evidence of generalized, moderate-to-severe gingivitis. Oral hygiene products were provided, together with instructions for an intensive daily regimen of hygiene practices. Non-surgical therapy was provided at baseline. Oral examinations were completed at baseline and again at 4 and 8 weeks. In addition, samples of blood and GCF were collected at baseline and week 8. Mean changes in clinical variables and GCF and serum cytokine levels (interleukin [IL]-1b ,I L-6, tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-a) between baseline and week 8 were calculated using paired t test. Pregnancy outcomes were recorded at parturition. Results: Results indicated a statistically significant reduction in all clinical variables (P

SummaryObjective Postoperative radioiodine remnant ablation (RRA) represents an adjunctive therapeutic modality in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). The impact of late vs early RRA on the outcome of DTC is currently unclear. The aim of the study was to evaluate the outcome of patients with DTC according to RRA timing. Design Retrospective study Patients A total of 107 TNM stage 1 DTC patients were divided into two groups. In group A (n = 50), RRA was administered in less than 4·7 months median 3·0 (range 0·8–4·7), while in group B (n = 57) in more than 4·7 months median 6 (4·8–30·3) after thyroidectomy. Remission was achieved when stimulated serum Tg levels were undetectable, in the absence of local recurrence or cervical lymph node metastases on the neck ultrasound. Results All patients underwent near-total thyroidectomy. The mean age at diagnosis was 49·3 years (range: 18–79 years). There were no statistically significant differences in the histological subtype, the TNM stage, the dose of radioiodine and the time of follow-up, between the two groups. After the RRA treatment, 44 group A patients (88%) were in remission and 6 (12%) in persistence; while in group B, 52 (91·2%) were in remission, 1 (1·8%) in persistence and 4 (7%) in recurrence. At their latest follow-up median 87·3 (23·3–251·6 months), all patients were in remission, either as a result of further iodine radioiodine therapy (in 11 patients) or watchful monitoring. Conclusions The timing of RRA seems to have no effect on the long-term outcome of the disease. Therefore, urgency for radioiodine ablation in patients with low-risk thyroid cancer is not recommended.

We assessed the consumer welfare effects of two generic food miles labels: "carbon dioxide (C[O.sub.2]) emission" label and "time and number of kilometers" label. Using data from a choice experiment, our results generally suggest that a mandatory labeling policy for either type of label would have a positive welfare effect. However, a label informing consumers about the time and number of kilometers the food product has traveled provides greater positive welfare effects than a label informing consumers about the amount of C[O.sub.2] emission. ********** "Food miles" (FM) is a term coined in a 1994 Report (Paxton 1994) by the Sustainable Agriculture Food and Environment (SAFE) Alliance to indicate the distance that food travels from the time it was produced until it reaches the consumers. The distance that food travels has important implications for the social, economic, and environmental sustainability of the food system. For this reason, FM is now becoming a concept of interest for both consumers and policymakers. Given the current interest in the environmental impacts of food origins, we posit that the "FM" concept can be used as a quality cue of a food product since it can inform consumers about the environmental impact and the distance traveled by the food product. A FM label could include information about the amount of greenhouse gas emissions, usually expressed as carbon dioxide (C[O.sub.2]) emitted during the transportation of the food products. It could also or alternatively include information more directly associated with the travel (i.e., the time and number of kilometers or miles that the food traveled). By providing such information, the implementation of a FM labeling system could help consumers make informed purchasing and consumption decisions. From a consumer's point of view, the introduction of FM labeling could reduce the asymmetry of information between consumers and producers and increase the utility of consumers with higher sustainability or environmental concerns. For policymaking, FM labels can be used as an incentive to promote the sustainable production or consumption of food products in accordance with international trends. Several studies that have focused on FM have estimated the environmental effect of the transportation of food products around the world (Pretty et al. 2005; Smith et al. 2005; Weber and Matthews 2008), as well as the differences in the environmental impact of domestic and imported food products (Jones 2002; Pirog et al. 2001). Relatively few studies have focused on consumers' perceptions (Kemp et al. 2010; Sirieix, Grolleau, and Schaer 2008) and preferences for FM information (Aoki 2009; Pirog 2004). While these studies analyzed how consumers perceive the distance the food traveled and how consumers value information provided by FM labels, to the best of our knowledge no studies have investigated the consumer welfare effects of FM labeling policies from the mere existence of generic FM labels independent of the information that is included. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether consumers value the existence of generic FM labels, and to calculate the welfare effects of a mandatory FM labeling policy. In particular, using data obtained from a choice experiment (CE), we (1) calculate the welfare effects of mandatory labeling policy related to two types of generic FM information: C[O.sub.2] emission (C[O.sub.2]) and time and number of kilometers (Nkm) that the food product traveled and (2) find the maximum price increment for which these mandatory labeling schemes have a positive welfare effect. Although we do not claim that such labels should become mandatory, it is important and interesting to study the effect of such a policy on consumers' welfare. Calculating the welfare effects of FM labels is important because among other factors, only this information can help policymakers make informed decisions on whether to develop and implement mandatory labeling policies related to FM. …