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Omics studies frequently use samples collected during cohort studies. Conditioning on sample availability can cause selection bias if sample availability is nonrandom. Inverse probability weighting (IPW) is purported to reduce this bias. We evaluated IPW in an epigenome-wide analysis testing the association between DNA methylation (261,435 probes) and age in healthy adolescent subjects (n = 114). We simulated age and sex to be correlated with sample selection and then evaluated four conditions: complete population/no selection bias (all subjects), naïve selection bias (no adjustment), and IPW selection bias (selection bias with IPW adjustment). Assuming the complete population condition represented the "truth," we compared each condition to the complete population condition. Bias or difference in associations between age and methylation was reduced in the IPW condition versus the naïve condition. However, genomic inflation and type 1 error were higher in the IPW condition relative to the naïve condition. Postadjustment using bacon, type 1 error and inflation were similar across all conditions. Power was higher under the IPW condition compared with the naïve condition before and after inflation adjustment. IPW methods can reduce bias in genome-wide analyses. Genomic inflation is a potential concern that can be minimized using methods that adjust for inflation.

Alternative management practices such as no-tillage compared to conventional tillage are expected to recover or increase soil quality and productivity, even though all of these aspects are rarely studied together. Long-term field experiments (LTEs) enable analysis of alternative management practices over time. This study investigated a total of 251 European LTEs in which alternative management practices such as crop rotation, catch crops, cover crops/green manure, no-tillage, non-inversion tillage and organic fertilization were applied. Response ratios of indicators for soil quality, climate change and productivity between alternative and reference management practices were derived from a total of 260 publications. Both positive and negative effects of alternative management practices on the different indicators were shown and, as expected, no alternative management practice could comply with all objectives simultaneously. Productivity was hampered by non-inversion tillage, FYM amendments and incorporation of crop residues. SOC contents were increased significantly following organic fertilizers and non-inversion tillage. GHG emissions were increased by slurry application and incorporation of crop residues. Our study showed that alternative management practices beneficial to one group of indicators (e.g. organic fertilizers for biological soil quality indicators) are not necessarily beneficial to other indicators (e.g. increase of crop yields). We conclude that LTEs are valuable for finding ways forward in protecting European soils as well as finding evidence-based alternative management practices for the future; however, experiments should focus more on biological soil quality indicators as well as GHG emissions to enable better evaluation of trade-offs and mutual benefits of management practices.

High-quality hybrid halide perovskite nanocrystals are fabricated through a simple, versatile, and efficient two-step process involving a dry step followed by a ligand-assisted liquid-phase exfoliation step. The emission wavelength of the resulting nanocrystals can be tuned either through composition by varying the halide content or by reducing their thickness.

A quantitative genetic approach, which involves correlation of transcriptional networks with the phenotype in a recombinant inbred (RI) population and in selectively bred lines of rats, and determination of coinciding quantitative trait loci for gene expression and the trait of interest, has been applied in the present study. In this analysis, a novel approach was used that combined DNA-Seq data, data from brain exon array analysis of HXB/BXH RI rat strains and six pairs of rat lines selectively bred for high and low alcohol preference, and RNA-Seq data (including rat brain transcriptome reconstruction) to quantify transcript expression levels, generate co-expression modules and identify biological functions that contribute to the predisposition of consuming varying amounts of alcohol. A gene co-expression module was identified in the RI rat strains that contained both annotated and unannotated transcripts expressed in the brain, and was associated with alcohol consumption in the RI panel. This module was found to be enriched with differentially expressed genes from the selected lines of rats. The candidate genes within the module and differentially expressed genes between high and low drinking selected lines were associated with glia (microglia and astrocytes) and could be categorized as being related to immune function, energy metabolism and calcium homeostasis, as well as glial-neuronal communication. The results of the present study show that there are multiple combinations of genetic factors that can produce the same phenotypic outcome. Although no single gene accounts for predisposition to a particular level of alcohol consumption in every animal model, coordinated differential expression of subsets of genes in the identified pathways produce similar phenotypic outcomes.The datasets supporting the results of the present study are available at http://phenogen.ucdenver.edu.

This chapter reviews institutional approaches to blended learning and the ways in which institutions support faculty in the intentional redesign of courses to produce optimal learning. The chapter positions blended learning as a strategic opportunity to engage in organizational learning.

Özbil, Mehmet (Arel Author), Hemagglutinin is the surface protein of the influenza virus that mediates both binding and penetration of the virus into host cells. We here report on the synthesis and structure-activity relationship of some novel N-(1-thia-4-azaspiro[4.5]decan-4-yl)-carboxamide compounds carrying the 5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamide structure, designed as influenza virus fusion inhibitors. The carboxamides (1a-h, 2a-h) have a similar backbone structure as the fusion inhibitors that we reported on previously. Compounds 2b and 2d displayed inhibitory activity against influenza A/H3N2 virus replication (average antiviral EC50: 2.1 mu M for 2b and 3.4 mu M for 2d). Data obtained in the hemolysis inhibition assay supported that these compounds act as inhibitors of the influenza virus hemagglutinin-mediated fusion process.

Understanding the factors that influence physical activity in persons with binge eating disorders can aid the design of more effective interventions. In order to address this, the present paper provides a systematic quantitative review of the correlates of physical activity in people with binge eating disorder. We searched PsycINFO, PubMed and PEDro from inception until June 2013. Keywords included 'binge eating' with 'physical activity' or 'exercise', or 'physical inactivity' or 'sedentary'. Nine papers involving 636 (489 women) persons with binge eating disorders and evaluating 24 correlates were included. No consistent physical activity correlates were reported in four or more studies. The only significant correlate with lower physical activity participation reported in more than one study was a negative body attitude. Further research is required to address this current gap in literature.

Influenza A and B viruses are highly contagious respiratory pathogens with a considerable medical and socioeconomical burden and known pandemic potential. Current influenza vaccines require annual updating and provide only partial protection in some risk groups. Due to the global spread of viruses with resistance to the M2 proton channel inhibitor amantadine or the neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir, novel antiviral agents with an original mode of action are urgently needed. We here focus on emerging options to interfere with the influenza virus entry process, which consists of the following steps: attachment of the viral hemagglutinin to the sialylated host cell receptors, endocytosis, M2-mediated uncoating, low pH-induced membrane fusion, and, finally, import of the viral ribonucleoprotein into the nucleus. We review the current functional and structural insights in the viral and cellular components of this entry process, and the diverse antiviral strategies that are being explored. This encompasses small molecule inhibitors as well as macromolecules such as therapeutic antibodies. There is optimism that at least some of these innovative concepts to block influenza virus entry will proceed from the proof of concept to a more advanced stage. Special attention is therefore given to the challenging issues of influenza virus (sub)type-dependent activity or potential drug resistance.

2'-Fluoro-2'-deoxyguanosine has been reported to have potent anti-influenza virus activity in vitro and in vivo. Herein we describe the synthesis and biological evaluation of 6-modified 2'-fluoro-2'-deoxyguanosine analogues and their corresponding phosphoramidate ProTides as potential anti-influenza virus agents. Whereas the parent nucleosides were devoid of antiviral activity in two different cellular assays, the 5'-O-naphthyl(methoxy-L-alaninyl) ProTide derivatives of 6-O-methyl-2'-fluoro-2'-deoxyguanosine, 6-O-ethyl-2'-fluoro-2'-deoxyguanosine, and 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-6-chloroguanosine, and the 5'-O-naphthyl(ethoxy-L-alaninyl) ProTide of 6-O-ethyl-2'-fluoro-2'-deoxyguanosine displayed antiviral EC(99) values of ~12 μM. The antiviral results are supported by metabolism studies. Rapid conversion into the L-alaninyl metabolite and then 6-modified 2'-fluoro-2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-monophosphate was observed in enzymatic assays with yeast carboxypeptidase Y or crude cell lysate. Evidence for efficient removal of the 6-substituent on the guanine part was provided by enzymatic studies with adenosine deaminase, and by molecular modeling of the nucleoside 5'-monophosphates in the catalytic site of a model of ADAL1, thus indicating the utility of the double prodrug concept.

Extreme weather and climate-related events occur in a particular place, by definition, infrequently. It is therefore challenging to detect systematic changes in their occurrence given the relative shortness of observational records. However, there is a clear interest from outside the climate science community in the extent to which recent damaging extreme events can be linked to human-induced climate change or natural climate variability. Event attribution studies seek to determine to what extent anthropogenic climate change has altered the probability or magnitude of particular events. They have shown clear evidence for human influence having increased the probability of many extremely warm seasonal temperatures and reduced the probability of extremely cold seasonal temperatures in many parts of the world. The evidence for human influence on the probability of extreme precipitation events, droughts, and storms is more mixed. Although the science of event attribution has developed rapidly in recent years, geographical coverage of events remains patchy and based on the interests and capabilities of individual research groups. The development of operational event attribution would allow a more timely and methodical production of attribution assessments than currently obtained on an ad hoc basis. For event attribution assessments to be most useful, remaining scientific uncertainties need to be robustly assessed and the results clearly communicated. This requires the continuing development of methodologies to assess the reliability of event attribution results and further work to understand the potential utility of event attribution for stakeholder groups and decision makers. WIREs Clim Change 2016, 7:23-41. doi: 10.1002/wcc.380 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.

We examined whether affective variability can predict non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) in eating disorders. Affect was represented by valence (positive versus negative) and activation (high versus low). Twenty-one patients with anorexia nervosa-restricting type, 18 patients with anorexia nervosa-binge-purging type and 20 patients with bulimia nervosa reported their momentary affect at nine random times a day during a one week period using a hand-held computer. Affective variability was calculated as the within-person standard deviation of valence and activation over time. Results indicate that patients displaying greater variability in activation and using selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors have a higher probability to engage in lifetime NSSI after adjustment for depression and borderline personality disorder. Neither variability of valence nor mean level of valence and activation had any predictive association with engaging in NSSI. It is suggested that the treatment of NSSI should focus on affect stabilization rather than reducing negative affect.

Objective Incompleteness of data is a major problem within clinical follow-up studies. The aim of present study was to compare different statistical models in the management of follow-up data in patients with eating disorders using the Body Attitude Test. Method A prospective longitudinal investigation with repeated evaluations over fixed time intervals was conducted among 807 female patients with eating disorders using the Body Attitude Test as a dependent-variable. Three types of missing data mechanisms were explored: missing completely at random, missing at random and missing not at random. Results Multivariate analysis showed that the missing completely at random type of missing data mechanism is less reliable than the missing at random or missing not at random mechanisms. Five years after admission, the body experience of eating disorder patients is less deviant. Compared with normative data, 37% of the eating disorder patients still had a more negative body experience 5 years after admission. Discussion There is no single correct method for dealing with missing data. Therefore, it is recommended that multiple methods be used under different assumptions of absenteeism. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.

The diversity-oriented chemistry synthesis together with the random screening approach has permitted the discovery and optimization of novel antiviral lead compounds. In this paper, a series of novel 5-substituted-2-(4-substituted phenyl)-1,3-benzoxazoles was synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro anti-influenza A virus and anti-influenza B virus activity. The activity was monitored by the MTS assay in the Madin–Darby canine kidney cells. Compound 7h showed excellent inhibitory activity and selective index against A/H3N2 (EC50 = 37.03 μm, SI > 5), which were all higher than that of the reference drug oseltamivir (EC50 > 59.00 μm, SI > 1). However, no compound displays inhibitory activity against influenza B virus.

A series of novel dihydro-alkyloxy-benzyl-oxopyrimidine derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their activity against influenza virus in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. Four dihydro-alkyloxy-benzyl-oxopyrimidine derivatives (4a1, 4a2, 4a3, and 4d1) showed potent activity against influenza virus. Among them, compound 4a3 was the most promising lead with broad activity against influenza A (antiviral EC(50) values of 9 and 18 μm for the A/H1N1 and A/H3N2 subtype, respectively) and influenza B viruses (EC(50) : 33 μm). The antiviral mechanism of action of these dihydro-alkyloxy-benzyl-oxopyrimidine derivatives must be quite different from that of the currently approved anti-influenza virus drugs that target the viral M2 or neuraminidase proteins. The dihydro-alkyloxy-benzyl-oxopyrimidine derivatives represent a new avenue for further optimization and development of novel anti-influenza virus agents.

In contrast to the results obtained at 253.7 nm, the photolysis of penta-1,3-dienes at 228.8 nm in solution displays a strong remarkable concentration dependence. Hence ϕcis trans increases and ϕtrans cis decreases with an increasing diene concentration and both figures reach a plateau at ∼1M. A kinetic treatment is presented, which involves dynamic and static quenching (according to Perrin's law) and accounts for experimental data; the scheme consistently suggests that an excimer comes into play in this system.

To examine whether drive for thinness, body dissatisfaction, and restrictive/binge eating-purging subtype at admission moderates the weight curves of patients with Anorexia Nervosa (AN) over the course of inpatient treatment.The nature of weight curves, individual differences herein and moderating factors are examined in 92 AN patients by means of multilevel modeling.The average weight curve of AN patients is characterized by a linear weight increase during treatment that levels off near the end of treatment. Substantial individual differences exist in the shape of patients' weight curves. Patients with stronger body dissatisfaction at admission display a slower linear rate of weight gain over the course of treatment. Neither drive for thinness nor restrictive/binge eating-purging subtype predicted patients' weight curve over the course of treatment.Body dissatisfaction moderates patients' weight curves over the course of inpatient treatment but more research on factors determining weight curves is needed.

This study evaluated the effectiveness of a four-month intervention program in which 31 siblings of 15 children with cerebral palsy were taught about cerebral palsy and what they could do to encourage their brother or sister to be more independent. The teaching was reinforced by home visits to develop individual plans for the children with cerebral palsy, and sibling group meetings were held to discuss progress and to provide support. Following this intervention, the children with cerebral palsy had significantly increased range of motion of the shoulder, elbow and wrist. There were also improvements in ambulation, personal hygiene, dressing and feeding. These findings indicate that siblings should be involved in the plant of care for children with disability, since they can be important teachers, rôle models and agents of change.

Objective: Body image disturbance is an important factor in the development and the treatment of eating disorders. Therefore, evaluations of different instruments for measuring body image disturbances are necessary. Method: Four widely used questionnaires are evaluated: The Body Attitude Test, The Eating Disorder Inventory, The Body Shape Questionnaire, and the Body Attitude Questionnaire. Psychometric properties of these questionnaires are investigated in 228 patients with eating disorder and 389 female controls. Normative values for a Flemish population are provided. Results: All questionnaires have good psychometric properties. To separate patients from controls all four questionnairescan be used. To differentiate between patients with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, the Body Attitude Test and the Body Dissatisfaction subscale of the Eating Disorder Inventory show good criterion-related validity. Conclusion: All these measures are useful as preliminary screening devices to identify populations with a high proportion or risk for developing eating disorders. More research is needed because there is still a great lack of clarity about what constitutes the normal range of attitudes towards the body. © 2008 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2008

Background Alexithymia is a personality trait characterized by difficulties in differentiating and describing feelings. Research indicates that alexithymia acts as a triggering factor for many medical and psychiatric disorders. The interest in alexithymia has increased considerably over the past decade. A state of the art review of recent research on alexithymia in medical and dermatological research is presented. Methods We reviewed most relevant publications on alexithymia from the field of clinical research, psychology, psychosomatics, and psycho-neuro-endocrinology. Systematic searches on alexithymia in dermatology were undertaken using the Cochrane Library and PUBMed. Results Interdisciplinary research, investigating alexithymia, is advancing rapidly into different fields of medicine. Alexithymia has been found to be associated with changes in sympathetic activity, immunity and brain activity. Some researchers link alexithymia with insecure parental attachment and adverse childhood experiences. Although research of alexithymia in dermatology is still scarce and reveals conflicting results, preliminary data show that alexithymia seems to be associated with alopecia areata, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, vitiligo or chronic urticaria. Conclusion Present research findings on alexithymia in the field of dermatology suggest important implications for the treatment of some specific dermatological disorders. Besides treating comorbid psychological problems such as anxiety and depression, dermatologists should also be aware of alexithymia and its possible association with an underlying dermatologic disease.

This paper makes the case that the widely used evidence-based 'CBT' approaches remain unsuccessful in many eating disorder patients. Six critical 'personal reflections' are formulated on why many patients remain totally resistant toward our therapeutic endeavours. My reflections suggest that probably many roads may lead to Rome.

Olive cultivation is a widespread land use in Mediterranean climates. The proper implementation of soil and water conservation practices in groves requires detailed knowledge of the governing hydrological processes. In this work topsoil moisture dynamics under wet and dry conditions and across a small catchment was investigated in the inter row (IR) and directly under the olive tree canopies (UC). We do this using a sensor network (11 stations) and a simple bucket model which was calibrated (June, 2011–2012) and validated (June, 2012–2013). During most of the year the normalized soil moisture contents (s) were greater in the IR than under UC, with an average normalized soil moisture difference of 0.12. The difference between UC and IR normalized soil moisture followed a seasonal pattern, reaching a maximum near 0.30 during spring. An analysis of the normalized soil moisture probability density functions (pdfs) was bimodal, showing characteristic dominant wet and dry soil moisture states, with the highest probability densities for the dry state. Overall the spatial variability of soil moisture was lower UC than in the IR. This was a result of the soil moisture buffering capacity of the canopy with respect to rainfall and evaporation, in addition to observed differences in soil properties. Hourly soil moisture data were successfully modelled (R2 > 0.85), both UC and in the IR, yet with the inclusion of a simple formulation for canopy interception for the former. The results provide insight into how olive trees change hydrological processes in their neighbourhood. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The residual pollution after the Aznalcóllar (southwestern Spain) pyrite mine spill is still a threat due to the continuing oxidation of sulfuric minerals. The objective of this paper was to analyze the combined effect of pyrite oxidation, sugar beet foam applications, and meteorological conditions on the spatiotemporal evolution of the pH and EDTA-extractable Zn concentration, using non co-located data from 11 sampling dates between June 1999 and March 2002. Median pH values ranged from 4.4 at the beginning of the monitoring period to 7.6 at the end, although values near 2.5 were observed throughout the entire period, despite of two sugar beet foam (SBF) applications. Zinc distributions were positively skewed and median concentrations ranged from 17 to 94 mg kg(-1). The inverse relationship between pH and Zn became weaker toward the end of the monitoring period as a consequence of the precipitation and posterior dissolution of newly formed minerals from the reaction products of the pyrite oxidation. Normal score maps showed that after the SBF applications only 0.5% of the monitored area was below the pH = 4 threshold, while on other dates up to one-third of the area remained below this value. The better performance of the second SBF application could be explained in terms of pyrite oxidation pathways and environmental conditions. From this analysis, with data obtained under uncontrolled field conditions, it is concluded that SBF should be applied before or during the wet and cold season to alleviate acidification, caused by the oxidation of pyrite or other sulfuric minerals.

Monitoring of soil chemical properties for pollution assessment generally requires destructive soil sampling and results in spatiotemporal datasets where data from different sampling dates are non co-located. The objective of this study was to assess the spatial distribution of residual pyrite sludge at a reclaimed site, using temporally non co-located data on pH; soil oxidizable fraction (SOF); and EDTA-extractable Fe, Zn, and Cu from six different sampling dates over a period of 2 yr. During this period spatially averaged pH and Zn concentrations ranged, respectively, from 4.4 to 6.6 and from 60 to 140 mg kg(-1), with minimum pH values of below 2.7. The data were merged into a single dataset for each chemical property after applying a normal score (ns) transform. Normal score pH was significantly negatively correlated with the ns metal concentrations. A principal component analysis (PCA) showed that normal score pH, Zn, and Fe were associated with the residual contamination, while ns Cu, SOF, and elevation were related with historic contamination. The spatial dependence between the properties was found to be scale-dependent. The best ns estimates were produced by ordinary kriging with an anisotopic variogram model, for the properties related with Principal Component (PC) I, while those associated with PC II were best estimated using simple kriging with varying local means. A classified ns pH map showed that 33% of the study area reached at least once values of below 4 during the 2-yr period. This part of the area should be excluded to ensure successful revegetation.

Knowledge of the soil water-holding capacity, w(0), is essential to the evaluation of regional balance. In this paper, we produced a map of w(0) for the region Andalusia, southern Spain, using pedo-transfer functions (PTFs) and geostatistics. The information available of analytical and morphological data from 521 soil profiles the region, and the 1: 400 000 soil map of Andalusia. The w(0) values were calculated using 10 published PTFs. The soil map only slightly improved the spatial interpolation of the PTF-calculated w(0)' s. The PTF estimates for w(0) ranged from near 0 to 235 mm, with an average value of 110 mm and a SD of 48 mm. Since no independent field observations were available, the w(0) estimates were evaluated in terms of the average annual total runoff and actual evapotranspiration. Both components were calculated at 160 meteorological observatories using a simple bucket water balance model, driven by daily meteorological data. The spatial variability of w(0) had little effect on the calculated average annual balance of the region. Increasing w(0) to 150 to 200 mm produced better fit of the water balance predicted with Budyko's empirical functions. The difference could be partly explained by seasonality-related characteristics of the climate in the region. Comparison of the results with other studies suggests that the estimated w(0) values should be increased by 45%. These differences can be attributed entirely to an inconsistent definition of field capacity (FC).

This paper develops an international version of the consumption-based capital asset pricing (CCAPM), which we refer to as “catching up with the Americans.” Previous CCAPM research develops the concept of “catching up with the Joneses,” where a representative economic agent exhibits higher marginal utility of consumption as a result of higher past per capita consumption in his own country. Catching up with the Americans, on the other hand, is an international habit-preference hypothesis. It extends the idea of catching up with the Joneses by stating that consumers of non-U.S. countries gain higher marginal utility of consumption as a result of higher past American consumption growth. Contrary to much of the CCAPM literature, we test this version of the model using long bond rates rather than equity returns. However, like most of the previous research on the CCAPM, the catching up with the Americans model fails to explain the relationship between consumption and asset returns.

The present study examined whether psychopaths exhibit deficits in selective attention and executive functions. Prison inmates were assigned to either a "psychopath" group or a "control" group according to their scores on the PCL-R [Hare, 1991: Toronto, Multi-Health Systems]. The two groups were compared in terms of performance on the following tests: (1) D-II cancellation, (2) Porteus Maze, (3) Modified Wisconsin Card Sorting, (4) Stroop Color Word Interference, (5) Trail Making, and (6) Tower of London. The results support the hypothesis of selective attention and specific executive function deficits among psychopaths. Specifically, psychopaths' abilities to maintain a plan and to inhibit irrelevant information were inferior to those of control participants. (C) 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

The SCOFF is a quick and simple screening tool for eating disorders (EDs), intended for use by those who are not specialists in the field. The purpose of the present study is to explore the psychometric properties of an Italian version of the instrument. An Italian translation of the SCOFF was administered, together with a part of the Italian version of the Eating Disorders Inventory-3, to the following: (i) a sample of psychiatric patients diagnosed with ED according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition; (ii) a sample of female psychiatric controls with no ED symptoms; and (iii) a sample of female normal controls without EDs from the general population. Results suggest that the Italian version of the SCOFF provides a reliable and valid tool for screening EDs.

Influenza A and B viruses are highly contagious respiratory pathogens with a considerable medical and socioeconomical burden and known pandemic potential. Current influenza vaccines require annual updating and provide only partial protection in some risk groups. Due to the global spread of viruses with resistance to the M2 proton channel inhibitor amantadine or the neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir, novel antiviral agents with an original mode of action are urgently needed. We here focus on emerging options to interfere with the influenza virus entry process, which consists of the following steps: attachment of the viral hemagglutinin to the sialylated host cell receptors, endocytosis, M2-mediated uncoating, low pH-induced membrane fusion, and, finally, import of the viral ribonucleoprotein into the nucleus. We review the current functional and structural insights in the viral and cellular components of this entry process, and the diverse antiviral strategies that are being explored. This encompasses small molecule inhibitors as well as macromolecules such as therapeutic antibodies. There is optimism that at least some of these innovative concepts to block influenza virus entry will proceed from the proof of concept to a more advanced stage. Special attention is therefore given to the challenging issues of influenza virus (sub)type-dependent activity or potential drug resistance. ispartof: Medicinal Research Reviews vol:34 issue:2 pages:301-39 ispartof: location:United States status: published