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The objective of this study was to evaluate protective effects of hydroethanolic extracts of Terminalia chebula and Thymbra spicata on viability, lipid peroxidation (LPO) and DNA integrity of ram fresh semen under normal and oxidative stress (OS) conditions. Antioxidant activities of different concentrations of Terminalia chebula and Thymbra spicata extracts were evaluated with DPPH assay. Semen samples were taken from three fertile adult rams. After diluting semen with Tris‐base extender, different concentrations of Terminalia chebula and Thymbra spicata (30, 300, and 3000 μg/ml) extracts were used under normal and induced OS conditions. The group not receiving any supplements was considered as control group. A total of 50 μM hydrogen peroxide was used to induce OS. MTT solution was added to each of treatment groups which were kept in an incubator at 37°C for 2 h. After incubation, readings were obtained by ELISA reader. DNA integrity and LPO were determined with acridine orange (AO) staining and malondialdehyde (MDA) assay. Higher concentrations of Terminalia chebula and Thymbra spicata extracts preserved viability and DNA integrity while reducing MDA concentrations compared to other treatment groups. Also, under induced OS, higher concentrations of both extracts reduced detrimental effects of H2O2. In conclusion, it seems that addition of Terminalia chebula and Thymbra spicata extracts can reduce induced OS in spermatozoa., This study was to evaluate the protective effects of the hydroethanolic extracts of Terminalia chebula and Thymbra spicata on viability, lipid peroxidation, and DNA integrity of ram fresh semen under normal and oxidative stress conditions

The current research was designed to determine the amino acid profile and microbial properties of kachra hareer. For the purpose, kachra hareer was purchased with their brand names coded as S1, S2, S3, and S4 from five towns named as L1, L2, L3, L4, and L5. The samples were analyzed for their amino acid profile and microbial properties, while the water and alcohol extractive values were analyzed to obtain the different levels of purity during processing. The results explained that physicochemical analyses, that is, pH, moisture, acidity, and vitamin C, ranged from 4.67% to 9.44%, 22% to 40%, 0.054% to 1.44%, and 7.67% to 19.36%, respectively. However, essential amino acids histidine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, threonine, and valine ranged from 470.3 to 484.5, 516.1 to 527.5, 805.5 to 817.4, 910.1 to 922.5, 240.2 to 250.5, 508.2 to 518.2, 1,160.5 to 1,172.6, 466.9 to 476.3, and 502.5 to 513.4 mg/kg, respectively, whereas nonessential amino acids alanine, arginine, aspartic acid cysteine, glutamic acid, serine, tyrosine, and glycine ranged from 612.7 to 628.2, 1,212.3 to 1,225.9, 7,254.2 to 7,258.8, ND, 1,561.2 to 1,575.2, 634.8 to 648.9, 618.4 to 630.4, and 712.8 to 723.7 mg/kg, respectively. Conclusively, sample S2 showed the maximum nutritional content and minimum microbial load., Different brands of sweet preserved hareer are checked for their microbial load. The nutritional profile of hareer was also checked.

The COVID-19 disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 has emerged as a worldwide pandemic and caused huge damage to the lives and economy of more than hundred countries. As on May 10, 2020, more than 4,153,300 people stand infected from the virus due to an unprecedented rate of transmission and 282,700 have lost their lives because of the disease. In this context, medicinal plants may provide a way to treat the disease by targeting specific essential proteins of the virus. We screened about 51 medicinal plants and found that Tea (Camellia sinensis) and Haritaki (Terminalia chebula) has potential against SARS-COV-2 3CLpro , with an IC50 for Green Tea as 8.9 ± 0.5 µg/ml and Haritaki 8.8 ± 0.5 µg/ml. The in-silico studies suggested that Tea component Thearubigins binds to the cysteine 145 of protease active site and could be a pharmacoactive molecule. We predict that the inhibition in protease activity may be able to halt the SARS-CoV-2 replication cycle and therefore, we propose Green Tea, Black Tea, and Haritaki plant extracts as potential therapeutic candidates for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Further investigation on role of bioactive constituents of extracts is needed to establish the molecular basis of inhibition and towards expedited drug discovery.

Endothelial dysfunction is a crucial complication in type 2 diabetic patients, related to cardiovascular risk. Terminalia chebula (TC), a traditional ayurvedic herb, is known for its antioxidant and antihyperlipidemic activity. A prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of an aqueous extract of T. chebula 250 and 500 mg versus placebo on endothelial dysfunction and biomarkers of oxidative stress in type 2 diabetic patients. A total of 60 eligible patients were randomized to receive either T. chebula 250 mg, T. chebula 500 mg, or placebo twice daily for 12 weeks. The subjects were assessed based on the endothelial function, the levels of nitric oxide, malondialdehyde, glutathione, high sensitivity C-reactive protein, glycosylated hemoglobin, and lipid profile at baseline and after 12 weeks of treatment. Treatment with T. chebula 250 mg and T. chebula 500 mg for 12 weeks significantly improved the endothelial function (reflection index) compared to placebo (absolute changes: - T. chebula 250: -2.55 ± 1.82% vs. T. chebula 500: -5.21 ± 2.41% vs. placebo: 1.40 ± 2.11%). Other cardiovascular risk indicators were also significantly ameliorated in the treatment groups compared to placebo. In conclusion, T. chebula (especially, 500 mg BID dose) significantly minimized the cardiovascular risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes compared to placebo.

Fruits of Terminalia chebula Retz. (Combretaceae) are widely used as crude drugs in various traditional medicine systems. The aim of this article is to review the available scientific information regarding the traditional uses, bioactive chemical constituents and the pharmacological activities of T. chebula. Numerous researches conducted on T. chebula have confirmed the presence of wide range of the phytochemicals such as flavonoids, tannins, phenolic acids and other bioactive compounds. T. chebula is also widely studied regarding its pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, cytotoxic, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory activities among others. However, more in vivo and clinical studies for mechanism-based pharmacological evaluation should be conducted in future to provide stronger scientific evidences for their traditional uses.

The fruit of Terminalia chebula Retz., or Tibet Olive, is widely used as a food supplement in China. It possesses some natural antimicrobial properties; however, its chemical composition and antivirulence effects have not been identified. In this work, 29 compounds were identified from the peel of T. chebula fruit by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Both the extract of T. chebula and its phenolic acid, corilagin, showed antivirulent activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Specifically, they inhibited biofilm formation. The half maximal inhibitory concentration was 0.13 and 3.18 µg/mL for the extract and corilagin, respectively, whereas for α-hemolysin secretion, the respective concentrations were 30 and 10 µg/mL. Its mechanism of action may be due to reducing the transcription of genes related to quorum sensing. These genes included staphylococcal accessory regulator A, intercellular adhesion accessory gene regulator A, and RNAIII. These findings provide evidence that this food supplement could be an effective antivirulent with corilagin as its active ingredient. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Corilagin from the fruit of Terminalia chebula Retz. may be used as an antibacterial for its antivirulent activity against Staphylococcus aureus.

Chebulinic acid, an ellagitannin found in the fruits of Terminalia chebula, has been extensively used in traditional Indian system of medicine. It has shown to have various biological activities including antitumor activity. The present study aims to investigate the cytotoxic potential of chebulinic acid in human myeloid leukemia cells. Interestingly, chebulinic acid caused apoptosis of acute promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 and NB4 cells but not K562 cells. In vitro antitumor effects of chebulinic acid were investigated by using various acute myeloid leukemia cell lines. Chebulinic acid treatment to HL-60 and NB4 cells induced caspase activation, cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, DNA fragmentation, chromatin condensation, and changes in the mitochondrial membrane permeability. Additionally, inhibition of caspase activation drastically reduced the chebulinic acid-induced apoptosis of acute promyelocytic leukemia cells. Our data also demonstrate that chebulinic acid-induced apoptosis in HL-60 and NB4 cells involves activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases, which, when inhibited with ERK inhibitor PD98059, mitigates the chebulinic acid-induced apoptosis. Taken together, our findings exhibit the selective potentiation of chebulinic acid-induced apoptosis in acute promyelocytic leukemia cells. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

This study presents an efficient strategy for separation of three phenolic compounds with high molecular weight from the crude extract of Terminalia chebula Retz. by ultrasound-assisted extraction and high-speed counter-current chromatography. The ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions were optimized by response surface methodology and the results showed the target compounds could be well enriched under the optimized extraction conditions. Then the crude extract was directly separated by high-speed counter-current chromatography without any pretreatment using n-hexane/ethyl acetate/methanol/water (1:7:0.5:3, v/v/v/v) as the solvent system. In 180 min, 13 mg of A, 18 mg of B, and 9 mg of C were obtained from 200 mg of crude sample. Their structures were identified as Chebulagic acid (A, 954 Da), Chebulinic acid (B, 956 Da), and Ellagic acid (C) by H-1 NMR spectroscopy.

Angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE) plays an important role in blood pressure regulation. In this study, an ACE-hexapeptide inhibitor (Asp-Glu-Asn-Ser-Lys-Phe) designated as chebulin was produced from the fruit protein of Terminalia chebula Retz. by pepsin digestion, ultrafiltrated through a 3 KDa cut-off membrane, a reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, and nano-liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analysis. Chebulin was found to inhibit ACE in a noncompetitive manner, as supported by the structural model. It bounds to ACE by the hydrogen bond, hydrophobic and ionic interactions via the interactions of C-terminal Phe (Phe-6), and N-terminal residues (Asp-1 and Glu-2) with the amino acid residues on noncatalytic sites of the ACE. The results showed that chebulin derived from fruits of T. chebula Retz. is a potential ACE-peptide inhibitor that could be used as a functional food additive for the prevention of hypertension and as an alternative to ACE inhibitor drug.

This work was financially supported by grants from the National Research Council of Science and Technology (NST) by the Korean government (MSIP) (CRC-15-04-KIST, G15120, G16230, K16850 and K17850).

The thiazolidinedione (TZDs) class of drugs are very effective for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). But due to the adverse effects of synthetic TZDs, their use is strictly regulated. The therapeutic actions of TZDs are mediated via modulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). Naturally occurring PPARγ modulators are more desirable as they lack the serious adverse effects caused by TZDs. This has prompted the exploitation of medicinal plants used in traditional medicine, for their potential PPARγ activity. In the present work, we studied chebulagic acid (CHA) isolated from fruits of Terminalia chebula with respect to its effect on adipogenesis, glucose transport, and endocrine function of adipocyte. The mRNA expression profile of PPARγ target gene CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (C/EBP-α) was analyzed by qRT-PCR. The putative binding mode and the potential ligand-target interactions of CHA, with PPARγ was analyzed using docking software (Autodock and iGEMDOCKv2). The results showed that CHA enhances PPARγ signaling and adipogenesis dose dependently but in a moderate way, less than rosiglitazone. GLUT4 expression and adiponectin secretion was increased by CHA treatment. The mRNA expression of PPARγ target gene C/EBP-α was increased in CHA -treated adipocytes. The comparison of results of various parameters of adipogenesis, insulin sensitivity, endocrine function and molecular docking experiments of roziglitazone and chebulagic acid indicate that the latter behaves like partial PPARγ agonist which could be exploited for phytoceutical development against T2DM.

This study investigated the antimicrobial activities of Oriental medicinal plant extracts against four Shigella species, i.e., Shigella sonnei, Shigella flexneri, Shigella boydii and Shigella dysenteriae. Twelve Oriental medicinal plants were extracted with 80% ethanol. When the Rhus javanica extract was used at 0.01% concentration, 98.09% of the S. sonnei cells were injured. And S. boydii showed significantly different percentages of injured cells at 0.01% and 0.5% of R. javanica extracts, and S. dysenteriae at 0.01%, 0.1% and 0.5% concentrations of the extracts (P 48 h). However, the T. chebula extract used at the same concentration did not completely inhibit the growth and caused an increased lag time corresponding to 227.0% and 174.4% for S. flexneri and S. dysenteriae, respectively. Practical Applications Shigellosis results in at least 600,000 deaths worldwide each year. And in the U.S.A., it is a major bacteria involved in food poisoning, reported in 10,000–20,000 patients (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). In the present study, ethanol extracts of oriental medicinal plants were used as basic materials for controlling Shigella species, and there are potentials for medicinal plants, as a natural antimicrobial agent, to be used in the development of eco-friendly reduction technology on Shigella species.

Eleven decoctions, obtained from indian plants widely used in ayurvedic medicine, have been investigated as a possible source of molecules exhibiting biological activity on the interaction between DNA and NF-kB, a transcription factor involved in the expression of proinflammatory genes. Cystic fibrosis (CF) cell line stimulated by TNF-α has been used as inflammatory cellular model to determinate interleukin-8 (IL-8), one of the most relevant pro-inflammatory mediator in CF regulated by the NF-kB. The chemical characterization of these 11 decoctions by spectrophotometric analysis and NMR fingerprinting highlighted that sugars and polyphenols seemed to be the main compounds. Our results demonstrated that Azadirachta indica, Terminalia bellerica, Terminalia chebula, Hemidesmus indicus, Emblica officinalis and Swertia chirata are the most active decoctions in inhibiting NF-kB/DNA interactions by EMSA assay and in reducing pro-inflammatory IL- 8 expression in CF cells at IC50 concentrations by Real-Time and Bio-plex analyses. Finally, we observed the increase of all inhibitory activities with the rise of total polyphenols, procyanidins and flavonoids, except for the levels of IL-8 mRNA accumulation, that were as high as flavonoid content grown up by the statistical multivariate analyses. In conclusion, these six decoctions might be interesting to explore new anti-inflammatory treatments for diseases, such as CF. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

A double blind, randomized, controlled study with three parallel treatment groups was done to evaluate the efficacy of a Terminalia chebula 10% mouth rinse compared with chlorhexidine 0.12% mouth rinse, applied two times daily for 2 weeks, in the treatment of dental plaque and gingivitis. Seventy-eight patients were included in the study. The efficacy variables were periodontal indices on days 0, 7 and 14 after commencement of therapy. Twenty six patients received chlorhexidine mouth rinse, twenty six Terminalia chebula mouth rinse and twenty six received saline solution. The clinical parameters were significantly reduced by both chlorhexidine and Terminalia chebula mouth rinse although no significant difference was seen between the two groups (P > 0.05). This study demonstrated that Terminalia chebula mouth rinse is effective in reducing microbial plaque, gingival inflammation and neutralizing salivary pH. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose (PGG) occurrs in high concentrations in medicinal herbs such as Rhus chinensis, Paeonia suffruticosa, Acer truncatum and Terminalia chebula, which demonstrate anti-inflammatory activity. We investigated the effect of PGG on stimulated and non-stimulated neutrophils in processes which included reactive oxygen species generation (ROS), metalloproteinase-9 and interleukin-8 secretion (IL-8), β2 integrin (CD11b) and L-selectin (CD62L) expression and apoptosis. In concentrations of 5 μM–20 μM, PGG demonstrated statistically significant inhibition of ROS generation, IL-8 secretion and β2 integrin expression in stimulated neutrophils. The inhibition of L-selectin expression by PGG resulted in prevention in neutrophils’ endothelial attachment. The result obtained may explain the anti-inflammatory activity of this compound and underline the contribution of PGG in the activity of PGG rich plant extracts. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The antifungal, aflatoxin inhibitory and antioxidant activity of methanol–aqueous extract (2:1) of 62 medicinal plants was explored. Based on the antifungal results, the extracts of 25 plants showed more than 50% antifungal activity and were further investigated for their aflatoxin inhibition and antioxidant properties. Methanol–aqueous extracts of Phyllanthus emblica and Terminalia chebula fruits caused 100% inhibition of aflatoxin production by the toxigenic strain of Aspergillus flavus in semisynthetic medium at 1 mg/mL. In addition, P. emblica (IC50 = 4.1 µg/mL) and T. chebula (IC50 = 6.9 µg/mL) fruits extracts exhibited strong antioxidant activity during the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical-scavenging assay in comparison with butylated hydroxytoluene (IC50 = 8.1 µg/mL) and butylated hydroxyanisole (IC50 = 6 µg/mL). PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Based on the results of the present study, methanol–aqueous extracts of Phyllanthus emblica and Terminalia chebula, being endowed with strong antifungal, aflatoxin inhibitory and antioxidant activity, may be recommended as plant-based preservatives for the enhancement of shelf life of food items and their protection from the undesirable harmful effects of molds, aflatoxin and free radical-mediated damages.

Lipases play an important role in pathogenesis of acne by hydrolysing sebum triglycerides and releasing irritating free fatty acids in the pilosebaceous follicles. Lipase is a strong chemotactic and proinflammatory antigen. Therefore, lipase has generated a high interest as a pharmacological target for antiacne drugs. The aim of this study was to identify inhibitory effects of plant extracts on the lipase activity of Propionibacterium acnes. Colorimetric microassay was used to determine lipase activity. Extracts from Terminalia chebula and Embelia ribes showed lower IC(50) value (1 μg mL(-1) ) for lipase inhibition as compared to Vitex negundo and Picrorhiza kurroa (19 and 47 μg mL(-1) , respectively). The active component responsible for lipase inhibition was isolated. This study reports for the first time the novel antilipase activity of chebulagic acid (IC(50) : 60 μmol L(-1) ) with minimum inhibitory concentration value of 12.5 μg mL(-1) against P. acnes. The inhibitory potential of plant extracts was further confirmed by plate assay. The organism was grown in the presence of subinhibitory concentrations of extracts from P. kurroa, V. negundo, T. chebula, E. ribes and antibiotics such as clindamycin and tetracycline. Extract from T. chebula showed significant inhibition of lipase activity and number of P. acnes.

BACKGROUND: Persistent activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSC-T6) has been known to cause liver fibrosis. In this study, our objective was to investigate the effects of chebulagic acid and chebulinic acid, two hydrolysable tannins of tropical almond (Terminalia chebula) fruits, on collagen synthesis and signal transduction in transforming growth factor-β1-stimulated HSC-T6 cells. The expression of Smad2, Smad3, Smad4, collagen I(α1)/III, and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) mRNAs was determined by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and their protein levels were assessed by western blotting. RESULTS: Results showed that chebulagic acid and chebulinic acid at 20 µmol L−1 exhibited cytotoxic and anti-proliferative effects on HSC-T6 cells. They also significantly decreased the expression of Smd2, Smad3 and Smad4, and the synthesis of collagen, procollagen I (α1) and III, as well as suppressing the activation of PAI-1; these events consequently facilitated the resolution of fibrosis. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that both chebulagic acid and chebulinic acid possess antifibrotic activity, and their mechanism of action could be through the inhibition of the Smad pathway. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry

Synopsis The hydroglycolic (HG) extract from 70% propylene glycol (PG) extraction of myrobalan fruits showed the most appreciable antioxidant efficiency towards 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) in comparison to the extracts from 30, 50, 70 and 100% ethyl alcohol (EA), and 30, 50 and 100% PG . Its total polyphenols were also higher than others. The additional analysis of antioxidant power revealed that this HG extract was able to counteract the induced oxidation caused by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and 2,2′-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH). The quantification for the antioxidant capacity of the extract showed it was equivalent to 93.78 mg of 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethychroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox) g−1 by 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-suphonic acid) diammonium (ABTS) assay, and was 140.17 mg ascorbic acid (AA) equivalent g−1 and 107.50 mg Trolox equivalent g−1 by photochemiluminescence (PCL) assay. The incorporation of the HG myrobalan extract into lotion and sunscreen lotion rendered these products to provide the similar antioxidant power as the extract alone. Resume L’extrait hydro glycolique (HG) a 70% de propylene glycol (PG) de fruits du myrobolan a montre une efficacite antioxydante plus sensible grâce au 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) par rapport aux extraits a 30, 50, 70 et 100% en alcool ethylique (EA), et 30, 50 et100% PG. Ses poly phenols totaux etaient plus eleves que dans les autres extraits. Le complement d’analyse du pouvoir antioxydant a revele que cet extrait HG permet de neutraliser l’oxydation induite par le peroxyde d’hydrogene (H2O2) et le 2,2 ‘-azo bis (2-amidinopropane) (AAPH). L’estimation de la capacite antioxydante de l’extrait a montre qu’il etait equivalent a 93,78 mg de 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-acide tetramethychroman-2-carboxylique (Trolox) g−1 par dosage au 2,2 ‘-azino-bis (acide 3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-suphonic) diammonique (ABTS). Par photo chemi luminescence (PCL), il s’est reveleequivalent a 140,17 mg d’acide ascorbique (AA) g −1 et 107,50 mg Trolox equivalent g−1. L’incorporation de l’extrait HG myrobalan dans les cosmetiques et les produits solaires donne a ces produits un pouvoir antioxydant similaire a l’extrait seul.

The fruit of Terminalia chebula Retz. (T. chebula), which is a member of the Combfreetaceae family, is used widely in Asian countries as a traditional folk medicine, and its extract has been reported to be an anticancer, antidiabetic and anticaries agent. In our previous study, chebulic acid isolated from T. chebula extract was confirmed to show antioxidant activity and protective action against endothelial cell dysfunction. In order to support the safety-in-use of the ethyl acetate (EtOAc)-soluble portion of a T. chebula ethanol extract containing 29.4% chebulic acid content, the prepared portion was tested in an in vitro mutagenicity assay, and a single- and 14-day repeated dose oral toxicity study. In the bacterial mutation assay, up to 5000 µg/mL concentration of the EtOAc-soluble portion, the numbers of colonies did not increase whether with or without metabolic activation. In the oral toxicity study, the single oral dose of the extract at 2000 mg/kg did not produce mortality or abnormal lesions in the internal organs of rats. The results of a 14-day orally repeated dose showed that the EtOAc-soluble portion of T. chebula ethanol extracts gave no adverse effects at dosages of 2000 mg/kg in rats in the study. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Terminalia chebula (TC) is native to southern Asia to southwestern China and is used in traditional medicine for the treatment of human ailments including malignant tumors and diabetes. This plant also has antibacterial and immunomodulatory properties. Nuclear factor kappa-light chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) is responsible for the expression of numerous genes involved in cell survival, proliferation, angiogenesis, inflammation, invasion and metastasis, among other processes. This study aims to assess the NF-κB inhibitory effect of TC extract in human lymphoblastic T (Jurkat) cells. The effects of TC extract were investigated using the FRET-based Gene Blazer technique in transfected Jurkat-NF-κB-RE-bla cells. The concentration of TC extract required for NF-κB inhibition was determined by a cell proliferation assay. Treatment with TC extract (50 μg/mL) inhibited NF-κB activity and protected against IκBα degradation and strongly suppressed IκBα phosphorylation in Jurkat-NF-κB-RE-bla cells. This treatment might be crucial for inhibiting NF-κB translocation and activation. In addition, the TC extract downregulated certain NF-κB regulated genes, including IL-8 and MCP-1, in Jurkat-NF-κB-RE-bla cells. Moreover, gallic acid was identified from the TC extract demonstrating its ability to inhibit NF-κB activity in Jurkat-NF-κB-RE-bla cells. Further studies to identify the role of gallic acid in NF-κB inhibition may uncover the crucial antiinflammatory and antitumor properties of the TC extract.

Summary A study was conducted to evaluate some plant parts (already tested for their antimethanogenic activity in in vitro gas production test in the authors’ laboratory) as feed additive to combat methane emission from sheep. Sixteen male sheep with average body weight of 29.96 ± 1.69 kg (22 months of age) were divided into four groups in a randomized block design. The animals were fed on a diet containing forage to concentrate ratio of 1:1. The concentrate fraction composed (in parts) of maize grain, 32; wheat bran, 45; deoiled soybean meal, 20; mineral mixture, 2 and common salt, 1. The four treatments were control (without additive), seed pulp of Terminalia chebula (Harad), bulb of Allium sativum (Garlic) and a mixture (Mix) of the latter two in equal proportions at the rate of 1% of dry matter (DM) intake. There was no effect on DM intake due to the inclusion of these feed additives. The digestibilities of DM and organic matter tended to be higher (p

The hydroalcoholic extract of fruit pulp of Terminalia chebula Retz. was standardized and evaluated for its safety through cytochrome P450 (CYP 450) inhibition assay. Standardization was performed through high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) using gallic acid (GA) standard. Cytochrome P450-CO complex microplate assay was performed using rat liver microsomes. The effect of standardized extract, its fraction and bioactive marker compound were comparatively evaluated for its effect on CYP P450 enzymes.The extract of fruit pulp was used for HPTLC,where the Rf value of the marker was found to be 0.43.The calibration plot was linear in the range of 2–14 mg of GA and correlation co-efficient of 0.99965. The mean quantity of GA was found to be 2.5% w/w.The CYP P450 concentration of the rat liver microsome sample used in the study was found to be 0.417 nmol/mg protein.The in vitro effect of various concentrations of extracts and fractions showed a linear concentration-dependent inhibition of cytochrome P450 up to 60 mL. The study showed more inhibition of fraction when compared to the extract and GA. Still, the inhibition showed by fraction is less when compared with standard Ketoconazole. Thus, this study indicated the in vitro cytochrome P450 inhibition potential of T. Chebula.

Plant-based repellent formulations for honeybees play an important role in the bee management. For this purpose, the essential oil of an Indian medicinal plant, Terminalia chebula, commonly known as Myrobalan, was isolated for the first time. Hitherto unknown chemical constituents of the essential oil were determined by GC/MS. The repellent activity of formulations of the essential oil, tested towards the Indian honeybee Apis florea, was found to be dose dependent. The repellency (DeltaR) increased with the concentration of essential oil in the formulations, reaching a maximum for the formulation containing 50 mg/ml of oil. A further increase in the oil concentration was found to reduce the DeltaR. The screening of formulations of the major essential-oil components identified indicated that formulations of furfural, 5-methylfurfural, tetradecanoic acid, palmitic acid, and oleic acid elicited no response in honeybees. In contrast, the formulations of phenylacetaldehyde were repellent, while those of ethyl cinnamate were attractant. These findings might be an asset for beekeepers to improve the bee management. Attractant formulations are effective to attract bees to the desired areas, thus improving the efficiency of pollination. Repellent formulations are used to repel honeybees, especially when toxic insecticides are sprayed on the fields.

In this study, tannin extracted from Terminalia chebula (Aralu) was used to produce tannin–phenol–formaldehyde resins. They were produced to obtain resins with different tannin to phenol ratio in an attempt to optimize the ion exchange capacities of resins produced. The resins made were sulfonated to improve their properties further. Bivalent cations, such as Zn2+, Pb2+, Ca2+, Mg2+, and Cu2+, were used to estimate the adsorption properties of both unsulfonated and sulfonated resins. The glass transitions of representative resins were estimated using differential scanning calorimeter thermograms. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis was used to gauge changes on resins by sulfonation and adsorption of cations. The glass transition values of unsulfonated, sulfonated, and metal-adsorbed sulfonated resins showed a similar increasing trend with the increase of phenol content in the resin. The glass transition temperature values reach a plateau beyond the tannin/phenol ratio of 1 : 0.5, indicating the formation of large molar masses facilitating entanglements beyond that ratio. The phenol ratio of 1 : 0.5 has shown the highest adsorption capacity for all the metal ions used. The highest adsorption capacity was shown for sulfonated tannin–phenol–formaldehyde resin with the tannin/phenol ratio of 1 : 0.5 for Pb2+, which is 0.610 meq/g. The adsorption equilibrium data obtained using the column technique were found fitting Freundlich isotherm. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010

This study aimed to evaluate the free radical scavenging and inhibition properties of five medicinal plants, including Quercus infectoria Olive., Terminalia chebula Retz., Lavendula stoechas L., Mentha longifolia L., Rheum palmatum L., toward the activity of mushroom tyrosinase using L-tyrosine and L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) as the substrate.The methanol extracts of Q. infectoria and T. chebula showed strong radical scavenging effect in 2,2'-dipheny L-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay(IC50 = 15.3 and 82.2 microg mL)1 respectively).These plants also showed inhibitory effects against the activity of mushroom tyrosinase in hydroxylation of L-tyrosine (85.9% and 82.2% inhibition,respectively). These two plants also inhibited the oxidation of l-DOPA similar to kojic acid as positive control (IC50 = 102.8 and 192.6 microg mL)1 respectively). In general Q. infectoria and T. chebula significantly inhibited tyrosinase activity and DPPH radical. Both activities were concentration dependant but not in linear manner. It is needed to study the cytotoxicity of these plant extracts in pigment cell culture before further evaluation and moving to in vivo conditions.

We evaluated the preventive effects of Terminalia chebula (T. chebula) aqueous extract on oxidative and antioxidative status in liver and kidney of aged rats compared to young albino rats. The concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA), lipofuscin (LF), protein carbonyls (PCO), activities of xantione oxidase (XO), manganese-superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), levels of glutathione (GSH), vitamin C and vitamin E were used as biomarkers. In the liver and kidney of aged animals, enhanced oxidative stress was accompanied by compromised antioxidant defences. Administration of aqueous extract of T. cheubla effectively modulated oxidative stress and enhanced antioxidant status in the liver and kidney of aged rats. The results of the present study demonstrate that aqueous extract of T. cheubla inhibits the development of age-induced damages by protecting against oxidative stress. Copyright # 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Triphala is an anti-oxidant-rich herbal formulation containing fruits of Emblica officinalis, Terminalia chebula and T. belerica in equal proportions. The preparation is frequently used in Ayurvedic medicine to treat diseases such as anaemia, jaundice, constipation, asthma, fever and chronic ulcers. Anti-mutagenic effects of the polyphenolic fractions isolated from Triphala have been reported, thus indicating that the phenols present in the formulation might be responsible for its therapeutic efficacy. A simple high-performance liquid chromatography method for the separation and quantitative determination of the major antioxidant polyphenols from Triphala has been developed. The use of an RP18 column with an acidic mobile phase enabled the efficient separation of gallic acid, tannic acid, syringic acid and epicatechin along with ascorbic acid within a 20 min analysis. Validation of the method was performed in order to demonstrate its selectivity, linearity, precision, accuracy and robustness. In addition, optimisation of the complete extraction of phenolic compounds was also studied.

The central role of collagen as the major structural fibrous protein in the mammalian extracellular matrix has motivated a significant effort toward the determi- nation of its mechanical properties at all levels, ranging from single monomers and long-chain polymers to a structural element within a biological tissue. However, the stabiliza- tion of collagen against collagenolytic degradation finds sig- nificance in biomedical and industrial applications. Tannins are plant-derived polyphenols that have the ability to inhibit the collagenase activity at minimum concentration. The in- hibitory effect of wattle (Acacia mollissima) and myrobalan (Terminalia chebula) on the action of collagenase against colla- gen was probed in this study. The kinetics of the inhibition of collagenase by wattle and myrobalan was deduced from the extent of hydrolysis of 2-furanacryloyl-L-leucyl-glycyl- L-prolyl-L-alanine. Both wattle and myrobalan tannin exhib- ited competitive modes of inhibition against collagenase. Circular dichroism studies of collagenase on treatment with wattle and myrobalan revealed changes in the secondary structure of collagenase. These results suggest that the tan- nins of A. mollissima and T. chebula extracts facilitated colla- gen stabilization through collagenase inhibition. 2007

As a chromatographic column, the high-speed counter-current chromatography system was equipped with a preparative HPLC series, enabling the successful isolation of hydrolysable tannins from the fruits of Terminalia chebula, a traditional Chinese medicine. The two-phase solvent system was composed of n-hexane-ethyl acetate-methanol-water (1:20:1:20 v/v). As a result, 33.2 mg chebulagic and 15.8 mg chebulinic acids were obtained in one step from 300 mg of crude extract. Their purities were determined by HPLC to be 95.3 and 96.1%, respectively. The chemical structures were identified by their MS and 1H NMR spectra.

This paper represents a simple method for preparing and characterizing of low-cost ion exchangers of sulfonated carbon prepared from Terminalia Chebula-Retz., (family–combretaceae) as a source of cheap plant material blended with phenol-formaldehyde as a crosslinking agent. The prepared ion exchange resins (IERs) are characterized by infrared (IR) spectral and thermal studies. All the important physicochemical properties of the ion exchangers have been determined. The synthesized resins have cation exchange capacity upto 1.84 mmol g−1. The rational thermodynamic equilibrium constant (ln K) are calculated for H+ and Zn2+ exchanges on the resin having various amount of sulfonated Terminalia Chebula Retz. carbon (STCC). The thermodynamic parameters were calculated, and suitable explanations are given. It is concluded from the present study that PFR sample could be blended with 20% (w/w) of STCC, without affecting its physicochemical, spectral, and thermal properties. Hence blending with STCC will definitely lower the cost of the ion exchange resin. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 4104–4113, 2006

A RP-HPLC method for determining fourteen components (gallic acid, chebulic acid, 1,6-di-O-galloyl-D-glucose, punicalagin, 3,4,6-tri-O-galloyl-D-glucose, casuarinin, chebulanin, corilagin, neochebulinic acid, terchebulin, ellagic acid, chebulagic acid, chebulinic acid, and 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-D-glucose) in the fruit of Terminalia chebula Retz. is described. The separation was achieved within 80 min using a binary gradient with mobile phases consisting of a pH 2.7 phosphoric acid solution and an 80% CH3CN solution. Capillary electrophoretic analyses were also attempted, and it was found that CZE (25 mM Na2B4O7, 5 mM NaH2PO4, pH 7.0) was an efficient method for the separation of gallotannins, while an MEKC method (25 mM Na2B4O7, 5 mM NaH2PO4, 20 mM SDS, pH 7.0, and 10% acetonitrile) provided a better separation for most of the tannins examined. The HPLC and CE methods developed were both successfully applied to the assay of tannins in commercial samples of Chebulae Fructus.

The effects of topical administration of an alcohol extract of the leaves of an evergreen plant, Terminalia chebula, on the healing of rat dermal wounds, in vivo, was assessed. T. chebula treated wounds healed much faster as indicated by improved rates of contraction and a decreased period of epithelialization. Biochemical studies revealed a significant increase in total protein, DNA and collagen contents in the granulation tissues of treated wounds. The levels of hexosamine and uronic acid in these tissues, also increased upto day 8 post-wounding. Reduced lipid peroxide levels in treated wounds, as well as ESR measurement of antioxidant activity by DPPH radical quenching, suggested that T. chebula possessed antioxidant activities. The tensile strength of tissues from extract-treated incision wounds increased by about 40%. In addition, T. chebula possessed antimicrobial activity and was active largely against Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella. These results strongly document the beneficial effects of T. chebula in the acceleration of the healing process.

We have screened natural plants against formation of advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs), and selected yellow myrobalan (Terminalia chebula), Asiatic plantain (Plantago asiatica L.) and seaweed f...

Plants from all over the world such as Eleutherococcus senticosus, Panax ginseng, Raponticum carthamoides, Rhodiola rosea, Withania somnifera and Ocimum sanctum have been extensively evaluated for their adaptogenic potential. However, none of them has been successfully introduced as an adaptogen in the clinic. This paper discusses some of the problems in evaluation of adaptogens which have precluded their inclusion as clinically useful drugs. We further discuss our results with six rasayana plants from Ayurveda, which were studied for their adaptogenic potential. The whole, aqueous, standardized extracts of selected plants (Tinospora cordifolia, Asparagus racemosus, Emblica officinalis, Withania somnifera, Piper longum and Terminalia chebula) were administered orally to experimental animals, in a dose extrapolated from the human dose, following which they were exposed to a variety of biological, physical and chemical stressors. These plants were found to offer protection against these stressors, as judged by using markers of stress responses and objective parameters for stress manifestations. Using a model of cisplatin induced alterations in gastrointestinal motility, the ability of these plants to exert a normalizing effect, irrespective of direction of pathological change was tested. All the plants reversed the effects of cisplatin on gastric emptying, while Tinospora cordifolia and Asparagus racemosus also normalized cisplatin induced intestinal hypermotility. Tinospora cordifolia was also tested for its ability to modulate the changes occurring in the phagocytic activity of peritoneal macrophages after exposure of rats to either carbon tetrachloride or horse serum. It was found to normalize the phagocytic function irrespective to the direction of change, complying to the definition of an adaptogen. All the plant drugs were found to be safe in both acute and subacute toxicity studies. Studies on the mechanisms of action of the plants revealed that they all produced immunostimulation. The protection offered by Tinospora cordifolia against stress induced gastric mucosal damage was lost if macrophage activity was blocked. Emblica officinalis strengthened the defence mechanisms against free radical damage induced during stress. The effect of Emblica officinalis appeared to depend on the ability of target tissues to synthesize prostaglandins. Recent data obtained with Tinospora cordifolia suggest that it may induce genotypic adaptation, further opening the arena for more research and experimentation.

Methanol aqueous extracts of 100 plants were screened for anti-oxidative activity using Fenton's reagent/ethyl linoleate system and for free radical scavenging activity using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl free radical generating system. The results suggest that 14 plants - Alpinia officinarum, Areca catechu, Brassica alba, Cannabis sativa, Curcuma longa, Curcuma aromatica, Eugenia caryophyllata, Evodia officinalis, Paeonia suffruticosa, Rhaphanus sativus, Rheum palmatum, Rhus verniciflua, Trapa bispinosa, Zanthoxylum piperitum - may be potential sources of anti-oxidants. Eight plants - Citrus aurantium, Cornus officinalis, Gleditsia japonica, Lindera strychnifolia, Phragmites communis, Prunus mume, Schizandra chinensis, Terminalia chebula - may be the potential source of free radical scavengers from natural plant.

Aqueous extracts of 75 different traditional medicines, currently used for the treatment of various human diseases in China, Japan and Indonesia, were screened for possible inhibitory activity against HIV-1 protease using fluorogenic assay. Forty extracts exhibited inhibitory activity at a concentration of 250 μg/mL, and 18 of them inhibited HIV-1 protease activity by more than 70%. Among the extracts examined, Belamcanda chinensis, Magnolia fargesii, Paeonia suffruticosa, Phellodendron amurense and Terminalia chebula were also effective at a concentration of 25 μg/mL in the fluorogenic assay.

In this study, twenty-eight South Indian medicinal plants were screened for their anti-fungal activity against six species of fungi (Trichophyton mentagrophytes, T. rubrum, T. soudanense, Candida albicans, Torulopsis glabrata, and C. krusei). Three plant species extracts, Celastrus paniculatus, Eriodendron anfractuosum and Ficus glomerata showed inhibitory activity. An aqueous extract of galls of Terminalia chebula showed inhibitory effects on three dermatophytes (Trichophyton spp.) and three yeasts (Candida spp.). Seeds extract of T. chebula inhibited only the growth of T. glabrata. An aqueous extract of T. chebula showed inhibitory effects higher than those measured in ethanol extracts. It is therefore suggested that tannins are plausible candidates for the anti-dermatophytic effects of T. chebula. Chebulinic acid, a known tannin of T. chebula was tested and found not inhibitory, thus a search for the active compound is needed.

Evidences are presented for the structures of two new compounds namely, 5,7,2'-tri-O-methylflavanone-4'-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1→3)-β-D-glucopyranoside 1 and 2a, 19a-dihydroxy-3-oxo-12-en-28-oic acid-28-oic acid-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-glucopyranoside 2 isolated from the stem bark of Terminalia chebula which are obtained along with known substances β-amyrin, lupeol and friedelin. Compound 1 displays antifungal activity while compound 2 exhibit both antifungal and antifeedant activities.

Terminalia chebula, Retz seed oil belonging to the Combretaceae plant family, was found to contain 12-hydroxyoctadec-cis-9-enoic acid (20.5% of the total silylated methyl esters) previously hitherto unknown in the Terminalia genera. The identification and characterisation was based on thin-layer chromatography, ga:-liquid chromatography, and ultraviolet, infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectral analysis, and chemical degradations.

In vitro studies of water extracts of plants such as Terminalia chebula, Punica granatum, Delonix regia and Emblica officinalis were found to be detrimental to test dermatophytes.