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Prenatal overnutrition affects development into adulthood and influences risk of obesity. We assessed the transgenerational effect of maternal Western diet (WD) consumption on offspring physical activity. Voluntary wheel running was increased in juvenile (4-7 wk of age), but decreased in adult (16-19 wk of age), F1 female WD offspring In contrast, no wheel-running differences in F1 male offspring were observed. Increased wheel running in juvenile female WD offspring was associated with up-regulated dopamine receptor (DRD)-1 and -2 in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and with down-regulated Lepr in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). Conversely, decreased wheel running by adult female WD offspring was associated with down-regulated DRD1 in the NAc and with up-regulated Lepr in the VTA. Body fat, leptin, and insulin were increased in male, but not in female, F1 WD offspring. Recombinant virus (rAAV) leptin antagonism in the VTA decreased wheel running in standard diet but not in WD F1 female offspring. Analysis of F2 offspring found no differences in wheel running or adiposity in male or female offspring, suggesting that changes in the F1 generation were related to in utero somatic reprogramming. Our findings indicate prenatal WD exposure leads to age-specific changes in voluntary physical activity in female offspring that are differentially influenced by VTA leptin antagonism.-Ruegsegger, G. N., Grigsby, K. B., Kelty, T. J., Zidon, T. M., Childs, T. E., Vieira-Potter, V. J., Klinkebiel, D. L., Matheny, M., Scarpace, P. J., Booth, F. W. Maternal Western diet age-specifically alters female offspring voluntary physical activity and dopamine- and leptin-related gene expression.

593 Membrane introduction mass spectrometry (MIMS) is a state-of-the-art technique that combines the quick separation of volatile analytes from complex matrices using selective membranes with the precision offered by mass spectrometry (MS) on chemical identification and quantification [1]. Compared with gas or liquid chromatography (GC or LC) traditionally used in front of MS, the membrane separation technique has the advantages of being both simple, which minimizes sample preparation, and rapid, which makes real-time monitoring possible [2]. The use of a mass spectrometer as the detector also makes MIMS less subject to analytical interference, a frequent limitation of non-MS-based techniques such as calorimetry [3,4]. In comparison to the long history of MIMS development [5], its application to understanding drinking water disinfection has been a fairly recent endeavor (cf. Table 27.1). Disinfection is an important process in drinking water treatment that controls waterborne diseases by killing or inactivating pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, and protozoa [6]. In addition to inactivating pathogens, disinfectants can also react with trace-level organic matter, which is always present in water, to produce a variety of organic and inorganic disinfection by-products (DBPs), many of which have potential adverse, chronic health effects as a result of long-term exposure [7]. Understanding disinfectant speciation and DBP formation is an area of intensive research. Many common disinfectants and DBPs are either gaseous or volatile; therefore, they can be readily measured by MIMS. Although MIMS has attracted much attention because of the aforementioned advantages over traditional analytical techniques for both disinfectants and DBPs [8], its use has so far been restricted to the cognoscenti of the research field. In this chapter, we present the protocols for implementing MIMS with the intention of expanding its access to a greater community of interested users. We focus our discussion on MIMS instruments using capillary membrane introduction probes [9], which have been the choice for water disinfection applications. More comprehensive reviews of MIMS development and applications are available in the literature [1,10].

Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is an endocrine hormone known to enhance adipocyte metabolism via "browning" of white adipose tissue (WAT) and activation of brown adipose tissue (BAT). Exercise...

We examined differential treatment of siblings (maternal involvement, discipline, children's chores) in 2 contexts: families with and without a disabled child. Further, we assessed the connections between differential treatment and both children's adjustment and sibling relationships. Subjects were 62 children, 8–14 years old, half with younger disabled siblings and half with younger nondisabled siblings. In home interviews children rated their adjustment and sibling relations, and mothers reported on discipline strategies used with each child. In 7 nightly phone interviews, mothers recalled durations of specific activities with each child and each child's chores during that day. Analyses revealed greater levels of differential treatment in families with disabled children but no context differences in the correlations between older and younger siblings' treatment. Dimensions of differential treatment were linked to children's adjustment and sibling relationships, and some of these links differed across context.

The kinetics and mechanism of Fe(III) reduction to Fe(II) were studied in pure batch cultures of Pseudomonas sp. 200. The rate of iron reduction has been mechanistically related to aqueous phase iron speciation. In the absence of microbial activity the iron reduction rate was negligible. Initial rates of microbial iron reduction were accelerated more than 20-fold by the addition of equimolar quantities of nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) to media initially containing 1.86 × 10^(−3)M total Fe(III). Numerical techniques were utilized to quantify relationships between the observed rate of Fe(II) production and the calculated (equilibrium) aqueous phase speciation. These results indicate that soluble ferric iron species are not equivalent in terms of their susceptibility to bacterial (dissimilative) iron reduction. The concentration of Fe(NTA)(OH)math image correlated strongly with observed iron reduction rates. Ferrous iron species appeared to inhibit the reduction process.

Die spontane Hydrolyse des Epoxids (Ib) ergibt nur wenig cis- und trans-Diol (IIb) und (IIIb), sondern hauptsachlich das Keton (IVb), wahrend (Ia) quantitativ in das Diol (IIIa) ubergeht.