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The fundamental roles of nucleoside triphosphates and nucleotide cofactors such as NAD(+) in biochemistry are well known. In recent decades, continuing research has revealed the key role of 5'-capped RNA and 5',5'-dinucleoside polyphosphates in the regulation of vitally important physiological processes. Last but not least, the commercial potential of nucleoside triphosphate synthesis can hardly be overestimated. Nevertheless, despite decades of investigation and the obvious topicality of the research on the chemical synthesis of the nucleotide compounds containing phosphate anhydride linkages, none of the existing procedures can be considered an up-to-date "gold standard". However, there are a number of fruitful synthetic approaches to forming phosphate anhydride linkages in satisfactory yield. These are summarized in this concise review, organized by the type of active phosphorous intermediate and reagents used.

The fundamental roles of nucleoside triphosphates and nucleotide cofactors such as NAD(+) in biochemistry are well known. In recent decades, continuing research has revealed the key role of 5'-capped RNA and 5',5'-dinucleoside polyphosphates in the regulation of vitally important physiological processes. Last but not least, the commercial potential of nucleoside triphosphate synthesis can hardly be overestimated. Nevertheless, despite decades of investigation and the obvious topicality of the research on the chemical synthesis of the nucleotide compounds containing phosphate anhydride linkages, none of the existing procedures can be considered an up-to-date "gold standard". However, there are a number of fruitful synthetic approaches to forming phosphate anhydride linkages in satisfactory yield. These are summarized in this concise review, organized by the type of active phosphorous intermediate and reagents used.

Advances in the synthesis of oligo(deoxy)ribonu- Advances in the synthesis of oligo(deoxy)ribonu- cleotide analogues and nucleic acid mimetics made in the cleotide analogues and nucleic acid mimetics made in the last decade are summarized. Attention is focused on new last decade are summarized. Attention is focused on new methods for the synthesis of derivatives with a modified methods for the synthesis of derivatives with a modified ribose-phosphate backbone (phosphorothioate, borano- ribose-phosphate backbone (phosphorothioate, borano- phosphate, and nucleoside phosphonate derivatives) and phosphate, and nucleoside phosphonate derivatives) and derivatives devoid of the phosphate group. Among nucleic derivatives devoid of the phosphate group. Among nucleic acid mimetics, conformationally restricted modified peptide acid mimetics, conformationally restricted modified peptide nucleic acids, including those bearing a negative or positive nucleic acids, including those bearing a negative or positive charge, and morpholino oligomers are considered. Advan- charge, and morpholino oligomers are considered. Advan- tages and drawbacks of the main types of analogues as tages and drawbacks of the main types of analogues as regards the complexity of the synthesis and the possibility of regards the complexity of the synthesis and the possibility of their application as antisense agents or reagents for hybrid- their application as antisense agents or reagents for hybrid- ization analysis are compared. The bibliography includes ization analysis are compared. The bibliography includes 282 references 282 references..

The derivatives of oligonucleotides with carboxysubstituted porphyrins and phthalocyanins, Fe(III)hematoporphyrin, Pd(II)coproporphyrin I and Co(II)tetracarboxyphthalocyanin, were synthesized using the common approach.