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Great Britain established the new colony of South Australia (SA) in 1834, and migration from Britain to the colony began in 1836. After seven turbulent years, the discovery of two large deposits of copper at Kapunda (1843–4) and Burra (1844–5) renewed the colony’s economic prospects. Over the 1845–50 period, SA supplied roughly 9 per cent of the world’s copper production. Immigration to SA from Britain soared, with the colony’s population more than tripling between 1844 and 1851. We use the Beine–Coulombe–Vermeulen model of an economy with a booming resource sector to frame our empirical investigation of the boom’s effects on the export of other traded goods and worker living standards. Using newly developed SA wage and price series for this period, we find that immigration mitigated and offset some Dutch disease effects: there were just modest increases in SA living standards, increases in the export of wool and wheat, and a larger share in production for non‐traded goods. Finally, we conclude that the decision by Governor Grey to force broad ownership of the ‘monster’ Burra mine and the use of revenues from land sales to subsidise immigration helped SA avoid the corruption and rent‐seeking associated with other resource booms.

We examine the formation of property rights in land during the early settlement by the Dutch of the Cape Colony at the southern tip of Africa. After its founding in 1652 as a provisioning outpost for ships of the Dutch East India Company (VOC), the colonial government promoted settlement initially by granting land with well‐specified and enforced property rights in restricted zones near Cape Town. By 1714 it transitioned to accommodate rapidly expanding settlement by creating a weaker form of property rights, the loan farm, which was imprecisely defined and had limited government enforcement. We develop a profit‐maximizing monopsony model to explain the VOC's choice to transition from the better‐specified land grant to the less well‐specified loan farm. We conclude that the decline in the population size and ability of the Khoikhoi, the Cape's original inhabitants, to organize effective resistance to the Dutch invasion was critical to the transition, as it lowered the costs of private enforcement of settlers’ territorial claims. The choice of property rights thus enabled and encouraged the rapid taking by European settlers of the western Cape of Africa for the expansion of the Dutch colony's pastoral economy.

Teams in Japan's two professional baseball leagues began to add foreign players in the early 1950s, with the average number per team reaching 5.79 in 2004. This was primarily because foreign hitters outperformed Japanese hitters. Hazard analysis shows that a poorly performing team was more likely to hire its first Caucasian and African American players earlier than a successful team. Econometric analysis of team use of foreign players over 45 seasons (1960–2004) shows that losing Central League teams used foreign players more often in following season(s), whereas past success of Pacific League teams did not affect their use of foreign players.

Approved Destination Status (ADS) agreements facilitate international leisure travel by Chinese citizens, allowing authorized travel agencies to offer group tour arrangements, including visa applications. The number of destinations with ADS agreements increased from 2 in 1983 to 114 in 2012. Using panel data for Chinese visitor arrivals in 58 countries from 1985 to 2005, we estimate a semi-parametric matched difference-in-differences model of the impact of ADS on overseas departures from mainland China. Treatment with ADS increased Chinese visitor arrivals in the 3-year period following ADS designation by more than 10 percent annually, with results varying substantially across countries.

We review the evolution of modern Chinese intellectual property right (IPR) laws and enforcement and explore economic and political forces involved in international conflicts over Chinese IPR protection. Our analysis considers why the US and China moved from conflict to cooperation over intellectual property rights. Structural and institutional aspects of the political economy of IPRs within each country are considered, and data on Chinese-US trade in intellectual property-intensive goods are examined. We conclude that although enforcement of IPRs within China continues to be relatively weak, Chinese IPR institutions are converging on those in the OECD nations.

I. INTRODUCTION Since Rottenberg's [1956] classic analysis of baseball's reserve clause, economists have been interested in whether the rules for initially allocating players among major league baseball (MLB) teams affect their final allocation. El Hodiri and Quirk [1971] formalized Rottenberg's analysis of player allocation rules for a sports league in which each team independently maximizes its profits within the league's institutional constraints,(1) Consider the effect of a player draft regime and an open-bidding regime on the allocation of new players (often called "rookies"). If a player draft allows team A to claim initially a particular new player and that player would generate a higher marginal product with team B, then the two teams have incentives to make an exchange and send the player to team B. Alternatively, under an open-bidding regime, the new player signs with the team presenting the highest offer, i.e., team B with which he generates the highest marginal product. Assuming that transaction costs of exchanging players are zero, El Hodiri and Quirk showed that the final allocation of players across teams will be the same in both regimes. This result, that the final allocation of players does not depend on the rules governing the initial allocation of players, is baseball's version of the Coase Theorem. Following Coase's [1960] analysis, this "invariance" result vanishes if there are obstacles to exchanging players after the initial allocation. In an open-bidding regime players are initially allocated to the team with which they have the highest marginal product, thereby eliminating the need for player exchanges. Since the best players are likely to generate the highest marginal product with teams in cities that have a high demand for winning games, in an open bidding regime these teams are likely to have higher winning percentages and win more championships than other teams.(2) By contrast, in a draft regime, the best players are often initially allocated to a team located in a city with a low demand for winning games. If there are obstacles to player exchange, then players will be allocated more evenly across teams under a draft regime and "competitive balance" should improve both within a given season and over time.(3) Empirical studies have used performance data from North American MLB to analyze whether changes in the rules for allocating rookies among teams affect competitive balance. Fort and Quirk's [1995] recent study found that MLB's change in 1965 from an open-bidding to a draft regime for allocating new players increased competitive balance in the American League and had little effect on competitive balance in the National League. The power of statistical tests conducted with the MLB data is, however, severely limited due to the small number of observations from the draft regime period. This article uses a larger data set from Japanese baseball to examine the same rule change that economists have analyzed for MLB. Remarkable as it may seem, the Japanese Professional Baseball League (JPBL) adopted the same rule change (from an open-bidding to a draft regime for rookies) in the same year, 1965, as major league baseball. Our goal is to examine how the rule change in the JPBL affected competitive balance in its two Leagues and to compare the outcomes of these two remarkably similar experiments set in two very different cultures. II. STUDIES OF NORTH AMERICAN MLB AND JAPANESE JPBL Daly and Moore [1981] compared player allocation in the two regimes for allocating rookies by examining MLB's 1965 switch from an open-bidding to a draft regime. They used pre- and post-1965 performance data from the American and National Leagues to examine several measures of competitive balance. In the post-1965 draft regime, they found substantially more competitive balance in the American League and somewhat more competitive balance in the National League. Using different tests for competitive balance, Fort and Quirk [1995, 1,282-86] also found evidence for more competitive balance in the American League but found no change in competitive balance in the National League. …

This paper explores recent theory and evidence regarding increased protection of intellectual property rights (ZPRs) in Asia. Knowledge has significant public good aspects making optimal provision a problem of trading off universal access against adequate incentives for R&D. Given the ease of evasion of IPR relative to tariffs, attempts to push low and middleincome countries to higher levels of protection may be against their national interests. The Uruguay Round may encounter less than enthusiastic enforcement. Further efforts to refine IPR protection might usefully be focused on flexibility instead of harmonisation.

In 1975 Japan expanded the scope of its patent law by introducing product patents for newly developed chemical and pharmaceutical products. We use rate-of-return data from the Tokyo Stock Exchange for Japanese pharmaceutical companies to examine the impact of the change in the patent law. Our empirical findings indicate that the passage of the new patent law induced an excess return of approximately 26 percent to a portfolio of large pharmaceutical companies. Companies with R&D programs specializing in new product development experienced large gains, while companies with R&D programs specializing in imitative process patents experienced no gains.

Most studies of racial discrimination concentrate on identifying the existence rather than the source of discrimination. In contrast, this paper tests directly for racial discrimination by major league baseball customers by examining the market for baseball cards. In Tobit regressions, the market prices of cards consistently reflect player performance records and other demand variables. When interactive race-productivity variables are included in the models, a significant and complex pattern of fan discrimination against black pitchers and black hitters is found. Discrimination against latin players is not found.

The distribution of digoxin in the myocardium, skeletal muscle, erythrocytes, and plasma (or serum) was studied in 19 infants. There was a linear relationship between myocardium and serum concentrations and no saturation was observed over the serum concentration range of 0.5-8.6 ng/ml. Myocardium uptake of digoxin was nearly twice as great in infants as in adults at any given serum concentration. Erythrocyte: plasma concentration ratios of digoxin were one-third smaller during digitalization than during maintenance digoxin therapy. The latter ratios were also three times greater in infants than found previously in adults. Their findings are consistent with a greater apparent volume of distribution of digoxin in infants and may partly explain the unusually large therapeutic doses needed in infants.