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Anemia, a frequent complication of chronic kidney disease, is most commonly treated with recombinant human erythropoiesis-stimulating agents. Oral administration of GSK1278863, a prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor, results in the accumulation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α, and stimulates erythropoiesis by triggering the pathways involved in innate hypoxia. In vitro biotransformation data indicate that GSK1278863 is primarily metabolized by CYP2C8. This study assessed the pharmacokinetics of single-dose (100 mg) GSK1278863 administered alone, or co-administered with a high-fat/high-calorie meal or steady-state gemfibrozil (a strong CYP2C8 and OATP1B1 inhibitor). Co-administration of single-dose 100 mg GSK1278863 with a high-fat/high-calorie meal did not significantly affect the plasma exposure of GSK1278863 or its 6 predominant metabolites. Co-administration of GSK1278863 with steady-state gemfibrozil resulted in an 18.6-fold increase in the area under the curve from time 0 to infinity (AUC(0-∞) ) of GSK1278863. Additionally, the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax ) and terminal elimination half-life increased 3.92- and 3.70-fold, respectively. The appearance of metabolites was delayed, and their Cmax and AUC(0-∞) were reduced by at least 90% and 62%, respectively. These findings indicate that GSK1278863 can be safely administered without regard to food. Until further studies with weaker CYP2C8 inhibitors are conducted, co-administration of GSK1278863 with CYP2C8 inhibitors should be avoided., (© 2013, The American College of Clinical Pharmacology.)