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Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a leading form of inherited intellectual disability and single-gene cause of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and is characterized by core deficits in cognitive flexibility, sensory sensitivity, emotion, and social interactions. Motor deficits are a shared feature of FXS and autism. The cerebellum has emerged as one of the target brain areas affected by neurodevelopmental diseases. Alterations in the cerebellar structure, circuits, and function may be the key drivers of impaired fine and gross motor skills in FXS and fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS). In this review, we briefly examined recent findings in FXS and present a discussion on the literature supporting motor skill deficits in FXS. Subsequently, we focused on neuropathological alterations in the cerebellum in FXS and FXTAS. We highlight studies that have directly examined the function of fragile X mental retardation protein and related epigenetic variations in the cerebellum. Overall, we obtained considerable supporting evidence for the hypothesis that cerebellar dysfunction is evident in FXS and FXTAS; however, compared with studies on other ASD models, studies on motor skills related to fragile X disorders are particularly rare and inconclusive. Hence, future research should address FXS-related motor and behavioral trajectories and examine the underlying mechanisms at both the cell and circuit levels.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines have proven to be safe, effective and life-saving. However, little information is available on the neurological complications of COVID-19 vaccine. Here, we report a case who developed acute encephalomyelitis 1 week after being vaccinated with AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine (AZ vaccine). Autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (ASIA) was also suspected. After intravenous dexamethasone and subcutaneous fondaparinux therapy, he returned to normal life without neurological sequelae. Four months later, he received Moderna COVID-19 vaccine without any sequelae.

Amantadine, an antiviral drug, has been widely used in human anti-influenza treatments. However, several highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses show amantadine-resistance mutations in the viral matrix 2 (M2) protein. Here we analyzed global H5N1 sequencing data and calculate possible correlations between frequencies of key mutations in M2 and the mortality rates. We found that the frequency of L26I/V27A mutation in M2 (isolated from both human and avian hosts) is linearly correlated with the mortality rates of human H5N1 infections. The significant correlation between M2 mutations in avians and the mortality rates in humans suggests that the pre-existence of L26I/V27A in birds may determine patient fatalities after transinfections from avian to human hosts. 100% prevalence of L26I/V27A mutation increased the mortality rates from 51% (95% confidence interval [CI] 37%-65%) to 89% (95% CI 88%-90%). Mutations involving Leu26 or Val27 were identified to be the major mutations emerging from drug selection pressure. Thus the emergence of the super H5N1 virus with a fatality of over 90% may be attributed to the abuse of amantadine in poultry, especially in some southeast Asian countries. A more stringent control to antiviral veterinary drugs is imperative.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the deadliest malignant tumors of the human digestive system. Due to its insidious onset, many patients have already lost the opportunity for radical resection upon tumor diagnosis. In recent years, neoadjuvant treatment for patients with borderline resectable PDAC has been recommended by multiple guidelines to increase the resection rate of radical surgery and improve the postoperative survival. However, further developments are required to accurately assess the tumor response to neoadjuvant therapy and to select the population suitable for such treatment. Reductions in drug toxicity and the number of neoadjuvant cycles are also critical. At present, the clinical evaluation of neoadjuvant treatment is mainly based on several serological and imaging indicators; however, the unique characteristics of PDAC and the insufficient sensitivity and specificity of the markers render this system ineffective. The imaging evaluation system, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), has its own unique imaging advantages compared with computed tomography (CT) and other imaging examinations. One key advantage is the ability to reflect the changes more rapidly in tumor tissue components, such as the degree of fibrosis, microvessel density, and tissue hypoxia. It can also perform multiparameter quantitative analysis of tumor tissue and changes, attributing to its increasingly important role in imaging evaluation, and potentially the evaluation of neoadjuvant treatment of pancreatic cancer, as several current articles have studied. At the same time, owing to the complexity of MRI and some of its limitations, its wider application is limited. Compared with CT imaging, few relevant studies have been conducted. In this review article, we will investigate and summarize the advantages, limitations, and future development of MRI in the evaluation of neoadjuvant treatment of PDAC. EVIDENCE LEVEL: 3 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 2.

Numerous reports of neuropsychiatric symptoms highlighted the pathologic potential of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) and its relationship the onset and/or exacerbation of mental disease. However, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) treatments, themselves, must be considered as potential catalysts for new‐onset neuropsychiatric symptoms in COVID‐19 patients. To date, immediate and long‐term neuropsychiatric complications following SARS‐CoV‐2 infection are currently unknown. Here we report on five patients with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection with possible associated neuropsychiatric involvement, following them clinically until resolution of their symptoms. We will also discuss the contributory roles of chloroquine and dexamethasone in these neuropsychiatric presentations., Highlights SARS‐CoV‐2 Infection and COVID‐19 treatments have a potential catalytic role on neuropsychiatric complications.Cytokine storm and exacerbated cytotoxicity could be implicated in COVID‐19 related neuropsychiatric symptoms.The use of corticosteroids must be considered balancing risk/benefit to the patient.

Reducing carbon dioxide emissions is one of the critical challenges to mitigate global climate change, which is having detrimental impacts on society and the environment. Fossil fuel combustion in transportation, power generation, and industrial processes is the dominant contributor to carbon emissions. Over the past decades, sustainable solutions and strategies have been investigated and developed to enable decarbonization. Catalysis plays an essential role to address this global challenge by increasing energy efficiency, reducing carbon emissions, capturing carbon dioxide, and utilizing clean energy sources to displace fossil fuels. In this Review, the role of catalysis in reducing energy demand was discussed, enhancing process efficiency, displacing carbon-intensive feedstocks and products, and therefore, reducing carbon emissions. Recent advances in catalyst development were summarized, focusing on applications to enhance industrial processes efficiency and enable utilization of clean energy sources. Emerging approaches in catalysis were reviewed, including the manufacture of iron and steel, direct air capture of CO

Carcinoma arising from a mucinous cystic neoplasm (MCN) of the pancreas is termed MCN with associated invasive carcinoma (MCN‐AIC) in the fifth WHO classification of digestive tumors (2019). The prognosis of this malignancy varies depending on the relationship of the invasive carcinoma to the cyst capsule, but limited data are available. This study identified 165 surgically resected MCNs including 15 MCN‐AICs from a single center between 2008 and 2018 and analyzed their clinicopathologic features. The results confirmed that non‐invasive MCNs were completely cured by surgery. All MCN‐AICs showing an encapsulated invasion pattern (defined as invasive carcinoma limited to the ovarian‐type stroma, cystic septa, and capsule) had an excellent prognosis with a 5‐year survival rate of 100%, even when the size of the invasive component was up to stage T2. By contrast, MCN‐AICs with extracapsular involvement had unfavorable clinical outcomes. Our study demonstrates that the pattern of invasion of MCN‐AIC can predict patient prognosis. Pathologic stage T1 and T2 encapsulated MCN‐AICs may be completely cured with surgical resection alone or when combined with postoperative chemotherapy.

Introduction/aims Exertional rhabdomyolysis (ER) often occurs during prolonged intense exercise in hot environments, posing a threat to the health of military personnel. In this study we aimed to investigate possible risk factors for ER and provide further empirical data for prevention and clinical treatment strategies. Methods A retrospective investigation of 116 concurrent ER cases was conducted. Conditional logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the association between each potential risk (or protective) factor and ER. The clinical characteristics of the 71 hospitalized patients were analyzed descriptively. Results After screening, the following variables significantly increased the risk of ER: shorter length of service (recruits; odds ratios [OR], 7.49; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.58-21.75); higher body mass index (BMI; OR, 1.14, 95% CI, 1.03-1.26); lack of physical exercise in the last half year (less than once per month; OR, 3.20; 95% CI, 1.08-9.44); and previous heat injury (OR, 2.94; 95% CI, 1.26-6.89). Frequent fruit consumption (OR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.33-0.99), active hydration habit (OR, 0.37; 95% CI, 0.20-0.67), water replenishment of more than 2 L on the training day (OR, 0.15; 95% CI, 0.05-0.45), and water replenishment of at least 500 mL within 1 hour before training (OR, 0.33; 95% CI, 0.12-0.88) significantly decreased the risk of ER. Of the 71 hospitalized patients, 41 (57.7%) were diagnosed with hypokalemia on admission. Discussion In military training, emphasis should be placed on incremental adaptation training before more intense training, and close attention should be given to overweight and previously sedentary recruits. Fluid replenishment before exercise, increased fruit intake, and proper potassium supplementation may help prevent ER.

To explore the mechanism of microRNA‐155 (miR‐155) deficiency, protecting against experimental autoimmune prostatitis (EAP) in a toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4)‐dependent manner. After wild‐type (WT) and miR‐155−/− mice were injected with complete Freund's adjuvant and prostate antigen to establish EAP model, half were randomly selected for injection with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, a TLR4 ligand). The following experiments were then performed: von Frey filaments, hematoxylin‐eosin (HE) staining, real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR), Western blotting, and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). And the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px) and the level of Malondialdehyde (MDA) were detected by corresponding kits.miR‐155−/− mice with prostatitis exhibited the attenuated pelvic tactile allodynia/hyperalgesia and the suppressed TLR4/nuclear factor‐kappa B (NF‐κB) pathway as compared with the WT mice with prostatitis. In addition, LPS enhanced the upregulation of miR‐155 and the activation of the TLR4/NF‐κB pathway in the prostatic tissues of WT mice with EAP. Furthermore, prostatitis mice had aggravated inflammation scores accompanying the increased interleukin (IL)‐1β, tumor necrosis factor‐α, IL‐6, interferon‐γ, IL‐12, and MDA in prostatic tissues with the decreased IL‐10, SOD and GSH‐Px, and the unaltered IL‐4. Compared with the mice from the WT + EAP group and the miR‐155−/− + EAP + LPS group, mice from the miR‐155−/− + EAP group had decreased inflammation and oxidative stress. miR‐155 deficiency ameliorated pelvic tactile allodynia/hyperalgesia in EAP mice and improved inflammation and oxidative stress in prostatic tissues in a TLR4‐dependent manner involving NF‐κB activation, thereby exerting a therapeutic effect in chronic prostatitis treatment.

The Chicago Consensus Working Group provides multidisciplinary recommendations for the management of desmoplastic small round cell tumor, breast, and gastrointestinal stromal tumor specifically related to peritoneal surface malignancy. These guidelines are developed with input from leading experts including surgical oncologists, medical oncologists, pathologists, radiologists, palliative care physicians, and pharmacists. These guidelines recognize and address the emerging need for increased awareness in the appropriate management of peritoneal surface disease. They are not intended to replace the quest for higher levels of evidence.

The Chicago Consensus Working Group provides multidisciplinary recommendations for palliative care specifically related to peritoneal surface malignancies. These guidelines are developed with input from leading experts including surgical oncologists, medical oncologists, gynecologic oncologists, pathologists, radiologists, palliative care physicians, and pharmacists. These guidelines recognize and address the emerging need for increased awareness in the appropriate management of peritoneal surface disease. They are not intended to replace the quest for higher levels of evidence.

The Chicago Consensus Working Group provides multidisciplinary recommendations for the management of neuroendocrine tumors specifically related to the management of peritoneal surface malignancy. These guidelines are developed with input from leading experts, including surgical oncologists, medical oncologists, pathologists, radiologists, palliative care physicians, and pharmacists. These guidelines recognize and address the emerging need for increased awareness in the appropriate management of peritoneal surface disease. They are not intended to replace the quest for higher levels of evidence.

Aims and objectives The primary aim of this study is to explore the influence of obesity, healthy lifestyle and sleep quality of endometrial cancer survivors on their fatigue level. Background As many as 30% of endometrial cancer survivors still suffer from fatigue 5 years after completing therapy. Fatigue may hinder cancer survivors from participating in daily activities or returning to their original roles and functions, thus affecting their health-related quality of life. Design This study adopted a cross-sectional correlational research design. The STROBE checklist for cross-sectional studies was used as a reference for reporting the study. Methods A consecutive sample of 134 endometrial cancer survivors was recruited from the outpatient clinics of a medical centre in Taipei, Taiwan. Data were collected using structured questionnaires. Results Study subjects scored 44 points (SD = 7.09) on average for the fatigue levels. Results of linear regression showed that sleep quality (s = -0.38), comorbidity index (s = -0.024) and age (s = 0.20) were important predictors of fatigue. However, differences in obesity, vegetable and fruit intake, physical activity did not lead to significant differences in fatigue level. Conclusions Survivors who had poorer sleep quality, higher comorbidity index and younger age reported higher fatigue. Relevance to clinical practice The study findings are relevant for assessing and preventing fatigue in endometrial cancer survivors. Those with poorer sleep quality, higher comorbidity index and younger age are at a greater risk for fatigue and deserve further attention. Although the study results failed to support the link between obesity, vegetable and fruit intake, physical activity and fatigue, the ratio of survivors who comply with recommended healthy lifestyles was low. Hence, it is of urgent necessity that this population receives the help to maintain a healthy lifestyle.

This study explored the association between social support, resilience and coping strategies among patients with liver cancer and evaluated the extent to which patients' use of various coping strategies can be explained by social support and resilience.This cross-sectional study comprised 119 patients who experienced transarterial chemoembolization related to liver cancer and who completed the Social Support Scale, the Resilience Scale and the Ways of Coping Checklist-Revised.Results indicated a significant positive correlation between social support and use of problem-focused coping strategies and overall coping strategies. In addition, results showed a significant positive correlation between resilience and use of problem-focused strategies, emotion-focused strategies and overall coping strategies. Social support accounted for 14% of variance in use of problem-focused strategies and 7.6% of the variance in overall coping strategies. Resilience accounted for 30.5% of the variance in use of problem-focused strategies, 8.5% in use of emotion-focused strategies and 21.6% of overall coping strategies.Results of this study highlight the importance of social support and resilience in patients' coping strategies related to liver cancer treatment.

MicroRNA-like RNAs (milRNAs) post-transcriptionally down-regulate target genes. We investigated Fusarium graminearum (Fg) milRNA expression during fungal vegetative growth and infection of wheat. Small RNA sequencing identified 36 milRNAs from Fg, one of which, Fgmil-2, had >100 transcripts per million in conidia, mycelia and infected wheat, with the highest expression in conidia and the lowest expression in colonized wheat tissue. Fgmil-2 displays perfect homology to the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of an FgbioH1 messenger RNA that is involved in biotin biosynthesis. Poly(A) polymerase-mediated rapid amplification of cDNA ends combined with sequencing analysis demonstrated that cleavage at a specific site by FgDicer2 in the 3'-UTR of FgbioH1 transcripts generated the Fgmil-2 precursor with a typical hairpin structure. Deletion of FgbioH1 or FgDicer2 genes abolished Fgmil-2 biogenesis. FgbioH1 had an inversely correlated pattern of expression to that of Fgmil-2 and FgDicer2. Deletion of FgbioH1 also showed that it is required for mycelial growth, virulence, mycotoxin biosynthesis and expression of biotin-dependent carboxylase genes. This study reveals in Fg a novel mode of inversely correlated post-transcriptional regulation in which Fgmil-2 originates from its own target transcript, FgbioH, to govern biotin biosynthesis.