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Current common analgesics are mediated through the mu or kappa opioid receptor agonism. Unfortunately, selective mu or kappa receptor agonists often cause harmful side effects. However, ligands exhibiting dual agonism to the opioid receptors, such as to mu and kappa, or to mu and delta, have been suggested to temper undesirable adverse effects while retaining analgesic activity. Herein we report an introduction of various 6,5-fused rings to C2 of the salvinorin scaffold via an ester linker. In vitro studies showed that many of these compounds have dual agonism on kappa and mu opioid receptors. In vivo studies on the lead dual kappa and mu opioid receptor agonist demonstrated supraspinal thermal analgesic activity while avoiding anxiogenic effects in male mice, thus providing further strong evidence in support of the therapeutic advantages of dual opioid receptor agonists over selective opioid receptor agonists.

Aluminum alloys for ships have high mechanical strength and light, and their specific strength is higher than steel ships, enabling high speed and light weight. To lengthen the life of aluminum alloy ships, many studies are being conducted to improve durability through heat treatment and the addition of various elements, but they are still exposed to the harsh ocean environment. As the possibility of cavitation damage is getting higher because of the high speed of aluminum ships, it is critical to select aluminum alloys for ships that have excellent characteristics in ocean environment. For this purpose, cavitation experiments were conducted for the Al-Mg alloy of the 5000 series as hull materials that directly contact seawater, and their behaviors were examined and compared. The cavitation experiments revealed that the 5083-O and the 5083-H116 alloys showed the largest and the smallest weight loss, respectively. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

In this study, to evaluate the corrosion resistance in the case of the identical welding by the gas metal arc welding with the STS 304 and STS 316L alloys, the double wall gas pipe materials, using the ER 308L electrode, the corrosion characteristics of the base metal and the welding zone were compared and evaluated by various electrochemical experiments in 10% oxalic acid solution, and the corrosion behavior was analyzed by observing the process of the corrosive damage. The STS 304 identical welding zone was a small cathode-large anode cell where the base metal played the role of an anode and protected the welding zone. However, corrosion took place preferentially in the STS 316L welding zone because the welding zone played the role of an anode. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Al-bronze used in this study is the alloy that has good strength, ductility and excellent corrosion resistance, oxidation resistance at high temperature, containing 9–12% of aluminum. This alloy is appropriate for large castings such as huge propeller, impeller, valves, high strength bearings and gear materials for ships, and widely used as the mechanical parts for chemical engineering. It was investigated the cavitation characteristics with temperature and cavitation time parameters for the ALBC3 in sea water environment. As a result, the cavitation surface damage showed a decreasing tendency with temperature and time increasing. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Previously, the ship was operated at a low speed, and erosion by the cavitation did not become a problem. Therefore, most of the hulls are being coated anti-corrosion painting. However, the corrosion in which accompanied physical erosion was accelerated while the ship became bigger and faster. Ship's stern is exposed to more severe environment such as tide, speed, cavitation and erosion corrosion. Accordingly, this study applied for thermal spray coating to provide better electrochemical characteristics and corrosion resistance in marine environment. The steel used for ship constructions was spray-coated with 85%Al-14.5%Zn-0.5%Zr wire, and additionally, the spray distance was diversified. Results of electrochemical and cavitation test, the case of 30 cm was determined as the optimum spray distance. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The synthesis of a new series of 1beta-methylcarbapenems having cyclic sulfonamide moieties is described. Their in-vitro antibacterial activities against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were tested and the effect of a substituent on the pyrrolidine ring was investigated. One particular compound IIIe having a [1,2,5]thiadiazolidin 1,1-dioxide moiety showed the most potent antibacterial activity.