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PURPOSE: Dynamic text presentation methods may improve reading ability in patients with central vision loss (CVL) by eliminating the need for accurate eye movements. We compared rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) and horizontal scrolling text presentation (scrolling) on reading rate and reading acuity in CVL observers and normally-sighted controls with simulated CVL (simCVL). METHODS: CVL observers’ (n = 11) central scotomas and preferred retinal loci (PRL) for each eye were determined with MAIA microperimetry and fixation analysis. SimCVL controls (n = 16) used 4° inferior eccentric viewing, enforced with an Eyelink eye-tracker. Observers read aloud 4-word phrases randomly drawn from the MNREAD sentences. Six font sizes (0.50–1.30 logMAR) were tested with the better near acuity eye and both eyes of CVL observers. Three font sizes (0.50–1.00 logMAR) were tested binocularly in simCVL controls. Text presentation duration of each word for RSVP or drift speed for scrolling was varied to determine reading rate, defined as 50% of words read correctly. In a subset of CVL observers (n = 7), relationships between PRL eccentricity, reading threshold and rate were explored. RESULTS: SimCVL controls demonstrated significantly faster reading rates for RSVP than scrolling text (p < 0.0001), and there was a significant main effect of font size (p < 0.0001). CVL patients demonstrated no significant differences in binocular reading rate between font sizes (p = 0.12) and text presentation (p = 0.25). Similar results were seen under monocular conditions. Reading acuity for RSVP and scrolling worsened with increasing PRL eccentricity (μ = 4.5°, p = 0.07). RSVP reading rate decreased significantly with increasing eccentricity (p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Consistent with previous work, reading acuity worsened with increasing PRL eccentricity. RSVP and scrolling text presentations significantly affected reading rate in simCVL, but not in CVL observers, suggesting that simCVL results may not generalise to pathological CVL.

The abstract is available here: https://uscholar.univie.ac.at/o:1536251

Social commerce is an extension of e‐commerce, in which social media is leveraged to promote user contributions. Our study asks how interruptions in relation to interface design influence two types of user contributions: creating shared content and appreciating others' content. We use two interface designs, pagination and infinite scrolling, to manipulate the extent of interruptions to social commerce users. On the basis of the capacity theory of attention, we develop five hypotheses. We empirically test our model using a lab experiment and a field study to show that interruptions reduce users' content appreciation but increase their content creation and that user characteristics moderate these effects. The theoretical and practical contributions of our study are discussed.

Non-linear document navigation refers to the process of repeatedly reading a document at different levels to provide an overview, including selective reading to search for useful information within a document under time constraints. Currently, this function is not supported well by small-screen tablets. In this study, we propose the concept of structure-aware touch-based scrolling (SATS), which allows structural document navigation using region-dependent touch gestures for non-sequential navigation within tablets or tablet-sized e-book readers. In SATS, the screen is divided into four vertical sections representing the different structural levels of a document, where dragging into the different sections allows navigating from the macro to micro levels. The implementation of a prototype is presented, as well as details of a comparative evaluation using typical non-sequential navigation tasks performed under time constraints. The results showed that SATS obtained better performance, higher user satisfaction, and a lower usability workload compared with a conventional structural overview interface.

This paper proposes a novel method to find out optimum overdrive (OD) values through only users' visual inspection. To investigate the relation between OD values measured from optical equipment and human eyes, three scrolling bar width (Viewing angle) and three difference values from the measured OD value (Delta) are used in the experiment. We found that people distinguish delta 1 when the viewing angle of scrolling bar was 4° is used. We propose an application of proposed pattern to a smart device. Users can optimize the OD values quickly and easily with their own eyes without any knowledge about OD technology.

Compared to the early versions of smart phones, recent mobile devices have bigger screens that can present more web search results. Several previous studies have reported differences in user interaction between conventional desktop computer and mobile device-based web searches, so it is imperative to consider the differences in user behavior for web search engine interface design on mobile devices. However, it is still unknown how the diversification of screen sizes on hand-held devices affects how users search. In this article, we investigate search performance and behavior on three different small screen sizes: early smart phones, recent smart phones, and phablets. We found no significant difference with respect to the efficiency of carrying out tasks, however participants exhibited different search behaviors: less eye movement within top links on the larger screen, fast reading with some hesitation before choosing a link on the medium, and frequent use of scrolling on the small screen. This result suggests that the presentation of web search results for each screen needs to take into account differences in search behavior. We suggest several ideas for presentation design for each screen size.

Purpose: Signal detection on 3D medical images depends on many factors, such as foveal and peripheral vision, the type of signal, and background complexity, and the speed at which the frames are displayed. In this paper, the authors focus on the speed with which radiologists and naive observers search through medical images. Prior to the study, the authors asked the radiologists to estimate the speed at which they scrolled through CT sets. They gave a subjective estimate of 5 frames per second (fps). The aim of this paper is to measure and analyze the speed with which humans scroll through image stacks, showing a method to visually display the behavior of observers as the search is made as well as measuring the accuracy of the decisions. This information will be useful in the development of model observers, mathematical algorithms that can be used to evaluate diagnostic imaging systems. Methods: The authors performed a series of 3D 4-alternative forced-choice lung nodule detection tasks on volumetric stacks of chest CT images iteratively reconstructed in lung algorithm. The strategy used by three radiologists and three naive observers was assessed using an eye-tracker in order to establish where their gaze was fixed during the experiment and to verify that when a decision was made, a correct answer was not due only to chance. In a first set of experiments, the observers were restricted to read the images at three fixed speeds of image scrolling and were allowed to see each alternative once. In the second set of experiments, the subjects were allowed to scroll through the image stacks at will with no time or gaze limits. In both static-speed and free-scrolling conditions, the four image stacks were displayed simultaneously. All trials were shown at two different image contrasts. Results: The authors were able to determine a histogram of scrolling speeds in frames per second. The scrolling speed of the naive observers and the radiologists at the moment the signal was detected was measured at 25–30 fps. For the task chosen, the performance of the observers was not affected by the contrast or experience of the observer. However, the naive observers exhibited a different pattern of scrolling than the radiologists, which included a tendency toward higher number of direction changes and number of slices viewed. Conclusions: The authors have determined a distribution of speeds for volumetric detection tasks. The speed at detection was higher than that subjectively estimated by the radiologists before the experiment. The speed information that was measured will be useful in the development of 3D model observers, especially anthropomorphic model observers which try to mimic human behavior.

This paper proposes a new method to find out optimum overdrive (OD) values through visual inspection only. The method compares different OD values applied on a scrolling pattern. We found that the scrolling pattern with the height of 2° or smaller viewing angle is the best choice to find the optimum OD values. After only three trials performed by users, it is possible to estimate the OD values for all the transitions of the LCDs.

OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to compare success rates for depiction of the 5 typical transverse planes in the fetal upper thorax between cardiac- and body-based scrolling techniques. METHODS Spatiotemporal image correlation volume data sets acquired at the 4-chamber view level were obtained from low-risk singleton pregnancies with healthy fetuses. Each data set was analyzed by the authors using both cardiac- and body-based techniques. With the cardiac-based technique, the exact 4-chamber view was first identified as an initial plane before scrolling, whereas with the body-based technique, a volume data set was first manipulated to get the fetal orientation in the exact dorsal supine position as an initial plane. In both techniques, the volumes were then scrolled through the upper thorax to identify the standard planes, including the 4-chamber, 5-chamber, 3-vessel, 3-vessel and trachea, and aortic arch views. RESULTS An analysis of 50 volume data sets to evaluate intraobserver and interobserver variability in the success rates for the 4-chamber, 5-chamber, 3-vessel, 3-vessel and trachea, and aortic arch views showed good agreement. In an analysis of 296 separate data sets, cardiac-based scrolling was associated with significantly higher success rates than body-based scrolling in all standard planes (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS Cardiac-based scrolling resulted in higher success rates for obtaining the standard spatiotemporal image correlation planes than body-based scrolling. Therefore, examiners in the early part of the learning curve should be encouraged to first identify a perfect 4-chamber view at the start of an examination.

This study investigated the effects of display method, number of message lines and text colour on comprehension performance and subjective preferences for reading Chinese on a light-emitting diode display. The factors and levels studied were: two text display methods (rapid serial visual presentation ‘rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP)’ and paged view scrolling), four numbers of message lines displayed at a time (one to four lines) and three text colours (amber, green and red). The RSVP method resulted in higher comprehension scores than the paged view scrolling method, and the green text produced better comprehension score than amber or red. However, the paged view scrolling received better subjective evaluation ratings than the RSVP method. A multiline display was found to be superior to a single-line display for both comprehension scores and subjective evaluations. The results here provide useful ergonomics recommendations for choice of appropriate display method and format setting for presenting Chinese messages on light-emitting diode displays.

Increasingly, users are performing more sophisticated types of tasks, like web browsing and particularly information search, across computing platforms including desktops/laptops, tablets, and smartphones. While much research has been done to improve efficiency for each of these devices in the area of information search, no investigations have taken a pragmatic approach to determining the real efficiency costs across current state of the art devices and typical browser-based searching paradigms. We examine comparative task execution times for within document searching tasks under three different conditions: varying screen sizes (desktop, tablet, smartphone), varying interaction devices (mouse & keyboard and touchscreen) and varying interaction techniques (scrolling and pagination). In addition, we examine components of the task: scanning, skimming and raiding and combine reading rates and KLM measures to try to predict task execution time.

This study investigates the navigational patterns and learning achievement of university students with different cognitive styles, on hypermedia learning environments using paging or scrolling. The global-local subscales of Sternberg's Thinking Styles Inventory, two hypermedia, one using paging, the other using scrolling, a multiple choice achievement test, and a questionnaire to collect the students' satisfaction on paging/scrolling were used as data collection tools. This study finds that the cognitive style and paging/scrolling, together or separately, neither affected the learning nor the satisfaction of learners. Students with different cognitive styles using paging or scrolling did all learn well, with no statistically significant difference. Also the navigation patterns did not seem to depend on cognitive style; that is, the frequencies of using the navigation tools were not significantly different. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents an extension to the Excentric Labeling, a labeling technique to dynamically show labels around a movable lens. Each labels refers to one object within the lens and is connected to it through a line. The original implementation has several known limitations and potential improvements that we address in this work, like: high density areas, uneven density distributions, and summary statistics. We describe the implemented extensions and present a think-aloud user study. The study shows that users can naturally understand and easily operate the majority of the implemented function but label scrolling, which requires additional research. From the study we also gained unanticipated requirements and interesting directions for further research.

Deep-water scrolls: It is demonstrated that amphiphilic rods containing lateral flexible chains self-assemble into two-dimensional sheets in aqueous solution (see picture). Remarkably, the sheets roll up reversibly into tubular scrolls upon heating, as confirmed by cryo-transmission electron microscopy and fluorescence microscopy.

An interactive program for computer-aided data management for structural analysis and design programs has been developed. The program provides the ability to create, store, retrieve, and update data files and display the configuration for 2-D and 3-D skeletal structures. The unique features of the program include: (1) interactive data entry scheme, (2) full-screen data management ability with full cursor control, (3) highlighted single key stroke commands, (4) continuous display of editor commands, (5) well designed screen layout for data entry and management, (6) extensive on-line prompts, (7) extensive checking of invalid input type, (8) fast scrolling through each screen of data, and (9) ability to display the structure configuration. The program written in turbopascal, may be used with any microcomputer which uses PC-DOS and requires 96 Kb user memory. An ISM-PC color graphics (or equivalent) or monochrome systems may be used.

In the present a study we relate the conventional temporal behavior of LCD displays generally expressed in terms of response time versus gray levels to the motion artifact called moving picture response time (MPRT). The idea is to use the luminance temporal behavior of the display measured between gray levels using OptiscopeSA instrument to predict the blurred edge profile of moving bars at given scrolling velocity and frame frequency. We show first that this approach is valid since the temporal behavior of one pixel is independent of the others. Then we apply this approach on two different LCDs: one with a conventional temporal behavior and another with overdrive and underdrive. 1. Introduction Extension of the digital TV market put recently a lot of pressure on the temporal behavior of flat panel displays. Indeed, HDTV requires almost 60 Hz working frequency and Liquid Crystal Displays are not intrinsically very rapid devices. There are two problems that affect the response time of LCDs. One is the nematic liquid crystal’s slow response to an external field; the other is the driving method. Numerous efforts have been made recently to improve the time response performances of LCDs. Nevertheless, the response time measurement itself is not straight forward especially when inter-gray levels with low differences are explored. In addition new driving strategies like overdriving leads to complex temporal behavior for the display emission and great care must be taken not only on the measurement itself but also on the measurement analysis [1-3]. When addressing motion artifacts on flat panel displays, the first thing typically considered is motion blur. Full understanding of the human visual system with regard to motion performance evaluation is complex. The new VESA FPDM section addressing this problem introduces moving edge-blur that can be measured by various instruments like pursuit cameras [4]. This evaluation is generally tedious and expensive due to the cost of the instruments and their complexity. It results in moving picture response time behaviors versus gray levels generally measured in very strict moving configurations. Even if this type of measurement is necessary, a more simple way is to use fixed detectors and simulate moving edge blur assuming known the driving properties for the display. This approach has already been introduced by different authors [5-6]. In the present paper, our purpose is to relate standard gray to gray response time to motion artifacts using new Eldim Optiscope SA instrument. This system manages standard gray to gray response time measurements with a maximum of accuracy and is flexible in terms of optical configuration. One additional interest is that the experimental temporal behavior can be simulated using a regression approach and theoretical temporal behaviors. This approach is useful to extract accurately all the required parameters even for complex temporal behavior and offers the possibility to model the temporal behavior from any level to any level very rapidly. It is now also possible to calculated moving edge-blur to deduce moving picture response time or even moving of complex patterns in more realistic configurations.

Information Filtering systems learn user preferences either through explicit or implicit feedback. However, requiring users to explicitly rate items as part of the interface interaction can place a large burden on the user. Implicit feedback removes the burden of explicit user ratings by transparently monitoring user behavior such as time spent reading, mouse movements and scrolling behavior. Previous research has shown that task may have an impact on the effectiveness of some implicit measures. In this work we report both qualitative and quantitative results of an initial study examining the relationship between user time spent reading and relevance for three web search tasks: relevance judgment, simple question answering and complex question answering. This study indicates that the usefulness of time spent as a measure of user interest is related to task and is more useful for more complex web search tasks. Future directions for this research are presented.

The Yeast Protein Localization database (YPL.db2) is an archive of microscopic image data of protein localization patterns in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The current version of YPL.db2 harbours 500 sets of image data derived from high-resolution microscopic analyses of proteins tagged with the green fluorescent protein (GFP). Major functional improvements in YPL.db2 over a previous release are a web-based experiment and image submission interface, facilitating standardized data entry by remote users through the Internet. The image display page provides image gallery and image scrolling features. In addition, fluorescence and transmission images can be superimposed, allowing image fading for precise correlation of the protein's localization in the cellular context. The reference structure database displaying ‘prototypic’ localization patterns was extended, and a feature to display and manipulate 3D–image datasets, using a freely available VRML plug-in, was included. Access to the Yeast Protein Localization database version 2.0 (YPL.db2) is available through http://YPL.uni-graz.at. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

This paper proposes a gaze input interface based on the interaction between an agent and the user. The device is evaluated in real tasks. In the proposed system, multiple agents are defined as objects of selection and serve as the unit of interaction with the user. Each agent determines the degree of attention toward it from the gaze input from the user, in the sense of a probability estimated by a Bayesian network. After learning, the agent infers the probability that it is the subject of attention from the input to the system and performs the corresponding action. The action serves as feedback to the user, and by its activation gives the user the sensation that the user has selected the agent. Eventually, by activation of the agent, a preregistered shortcut command is started, and the wish of the user is carried out. In this study, the functions of event registration and performance are linked to each agent in Windows, and a mechanism is realized in which command selection, scrolling, and IME mode switching can be performed when the user selects the agent. The system is compared qualitatively and quantitatively with the conventional interface and the efficiency is found to be improved by approximately 10% for command selection. A nearly comparable efficiency is obtained for other tasks. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 88(3): 44–52, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.20159

In this paper, the authors propose a multiwindow system that can smoothly execute window operations such as moving, resizing, or scrolling by using a combination of a drawing-time composition method and display-time composition method. Memory for storing the image of the window for which the window operation is to be performed (operation target window) and memory for storing a composite image of all other windows generated by a drawing-time composition method are both established in this system. The image that is displayed on the actual screen is obtained by using a display-time composition method to combine images that were read in parallel from both of these memories to generate the multiwindow image. The authors performed a trial experiment using a 640-pixel by 480-pixel display device to verify that no flicker appeared on the display screen when updating the operation target window. From the results of this trial experiment, they suggested that smooth window operations probably can also be executed for a 1280-pixel by 1024-pixel display device. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 88(1): 12–23, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.20141

With increasing use of the World Wide Web, rapid scanning or skimming of material on screen has become a frequent activity. However, the outcome of this method of reading has not been thoroughly investigated. Using a range of question types, comprehension was measured after reading from screen at both a normal and fast reading speed. In addition, by automatically recording how readers scrolled through each document, reading patterns were explored. A speed-accuracy trade-off was found and, in general, the recall of specific details was less accurate than responses to ‘higher order’ questions. However, questions that addressed the structure of the text were hardest. Analysis of the scrolling movements showed that the overall time spent pausing between movements was the best predictor of comprehension. At a normal reading speed, the most effective readers, in terms of higher comprehension scores, were those who spent more time between scrolling movements, which were fast and frequent.

The technological revolution has created as many challenges as opportunities for managers in today's organizations. Besides “wandering around” to manage, “scrolling around” on a computer screen has become common-place. This article reviews four key technology-caused challenges facing managers in the workplace, chiefly as the result of communication via e-mail. Specifically, the author focuses on what research to date informs us about negotiation and conflict resolution in an electronic environment.

A continuously scanned image (CSI) gives convenient image data for inspection of elongated facilities in railways, such as tracks, rolling stocks, and so on. We have developed a system named ConSIS to take the CSI at a high data rate of 40 M pixel/s. The system comprises a line-sensor camera and a data-recorder. As the result of field tests taking the CSI of tracks, rolling stock, and tunnel walls, the feasibility of an inspection system using the CSI was confirmed. Additionally, we have developed a prototype image database system to examine effective use of the CSI, in which useful functions, such as normalizing a scale of the CSI, scrolling a continuous image, and zooming a fine image for observation, are implemented. Further, we have developed a method to extract cracks on a concrete surface for automatic inspection using the CSI and a computer. © 1998 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 125(2): 52–64, 1998

A highly interactive MRI scanner interface has been developed that allows, for the first time, real-time graphic control of one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) cardiac MRI exams. The system comprises a Mercury array processor (AP) in a Sun SPARCserver with two connections to the MRI scanner, a data link that passes the NMR data directly to the AP as they are collected, and a control link that passes commands from the Sun to the scanner to redirect the imaging pulse sequence in real time. In the 1D techniques, a cylinder or "pencil" of magnetization is repeatedly excited using gradient-echo or spin-echo line-scan sequences, with the magnetization read out each time along the length of the cylinder, and a scrolling display generated on the Sun monitor. Rubber-band lines drawn on the scout image redirect the pencil or imaging slice to different locations, with the changes immediately visible in the display. M-mode imaging, 1D flow imaging, and 2D fast cardiac imaging have been demonstrated on normal volunteers using this system. This platform represents an operator-"friendly" way of directing real-time imaging of the heart.

JBrowse is a web-based tool for visualizing genomic data. Unlike most other web-based genome browsers, JBrowse exploits the capabilities of the user's web browser to make scrolling and zooming fast and smooth. It supports the browsers used by almost all internet users, and is relatively simple to install. JBrowse can utilize multiple types of data in a variety of common genomic data formats, including genomic feature data in bioperl databases, GFF files, and BED files, and quantitative data in wiggle files. This unit describes how to obtain the JBrowse software, set it up on a Linux or Mac OS X computer running as a web server and incorporate genome annotation data from multiple sources into JBrowse. After completing the protocols described in this unit, the reader will have a web site that other users can visit to browse the genomic data.

— The first implementation of active-matrix addressing on a BiNem bistable nematic liquid-crystal display has been demonstrated. Compared to previous passive-matrix addressing, major improvements have been made for the bistable mode: a smoother image refreshment, shorter refreshing frame time compatible with that of high-resolution e-book displays, the use of a touch screen for interactive functions such as hand-writing, a virtual keyboard, improved functionality for scrolling menus, partial refreshment, etc. On the same display but in the monostable mode, by using electrically controlled birefringence (ECB), the potential of displaying moving pictures at a rate of 25 images/sec, at an extended room temperature, has been demonstrated. In the ECB monostable mode, static images can be displayed down to −20°C. A new transflective single-polarizer optical mode has been developed to optimize the indoor and outdoor readability of the display. By lowering the surface reflection and enhancing the panel transmission, a contrast ratio of 94:1 and a transmittance of 17% have been achieved.

— The dynamic performance of displays is an important characteristic for multimedia applications. Motion-picture response time (MPRT) has been used as an indicator of the dynamic performance of LCDs. This paper describes a comprehensive method of MPRT evaluation for the oblique viewing direction. By using a tilted camera configuration, the angular dependency of MPRT is investigated for the condition that the horizontally scrolling patterns are observed from the vertical direction. For each gray-to-gray transition, distinct changes in MPRT and the luminance profile of blur are observed.

Measurement of moving picture resolution for displays has been established, featuring a set of scrolled sine-bursts with different frequencies and different signal levels. for higher accuracy, ingenious ideas including sub-pixel scrolling are introduced, showing the definite advantages over response-time-based approaches. Automated system and human visual perception are also discussed.

— A high-fidelity simulation of motion blurring in an LCOS projector was developed by using the measured temporal response of the projector. The simulation was validated for continuous and scanning illumination by comparison with results of motion-blur measurements by using a pursuit camera. The simulation was then used to analyze and optimize duty cycle and phase parameters for scrolling illumination in the general case.

A scrolling-color LCoS (liquid-crystal-on-silicon) display must exhibit both fast speed and high contrast. These requirements drive design choices for the liquid crystal and optics of the image kernel. The input director was aligned to the incoming polarization and a compensated 45TN0 effect was choosen. Contrast demands place tight requirements on interfacial reflections. A wire-grid PBS can achieve high contrast and can simplify the system construction. With attention to the above, we report a sequential contrast of 800:1 at the viewing screen. With a 90TN0 effect, the contrast can be increased even further, but with some penalty in light efficiency. With this effect, sequential contrast of 2000:1 was measured.

We report on a study to develop population statistics on susceptibility to the “color flash effect” (CFE) a visual artifact observed, to varying degrees, by viewers of field sequential color (FSC) displays. Subjects made saccades across a vertical bright line generated by a simulated Philips “scrolling color” FSC display, judged to be representative in this regard to conventional FSC displays. Pre-analyzed test data from 32 young adults show that contrast ratio thresholds and luminance thresholds for CFE detection vary over (wide) ranges of log 1.2 (15.9:1) and log 1.07 (11.8:1), respectively. A statistically significant though moderate (0.40) correlation exists between the two thresholds. The results of less rigorous testing of 26 old-than-40 year adult indicate that CFE susceptibility is not age-dependent. The well-researched perceptual mislocalization of signals flashed during a saccade is identified as the primary cause of CFE.

A projection system was developed to reduce blurred images caused by fast motion pictures on hold-type display such as LCD panels. The system incorporates an optical scrolling system using a spiral aperture wheel (SAW) made of glass and aluminum to transmit and reflect light.

sequential single panel LCD projectors potentially fulfill the need for low cost projection systems. This paper describes and compares potential alternative and integrated solutions for cost drivers like polarization and color recovery. 1. Introductioncost reduction of projection engines, both front and rear, is required to reach the consumer price range. Lower cost through miniaturization of the light valves has been the trend in the past years. In addition, new, fast switching LCD and LCOS panels are being developed, which enable low cost single panel color sequential projection systems. For this study we investigated comparatively simpler, less expensive color sequential alternatives instead of scrolling prism architectures (13). Looking at the cost breakdown of the engine, the polarization conversion optics take up about 20% of the total optical component cost and was therefore one of the items that was focused on. Several architectures were designed, simulated or prototyped. Although performance is low initially, single panel LCOS may become a disruptive technology as described by C. Christensen in 'The Innovator's Dilemma' (3). 2. Color Switch Architecture A typical color sequential architecture is shown in Figure 1 and consists of a short arc mercury lamp (10), integration optics for homogenizing the beam at the panel (2), a polarization conversion array (9), illumination lenses, a Color Switch (1) (12), a polarizing beam splitter (PBS), a single panel imager and a projection lens.

In this paper, we describe a new input device that can be easily integrated into modern, compact equipment such as mobile telephones, laptops and PDAs, providing a solution for scrolling and/or click functionality. This laser-based device interacts with any light-scattering surface, including human skin. Apart from several application fields, this paper describes a simple solution for the detection of directional information using laser self-mixing.

Scrolling color has long been a goal of the projector industry, as it enables the most efficient use of light in a single panel display. Current methods of implementing scrolling color use the techniques of splitting the light into primary colors, and manipulating that light on the modulator. The authors present the techniques of dynamic filtering and sequential color recapture (SCR) to achieve the same result with no moving components other than a color wheel, showing that the efficiency of 3-modulator systems can be approached with one modulator. Analysis of the technique applied to DLP™ projection displays, and results of prototype projection systems using the techniques, will be presented.

We report on advancements for a single-panel Liquid Crystal On Silicon (LCOS) display based on the Philips scrolling-color architecture. Performance and cost advantages make this system ideal for High Definition Television (HDTV). We discuss aspects of a 64″ rear projection display showing a 1280×720 image.

Animation is a powerful visualization aid and it has applications not only in the traditional areas of cartoons and fiction movies but also in the study of a wide variety of natural and simulated phenomena. Currently, there is growing interest in the study of animated algorithms and data structures particularly due to the availability of cheaper and more powerful microcomputers. Computer animation may use complex graphics systems and therefore the quality and speed of the graphics display are extremely important. Various techniques for animation on microcomputers are examined and it is shown that Scrolling techniques can be successfully applied for realistic animation in many application areas. Macintosh implementations of “animated algorithms” are used to illustrate the effectiveness of the method.