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Abstract Emerging technologies are continually redefining the paradigms of smart farming and opening up avenues for more precise and informed farming practices. A tiny machine learning (TinyML)‐based framework is proposed for unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)‐assisted smart farming applications. The practical deployment of such a framework on the UAV and bespoke internet of things (IoT) sensors which measure soil moisture and ambient environmental conditions is demonstrated. The key objective of this framework is to harness TinyML for implementing transfer learning (TL) using deep neural networks (DNNs) and long short‐term memory (LSTM) ML models. As a case study, this framework is employed to predict soil moisture content for smart agriculture applications, guiding optimal water utilisation for crops through time‐series forecasting models. To the best of authors’ knowledge, a framework which leverages UAV‐assisted TL for the edge internet of things using TinyML has not been investigated previously. The TL‐based framework employs a pre‐trained data model on different but similar applications and data domains. Not only do the authors demonstrate the practical deployment of the proposed framework but they also quantify its performance through real‐world deployment. This is accomplished by designing a custom sensor board for soil and environmental sensing which uses an ESP32 microcontroller unit. The inference metrics (i.e. inference time and accuracy) are measured for different ML model architectures on edge devices as well as other performance metrics (i.e. mean square error and coefficient of determination [R2]), while emphasising the need for balancing accuracy and processing complexity. In summary, the results show the practical feasibility of using drones to deliver TL for DNN and LSTM models to ultra‐low performance edge IoT devices for soil humidity prediction. But in general, this work also lays the foundation for further research into other applications of TinyML usage in many different aspects of smart farming.

Abstract Aims Myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion injury (MIRI) is a major cause of heart failure after myocardial infarction. Berberine (BBR) presents anti‐inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties in many diseases. Our research looked into the therapeutic effects and mechanism of BBR in MIRI. Methods and results MIRI animal and cell models were established. The mRNA and protein expressions were assessed using reverse transcription and quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction and western blot. The haemodynamic parameters (left ventricular ejection fraction and left ventricular ejection fraction) were detected by echocardiography. The myocardial infarct size and myocardium lesion were assessed by triphenyltetrazolium chloride and haematoxylin–eosin staining. The levels of injury factors were determined by ELISA. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated dUTP nick‐end labelling staining was performed to analyse cell apoptosis. Dual luciferase reporter gene and RNA immunoprecipitation assays were carried out to verify the interaction between miR‐340‐5p and HMGB1. BBR administration could improve the haemodynamic parameters and infarct size in MIRI rats (all P

Key clinical message Here, we present a case of relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis that experienced petechiae and epistaxis following treatment with second dose of alemtuzumab. This study highlights such effects, emphasizing the need for vigilance as alemtuzumab usage increases. Timely recognition and management are vital for patient care.

Abstract Transient stability is one of the major features of power systems operation which can be also considered an objective function in the flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) allocation problem. This paper introduces a general multi‐level multi‐objective optimisation framework and its application on optimising the size and location of the improved hybrid flow controller (IHFC). IHFC is a new member of the FACTS family whose ability to control power flow and improve power system stability has been investigated. The optimisation problem considers economic and stability‐based objective functions simultaneously, and the allocation problem is formulated as a non‐linear programming (NLP) problem. The New England 39‐bus system has been used as a case study to demonstrate that the proposed framework can provide efficient and economically viable solutions to the allocation problem.

Introduction. Hashimoto thyroiditis is the most common cause of chronic inflammation of the thyroid gland. Ultrasound is the modality for detection, while fine needle aspiration is the gold standard method for diagnosis. Serologic markers, such as antithyroidal peroxidase antibody (TPO) and antithyroglobulin antibody (TG), are usually elevated. Aim. The main objective is to appraise the incidence of neoplasms on a background of Hashimoto thyroiditis. Our second objective is to recognize the different sonographic appearances of Hashimoto thyroiditis, to focus on its nodular and focal patterns, and to measure the sensitivity of the ACR TIRAD system (2017) when interpreted on patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis. Methods. A single-center retrospective cross-sectional study. We studied 137 cases diagnosed cytologically as Hashimoto thyroiditis from January 2013–December 2019. The data collected were analyzed using SPSS (26th edition), and ultrasounds were reviewed by a single board-certified radiologist. The ACR thyroid imaging and Data System 2017 (ACR TI-RADs 2017) and the Bethesda System for reporting thyroid cytology 2017 (BSRTC 2017) were used for reporting ultrasound and cytology, respectively. Results. The mean age was 44.66 years and the female : male was 9 : 1. Serologically, anti-Tg was high in 22 cases (38%), while anti-TPO was positive in all of the 60 cases studied. Histologically, 11 cases were diagnosed with papillary thyroid carcinoma (8%) and a single case with follicular adenoma (0.7%). Ultrasonographically, 50% of the cases showed diffuse pattern, in which 13% of them showed micronodules. 32.2% were macronodular, and 17.7% were a focal nodular pattern. 45 nodules were interpreted with the ACR TIRAD system (2017), in which 22.2% were TR2, 26.6% were TR3, 17.7% were TR4, and 33.3% were TR5. Conclusion. Hashimoto thyroiditis is a risk factor for developing thyroid neoplasms, which necessitate a proper assessment of the cytological material studied and a correlation with the clinical and radiological features. Recognizing the different types of Hashimoto thyroiditis and its variable appearances is significantly important in performing and interpreting thyroid ultrasound imaging. Microcalcification is the most sensitive parameter to discriminate between PTC and nodular type of Hashimoto thyroiditis. The TIRAD system (2017) is a useful tool for risk stratification; however, it might create unnecessary FNA studies in the setting of Hashimoto thyroiditis because of its variable appearances on ultrasound. A modified TIRAD system for patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis is important to alleviate this confusion. Finally, anti-TPO is a sensitive marker for detecting Hashimoto thyroiditis, which could be used for future referencing of newly diagnosed cases.

Abstract Fifth Generation (5G) is the final generation in mobile communications, with minimum latency, high data throughput, and extra coverage. The 5G network must guarantee very good security and privacy levels for all users for these features. Therefore, researchers have deliberated the privacy and security solution of 5G users. The 5G wireless network offers a futuristic concept that helps to solve challenges affecting previous communications generations. The key concern to many scholars in the field of mobile networking is user privacy, which is long‐term subscription identifier as International Mobiles Subscribers Identifiers (IMSIs) and short‐term subscription identifier as Temporary Mobiles Subscribers Identifiers and Cell‐Radio Networks Temporary Identifiers (TMSIs and C‐RNTIs), which are used for permanent identifying, paging, and location update. This article investigates the existing literature survey about user privacy for 5G networks, which continues the identity and location privacy. Also, it discusses most of the studies that handle user identifications in authentication, paging, and location update. This article discusses the various privacy issues in the 5G network that use IMSI in clear text or temporary identities such as TMSI & C‐RNTI with IMSI to disclose user identity privacy. This article also investigates the existing literature on user identity and location privacy and highlights the key parameters, issues, challenges, and future recommendations with potential solutions.

Abstract The Internet of Vehicles (IoV) and Vehicle‐to‐Everything (V2X) concept have emerged from IoT technology, which refers to connecting many vehicles with various applications to the internet. The 5G new radio is based on a cloud‐radio access network (CRAN), considered as the communication infrastructure for IoV. However, due to the significant challenges and issues, researchers have been working on IoV and V2X. One of the main challenges for V2X is resource allocation and management for a high‐speed vehicular environment. This paper discusses and provides complete detail for resource allocation and management for IoV over 5G RAN networks focusing on artificial intelligence techniques. The paper also presented reviews on integrating the multi‐layers of vehicular network architecture with AI strategy to identify advancement and future directions for resource allocation and management issues.

Abstract Background Dietary selenium (Se), as an antioxidant element, plays a protective role in aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) toxicosis in poultry. Objectives To compare the effects of sodium selenite (SS) and Se nanoparticles (SeNPs) against AFB1‐induced toxicity on growth performance, carcass traits, immune response, antioxidant status and serum lipid concentrations in Japanese broiler quails. Methods A total of 540 quails were divided into six treatments, each with six replicates and 15 birds per replicate at 24 days of age and reared for 21 days. Treatments included: (1) a basal diet without Se and AFB1 (negative control; NC); (2) NC + 1.0 mg/kg AFB1 (positive control; PC); (3) PC + 0.2 mg/kg Se as SS; (4) PC + 0.5 mg/kg Se as SS; (5) PC + 0.2 mg/kg Se as SeNPs; and (6) PC + 0.5 mg/kg Se as SeNPs. Results Treatment with PC diet decreased feed intake and body weight gain and increased feed conversion ratio than the NC diet. The PC diet also atrophied the lymphoid organs and depressed antibody responses against Newcastle disease and avian influenza viruses and sheep red blood cell. Moreover, quails treated with PC diet appeared to have lower serum glutathione peroxidase and thioredoxin reductase activities and disturbed serum lipids than those receiving the NC diet. Dietary Se attenuated these detrimental effects, but failed to completely eliminate them. Additionally, SeNPs performed better than SS in improving thioredoxin reductase activity and antibody titer against sheep red blood cell. Conclusions Diet supplementation with SeNPs to provide 0.5 mg/kg of Se is recommended to reduce the AFB1 toxicosis in broiler quails.

Abstract Background Pancreatic cancer (PC) is among the deadliest cancers of the gastrointestinal tract worldwide and a growing global health concern. Aim This study was aimed to evaluate the survival rate and prognostic factors of survival in patients with PC. Methods In this retrospective cohort study, the records of 556 patients with PC registered in the hospital cancer registration system from September 2007 to September 2020 were evaluated. In this regard, demographic data, tumor characteristics, received treatments, and patients' final status were analyzed. Kaplan–Meier and Cox's regression were used for univariate and multivariate analyses, respectively. Results The 5‐year survival rate was found to be 4.3%. The median survival time was 12.4 ± 6.6 months. Univariate analysis showed that age, BMI (kg/m2), blood transfusions, differentiation, tumor stage, tumor size, number of involved lymph nodes, lymph node ratio (LNR), and type of treatment received were significantly associated with patient survival (p 2.5 cm (HR = 4.61, 95% CI = 3.30–6.78), metastasis presence (HR = 1.97, 95% CI = 1.49–2.60), more than two involved lymph nodes (HR = 1.52, 95% CI = 1.31–1.77), LNR

Recently, artificial intelligence (AI) technology has great attention in transportation systems, which led to the emergence of a new concept known as Internet of Vehicles (IoV). The IoV has been associated with the IoT revolution and has become an active field of research due to the great need, in addition to the increase in the various applications of vehicle communication. AI provides unique solutions to enhance the quality of services (QoS) and performance of IoV systems as well. In this paper, some concepts related to deep learning networks will be discussed as one of the uses of machine learning in IoV systems, in addition to studying the effect of neural networks (NNs) and their types, as well as deep learning mechanisms that help in processing large amounts of unclassified data. Moreover, this paper briefly discusses the classification and clustering approaches in predicative analysis and reviews their abilities to enhance the performance of IoV application systems.

Using inexpensive and available aliphatic aldehydes as an alkyl source is a useful and cost-effective way to extend the chain of benzyl esters; this decarbonylative alkylative esterification of styrene derivatives has been used for organic synthesis and medical chemistry. A cocatalyzed decarbonylative alkylative esterification of styrene derivatives with aliphatic aldehydes and iodobenzenediacetate to provide chain elongated benzoates was investigated by the density functional theory, and quantum theory of atoms in molecules analysis has been used. The chemical properties and the reaction pathway between styrene and aldehyde derivatives in the presence of PhI(OAc)2 and Co(OAc)2 have been studied. Chemical properties of styrene and aldehyde derivatives for detecting the stability of products were studied using HOMO and LUMO, potential electronic chemical, global hardness, and global electrophilicity power. The molecular electron potential results show that the styrene and its derivatives are electron donors and aldehyde derivatives are electron acceptors. The localized orbital locator, electron location function analysis, and quantum theory of atoms in the molecule have been used to study the active sites for interactions between reactants. The decarbonylative alkylative esterification was restricted exclusively to cobalt catalysts. The step of ligand exchange was the rate-determining step for this reaction.

Vehicle detection in Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) is a key factor ensuring road safety, as it is necessary for the monitoring of vehicle flow, illegal vehicle type detection, incident detection, and vehicle speed estimation. Despite the growing popularity in research, it remains a challenging problem that must be solved. Hardware-based solutions such as radars and LIDAR are been proposed but are too expensive to be maintained and produce little valuable information to human operators at traffic monitoring systems. Software based solutions using traditional algorithms such as Histogram of Gradients (HOG) and Gaussian Mixed Model (GMM) are computationally slow and not suitable for real-time traffic detection. Therefore, the paper will review and evaluate different vehicle detection methods. In addition, a method of utilizing Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is used for the detection of vehicles from roadway camera outputs to apply video processing techniques and extract the desired information. Specifically, the paper utilized the YOLOv5s architecture coupled with k-means algorithm to perform anchor box optimization under different illumination levels. Results from the simulated and evaluated algorithm showed that the proposed model was able to achieve a mAP of 97.8 in the daytime dataset and 95.1 in the nighttime dataset.

The purpose of this study was to explore the clinical value of altered plasma mir-21 expression level as a biomarker for the severity of coronary artery disease (CAD) and its molecular impact on HUVEC cellular injuries. Angiographically validated 56 patients with single-vessel CAD disease, 92 patients with double-vessel CAD, 139 complex coronary artery stenosis patients, and 56 healthy individuals (n=343) were enrolled in this study. The expressions of plasma mir-21 were evidently and progressively higher while PDCD4 levels were significantly and steadily lower in single-, dual-, and multivessel occluded CAD patients than in healthy participants (P

Ewing sarcoma is a rare poorly differentiated and highly malignant tumor primarily affecting the skeletal system. It most commonly presents during the first two decades of life and rarely might it be of extraskeletal origin. Majority of extraskeletal cases are reported in the paravertebral and lower limb, with very few cases reported in the cervical spine region. We report a case of extraskeletal Ewing sarcoma in a 42-year-old man who presented with a 1-year history of neck swelling associated with neck pain, diagnosed by computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging scans, in conjunction with histological analysis. Very few cases of cervical EES presenting as dumbbell tumors have been documented in the literature especially in this age group.

Objectives. To investigate whether the incidence of acute appendicitis increases in summer and whether complicated cases present more in summer. Methods. A single-center cross-sectional, retrospective study on 697 cases of appendicitis admitted in the year 2018. Inclusion criteria: patients admitted with acute appendicitis who underwent appendectomy of all ages. Exclusion criteria: conservative management. Analysis was performed using Microsoft Excel. Pearson correlation coefficient was calculated to assess the correlation between monthly incidence of appendicitis and mean temperature in that month. Results. Fifty-one patients who were managed conservatively were excluded. Accordingly, 646 patients were included. Ages ranged from three to 77 years. Males comprised the majority (500, 77.4%). Gangrenous, perforated, and purulent appendices were regarded as complicated appendicitis. The highest number of cases were admitted in summer (234), comprising 36.2% of cases. Complicated cases were equal to 65, of which 23 (35.4%) were admitted in summer and 30 (46.2%) in winter. The highest number of cases was during the month of July (68), while the lowest (40) was during February. This corresponded to the highest recorded mean temperature (36.2°C) and second lowest (19.8°C), respectively. Moderate positive correlation (Pearson’s R 0.5183) between the monthly incidence of appendicitis and the mean temperature is noted. Conclusion. More cases of appendicitis were noted during summer. Monthly incidence correlated positively with the temperature. Larger numbers over several years are needed to draw better conclusions and reach the possible causes behind such variation.

The present study explored the clinical value of plasma microRNA-21 as a novel biomarker for early prediction of stable and unstable angina patients and its relationship with aging. A total of 255 participants, 123 patients with chronic stable angina, 82 patients with unstable angina, and 50 healthy subjects, were included in our study. Stable coronary and unstable coronary patients were confirmed following AHA/ACC clinical protocols. Total RNA was extracted from plasma by using miRNA-based TRIzol reagent. Plasma miR-21 expression levels were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction. To evaluate the diagnosis accuracy, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used. Plasma microRNA-21 concentration levels were significantly elevated in stable and unstable angina patients as compared with control subjects P

Configurable electronic devices have been developed to provide more flexibility in the advanced digital system design, which needs more device density and there by relies on device scaling. Besides, International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductor (ITRS) has predicted scaling limitation for conventional silicon (Si)‐based devices. Researches on post‐Si materials have proved that carbon could be one of the material which can replaced with Si. Owing to exceptional properties of graphene, designs with graphene‐based devices can replace with Si based ones. This study proposes design and characterisation of graphene‐based simple field‐programmable gate array as a platform of configurable logic structure for future developments. This study focuses on design and characterisation of configurable logic block (CLB), flip‐flop as internal sequential logic devices in CLB, and routing switch, which are designed using graphene nanoribbon field‐effect transistor (GNRFET). The results indicate that proposed CLB is much faster than Si based one and power–delay product of proposed sequential element is much lesser than its counterpart in Si‐based technology. In addition, the proposed GNRFET‐based routing switch requires minimum count of 6 transistors to provide desirable functionality. Foreseeing the feasibility of architecture, this study suggests the possible layout of the proposed logic elements needed for CLB.

Background. Sudden cardiac arrest is a major public health problem in the world. Immediate initiation of high-quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) significantly increased patient survival rate. Therefore, it is very important to train young people and increase public awareness of CPR for the long-term benefit of the community. Objective. We aimed at estimating the level of knowledge and attitude towards cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) among the university students in the northern region of Saudi Arabia. Methodology. A cross-sectional, prospective study was conducted among the students of four northern region universities of Saudi Arabia (Jouf, Hail, Northern Borders, and Tabuk) between March and November 2017. A self-administered questionnaire was prepared in both Arabic and English languages and distributed to all the participants. All the data were collected and analyzed by using SPSS version 21. Results. A total of 947 students from four universities completed the questionnaire: Jouf (57%), Hail (15%), Northern Borders (13%), and Tabuk (15%). Although 72% of students have previous knowledge about CPR, 49% of them lack knowledge about a medical emergency. Moreover, 59% failed to answer regarding CPR where only 41% wrote the ABC steps in the correct sequence. However, 67% of the participants had very poor knowledge, 89% of participants desired to receive additional CPR training course, and 49% of the students thought that CPR training should be a mandatory graduation requirement for all universities. There were no significant differences between male and female students. Students from medicine-related colleges have significantly (p

Multiple myeloma is a neoplastic proliferation of monoclonal plasma cells. Although it is usually restricted to the bone marrow, extraskeletal spread in the form of localised extramedullary collections of malignant plasma cells (plasmacytomas) can occur. However, gastrointestinal tract involvement in multiple myeloma is rare and overt gastrointestinal bleeding from plasmacytoma is uncommon. We report a case of colonic plasmacytoma which presented with bleeding per rectum and was initially misdiagnosed as colonic neuroendocrine carcinoma. Later the patient presented with recurrence of the colonic mass along with multiple lytic bone lesions. The diagnosis of colonic plasmacytoma with progression into multiple myeloma was given. We also discuss here the diagnostic difficulty of plasma cell neoplasms in small biopsies of the colon.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the role of Smad3, Smad7, and TGF-β1 in intrauterine adhesion (IUA) patients and experimental rabbit models. 60 IUA patients, 30 control participants, and 18 female rabbits were enrolled in this study. We found that the plasma concentrations and protein expressions of TGF-β1 were significantly increased in patients and experimental rabbits compared to those in controls (P