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Considering the importance of spice plants and their shelf life, as affected by various factors, the current study considered Summer savory plants (Satureja hortensis cv. Saturn) for evaluation under the application of different concentrations of ammonium sulfate (0, 40, 60, 80, and 100 kg/ha) as primary treatments. Based on the plant response, the control group and 100 kg/ha ammonium sulfate were selected as suitable treatments for storage experiments (i.e., storage at ambient, refrigerator, and freezer temperatures for 8 months). Based on the results, the highest percentage and yield of S. hortensis essential oil and biomass occurred in response to 100 kg ammonium sulfate, whereas the lowest amounts were observed in the control group (i.e., in the absence of ammonium sulfate). During the storage period, the essential oil content decreased, but the carvacrol content of the essential oil increased. During the different durations and conditions of storage, the stability of secondary metabolites varied. Essential oil, rosmarinic acid, and carvacrol contents maintained greater stability in plants treated with ammonium sulfate (100 kg/ha), compared with the control group during the storage period. It can be concluded that the preharvest application of ammonium sulfate on S. hortensis improved plant growth and quality indices at preharvest time, while also maintaining the stability of its active ingredients at the postharvest stage and storage time. It also led results to recommend storing Summer savory in the freezer to better preserve its secondary metabolites., During the storage period, essential oil content was reduced but carvacrol content in the essential oil was increased. Ammonium sulfate causes essential oil, Rosmarinic acid, and carvacrol stability during storage. Keeping in a freezer is a good way to summer savory storage.

In addition to pesticidal activity, the capacity of natural compounds to inhibit the reproduction of parasites emerge as an important alternative tick control method. In this context, Satureja spp. stand out due to their recognized pesticidal properties. Among parasites of veterinary importance, the cattle tick, Rhipicephalus microplus, is responsible for great economic losses in livestock and transmission of relevant pathogens. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different concentrations of the essential oil of Satureja montana L. on the ovary morphology of R. microplus engorged females through histological and histochemical techniques. The most remarkable morphological changes found were: cytoplasmic vacuolation of germ cells, irregular and thicker chorion, irregular oocyte shape, ring-shaped nucleolus, decrease in protein and carbohydrate content in oocytes, in addition to cellular changes in the oviduct and pedicel. All morphological changes were assessed using a semiquantitative method already established in the literature. Ticks exposed to 5.0 μl/ml of essential oil showed the most significant changes when compared to control groups. Thus, the essential oil of S. montana L. damaged the reproductive system of R. microplus, which may impair ticks' offspring production and promote a long-term control of this species. HIGHLIGHTS: The essential oil of Satureja montana L. affects the ovary morphology of the cattle tick. The main morphological alterations found were cytoplasmic vacuolation, irregular and thicker chorion and irregular oocyte shape. These alterations may impair the development of eggs.

The essential oils (EOs) from Marzeh khuzestani (Satureja Khuzestanica Jamzad) and Marzeh bakhtiari (Satureja bachtiarica Bunge) were analyzed and their antibacterial activities on Shigella flexneri and Escherichia coli in probiotic table cream containing Lactobacillus plantarum LU5 were evaluated. Carvacrol (86.5%) was the main component of Marzeh khuzestani, but thymol (33.5%), carvacrol (14.2%), borneol (13.4%), and linalool (11.5%) were the major constituents of Marzeh Bakhtiari EOs. Marzeh khuzestani exhibited the highest antibacterial/bactericidal activity on the tested bacteria. EOs combination showed no interaction on the L. plantarum but a synergism effect to inhibit the pathogen strains observed. Agar diffusion assay showed the highest inhibitory effect on S. flexneri (32.7 mm), E. coli (28.4 mm), and L. plantarum (24.7 mm) for the combination 2:1 Marzeh khuzestani:Marzeh Bakhtiari (p ≤ .05). The antibacterial activity of mixture of EOs in creams was evaluated and the sample contained of 1%k + 1%b showed the highest antibacterial activity after day 10 of storage (by lowering the number of E. coli, S. flexneri, and L. plantarum to 2.3, 1.9, and 1.4 log CFU/g compared to control sample). Overall acceptability of creams slightly decreased by the increase in EOs addition and the highest acceptability score of 7.9 observed for the sample contained 0.5%k + 0.5%b EOs. However, all treatments exhibited a high acceptance level that it confirms that the addition of EOs mixture had no effect on the sensorial attributes of the creams. The combination of tested EOs can be used as an antimicrobial agent in probiotic food products containing L. plantarum.

The effects of diets containing different levels of essential oils from savory Satureja khuzestanica Jamzad and myrtle Myrtus communis L and an immunity complement were investigated on growth, survival, nutritional indices, serum biochemistry, and hematology of farmed rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, fry (n = 4500; 5 ± 2 g). The essential oils were dosed as 300 and 500 mg/kg diet. After 60 d, the fish fed 300 mg/kg of the essential oils showed the highest counts of white blood cells (P < 0.05). The same treatment revealed the greatest levels of hematocrit, total protein, and albumin, but glucose and cholesterol values significantly decreased compared with the control (P < 0.05). Feeding fish with 300 mg/kg of the essential oils led to highest records of specific growth rate and survival rate but the lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR), and those fed with immunity complement attained the lowest values of growth parameters. The fry fed with immunity complement and 300 mg/kg of myrtle essential oil achieved the highest and lowest FCR values, respectively. The results indicate that dietary supplementation of 300 mg/kg of the above essential oils exert positive impacts on the growth performance, feeding efficiency, and hematological factors in O. mykiss.

The study aimed at using essential oil (EO) alone or combined EO with nisin and low dose γ-irradiation to evaluate their antibacterial effect against Listeria monocytogenes during storage of carrots at 4 °C. Minicarrots were inoculated with L. monocytogenes at a final concentration of approximately 7 log CFU/g. Inoculated samples were coated by nisin at final concentration of 10(3) International Unit (IU)/mL or individual mountain savory EO or carvacrol at final concentration of 0.35%, w/w) or nisin plus EO. The samples were then irradiated at 0, 0.5, and 1.0 kGy. The treated samples were kept at 4 °C and microbial analysis of samples were conducted at days 1, 3, 6, and 9. The results showed that coating carrots by carvacrol plus nisin or mountain savory plus nisin and then irradiating coated carrots at 1 kGy could reduce L. monocytogenes by more than 3 log at day 1 and reduced it to undetectable level from day 6. Thus, the combined treatments using nisin plus carvacrol or nisin plus mountain savory and irradiation at 1.0 kGy could be used as an effective method for controlling L. monocytogenes in minicarrots.

The genus Satureja is an important plant with a number of aromatic and medicinal properties. In this research, the relative efficiencies of amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and selectively amplified microsatellite polymorphic loci (SAMPL) were used to detect genetic relationships among 14 species of Satureja, growing wild in Iran. Eleven AFLP and 14 SAMPL primer combinations produced 999 and 1142 scorable bands, respectively, all of the fragments of which were found to be polymorphic. The average genetic similarity values based on Jaccard's coefficient were 0.24 and 0.21 for AFLP and SAMPL, respectively, indicating considerable distance and diversity in the studied germplasm. The correlation coefficients were statistically significant between both marker systems (r = 0.89). UPGMA derived from the combined binary data matrices of both markers depicted genetic distinctions among the studied species and clustered them into two main clusters and several groups. S. edmondi showed the maximum distance from other species and was placed into a single main cluster, while the maximum similarity was obtained between S. rechingeri and S. khuzistanica. Our results indicate that both marker systems are suitable for differentiating individuals and species of this genus.

Introduction Sage and savoury (Salvia sp. and Satureja montana, respectively) are plants used in traditional medicine. The quality control of their herbal formulations is of paramount concern to guarantee the expected biological activity of their anti-oxidant compounds. Objective To establish a simple and effective high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method to evaluate simultaneously quercetin and rosmarinic acid, in a pure form, in natural extracts (sage and savoury), and encapsulated into chitosan nanoparticles. Methods Chromatography was performed on an RP C18-column, in a gradient mode with a mobile phase comprising methanol:formic acid:water 92.5:2.5:5 (v/v) at a flow rate of 0.75 mL/min and at wavelength of 280 nm. Results The method was specific, linear in the range of 0.05–1 mg/mL (R2 = 1.00), precise at the intraday and interday levels, accurate (recovery rate 90.5 ± 0.6%), and robust to changes in equipment conditions. Conclusion The method established was effective for quercetin and rosmarinic acid characterisation in natural extracts and in chitosan nanoparticles, allowing the loading capacity determination, the association efficiency as well as the in vitro release. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Introduction Recently, the fields of chemometrics and multivariate analysis have been widely implemented in the quality control of herbal drugs to produce precise results, which is crucial in the field of medicine. Thyme represents an essential medicinal herb that is constantly adulterated due to its resemblance to many other plants with similar organoleptic properties. Objective To establish a simple model for the quality assessment of Thymus species using UV spectroscopy together with known chemometric techniques. The success of this model may also serve as a technique for the quality control of other herbal drugs. Materials and methods The model was constructed using 30 samples of authenticated Thymus vulgaris and challenged with 20 samples of different botanical origins. The methanolic extracts of all samples were assessed using UV spectroscopy together with chemometric techniques: principal component analysis (PCA), soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). Results The model was able to discriminate T. vulgaris from other Thymus, Satureja, Origanum, Plectranthus and Eriocephalus species, all traded in the Egyptian market as different types of thyme. The model was also able to classify closely related species in clusters using PCA and HCA. The model was finally used to classify 12 commercial thyme varieties into clusters of species incorporated in the model as thyme or non-thyme. Conclusion The model constructed is highly recommended as a simple and efficient method for distinguishing T. vulgaris from other related species as well as the classification of marketed herbs as thyme or non-thyme. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Summary This study aimed to determine the chemical composition, antimicrobial and antioxidative activity of Satureja khuzestanica Jamzad essential oil. The oil was analysed by GC and GC/MS. Twenty-eight constituents were identified. The oxygenated monoterpenes (78.22%) were the principal compound group. Among them, carvacrol (53.86%) and thymol (19.84%) were the most abundant constituents. The oil exhibited an acceptable antimicrobial activity against most of the tested microorganisms. The checkerboard method was applied to determine fractional inhibitory concentration indices (FICIs) to interpret the synergetic, additive, indifference or antagonistic interactions between essential oil and each of antimicrobials (lysozyme, ciprofloxacin, fluconazole and amphotericin B) against food-related microorganisms. The synergetic phenomenon (FICI ≤ 0.5) was observed in majority of combinations with the exception of the essential oil and lysozyme. The oil exhibited good 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 28.71 μg mL−1). Also, the oil had strong antioxidative activity in β-carotene-linoleic acid assay relative antioxidant activity (RAA% = 95.45). This study demonstrated that the essential oil has beneficial biological properties and its simultaneous application with standard antimicrobials against food-related microorganisms result in reduction in inhibitory doses of the antimicrobials in vitro.

The composition of the essential oil of Satureja montana was examined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Forty-three compounds were identified, representing approximately 99% of the oil. Major components were γ-terpinene (8.7%), p-cymene (16.9%) and carvacrol (44.5%). The oil was tested for its antioxidant activity by using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl assay and showed dose-dependent free-radical-scavenging activity with an EC50 value of 4.21 mg/ml. The antimicrobial effect of the essential oil was tested against six strains of Gram-negative bacteria, seven strains of Gram-positive bacteria and two fungi. The human pathogens Burkholderia cepacia ATCC 25416 (Gram negative) and Listeria innocua (Gram positive) were used in the investigation of S. montana for the first time. The minimum inhibitory concentration of the essential oil ranged from 0.625 to 5.0 µl/well for Gram-negative bacteria, and from 0.312 to 1.125 µl/well for Gram-positive bacteria. For the two fungi tested, Candida and Saccharomyces, the value was 0.234 µl/tube. The essential oil tested showed significant activity against fungi and Gram-positive bacteria, especially Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Listeria innocua, and among Gram-negative bacteria extreme sensitivity was detected in Escherichia coli SY252, SY252 lpcA and ATTCC 25922 strains. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The chemical composition of the essential oils (EOs) of Inula graveolens, Laurus nobilis, Pistacia lentiscus and Satureja montana was analyzed using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry technique. The main components of EOs obtained were, respectively, bornyl acetate, 1,8-cineole, β-myrcene and carvacrol. EOs were screened for their ability to inhibit the growth of Campylobacter jejuni CECT 7572 using the standard agar-disk diffusion assay. The results obtained, followed by measurements of minimal inhibitory concentrations, indicated that I. graveolens was most active (Φ = 53.3 mm), with the lowest MIC value against C. jejuni (2 µL/mL). EOs were tested in chicken stored in microaerobic conditions at 3 ± 2C, experimentally inoculated with the pathogen at a level of 5 × 105 cfu/g. C. jejuni counts in treated samples were 0.7–4.7 log10 cfu/g lower (P

In this study, application of two concentrations (0.03 and 0.06%) of Satureja bachtiarica Bunge essential oil (EO) were examined on oxidative stability of rapeseed oil (RO) during autoxidation and after irradiation with ultraviolet (UV) rays (exposition 30 min) at 60°C. The main compounds of EO extracted by the recently designed ohmic ultrasonic extractor (distillation unit) were identified as thymol (∼30%), carvacrol (∼15%) and caryophyllene oxide (∼12%). Antioxidant activity of EO was compared to butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) during autoxidation. The UV rays induced oxidation process in RO samples both with and without additives. This effect was more vigorous when irradiation was carried out prior to addition of the additives. It was further established that antioxidant activity of EO was better than BHT in samples treated by UV rays. Moreover, EO was able to reduce the stable free radical 2, 2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) with a 50% inhibition concentration (IC50) of 32.5 ± 0.6 µg/mL. The findings show the good potential of EO when it is used as a natural antioxidant in food lipids.

The aim of this study was to identify antimicrobial properties of selected essential oils in the vapour phase against different strains of Staphylococcus aureus, including MRSA and resistant clinical isolates. The resistance pattern of used S. aureus strains was checked by disc diffusion method against three antibiotics. Essential oils tested were obtained by hydro-distillation and characterized by GC-MS and SPME-GC. Their antimicrobial properties in the vapour phase were determined by the micro-atmosphere method. Among the essential oils tested, the most active was Armoracia rusticana with MICs ranging from 8.3 to 17 µl/l, followed by Origanum syriacum (8.3–130 µl/l), Allium sativum (8.3–530 µl/l), Satureja hortensis (17–130 µl/l), Satureja montana (33–260 µl/l), Thymus vulgaris (33–260 µl/l), and Thymus serpyllum (33–530 µl/l). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of their antimicrobial properties in vapour phase against a collection of strains and clinical isolates of S. aureus, including MRSA. Based on the results, the essential oils tested can be considered as effective anti-staphylococcal natural products with specific application possibilities due to the activity in the vapour phase. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of extracts (aqueous, ethanolic and essential oil) from Satureja montana and to characterise the chemical composition of its essential oil. RESULTS:Satureja montana L. essential oil had relatively high antimicrobial activities against the seven species of bacteria tested. In contrast, aqueous extracts did not reveal antibacterial activity, and the ethanol extract was not effective against Salmonella typhimurium. The major volatile constituents of the essential oil were carvacrol (306 g L−1), thymol (141 g L−1), and carvacrol methyl ether (63 g L−1). The strongest antioxidant capacity was obtained with the hot water extracts of S. montana, whereas the plant essential oil revealed the highest phenolic content. CONCLUSION: The findings indicate that the bioactive extracts of S. montana have strong potential for use as natural antimicrobials and antioxidants in the preservation of processed food. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry

The essential oils of the Greek endemic Satureja horvatii subsp. macrophylla collected from 36 areas (among them, 23 are included in twelve sites of the EU network NATURA 2000) belonging to different bioclimatic types were studied. The total essential-oil content is negatively related to the altitude. The variation of the essential oil composition follows a geographical pattern, which is related to the bioclimatic belts along the taxon's range. Carvacrol dominates in areas with Mediterranean and Submediterranean bioclimate (mainly in the S and C part of the taxon's distribution), linalool or trans-sabinene hydrate, and/or borneol in the Submediterranean or Temperate Axeric bioclimates (in the N part of distribution), whereas thymol is found as main oil constituent in all three bioclimates.

The efficacy of plant essential oils was evaluated on apples, cv. Golden Delicious, cv. Granny Smith, cv. Red Chief and cv. Royal Gala, at postharvest to control Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium expansum. The essential oils from basil (Ocimum basilicum), fennel (Foeniculum sativum), lavender (Lavandula officinalis), marjoram (Origanum majorana), oregano (Origanum vulgare), peppermint (Mentha piperita), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), sage (Salvia officinalis), savory (Satureja montana), thyme (Thymus vulgaris) and wild mint (Mentha arvensis) were tested at different concentrations. All the essential oils were from mediterranean plants. The fruits were artificially wounded and inoculated with a suspension at 1 × 105 conidia/ml of each pathogen. After 12 h, emulsions at 1% and 10% of each essential oil were dropped into each inoculated wound. A tebuconazole chemical control and an inoculated control were also included. All the treated fruit were stored at 4 ± 1°C. After 15 and 30 days, the diameter of the rot around each wound was measured. The results revealed that the efficacies of the essential oils tested were cultivar- and storage time-dependent. In any case, treatments with essential oils from oregano, savory and thyme showed significant efficacy in all apple cultivars tested. Treatments with essential oil emulsions at 10% were phytotoxic for all the apple cultivars evaluated. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

BACKGROUND: The aims of this study were to examine the chemical composition of the essential oils and hexane extracts of the aerial parts of Satureja spicigera (C. Koch) Boiss., Thymus fallax Fisch. & CA Mey, Achillea biebersteinii Afan, and Achillea millefolium L. by GC and GC–MS, and to test antibacterial efficacy of essential oils and n-hexane, chloroform, acetone and methanol extracts as an antibacterial and seed disinfectant against 25 agricultural plant pathogens. RESULTS: Thymol, carvacrol, p-cymene, thymol methyl ether and γ-terpinene were the main constituents of S. spicigera and T. fallax oils and hexane extracts. The main components of the oil of Achillea millefolium were 1,8-cineole, δ-cadinol and caryophyllene oxide, whereas the hexane extract of this species contained mainly n-hexacosane, n-tricosane and n-heneicosane. The oils and hexane extracts of S. spicigera and T. fallax exhibited potent antibacterial activity over a broad spectrum against 25 phytopathogenic bacterial strains. Carvacrol and thymol, the major constituents of S. spicigera and T. fallax oils, also showed potent antibacterial effect against the bacteria tested. The oils of Achillea species showed weak antibacterial activity. Our results also revealed that the essential oil of S. spicigera, thymol and carvacrol could be used as potential disinfection agents against seed-borne bacteria. CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate that S. spicigera, T. fallax oils, carvacrol and thymol could become potentials for controlling certain important agricultural plant pathogenic bacteria and seed disinfectant. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry

The antioxidant activities of the volatile and the nonvolatile fractions from Satureja montana obtained by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and by conventional techniques, hydrodistillation (HD) and soxhlet extraction (SE), were compared. A good agreement between DPPH and rancimat methods was obtained showing that the extracts were able to scavenge free radicals and to inhibit lipid oxidation. The volatile oil (obtained by SFE at 90 bar/40 degrees C) was the most effective extract, presenting the lowest EC(50) (0.06 g/L) and the highest protector factor (PF = 2.03). These results demonstrated the advantages of SFE over conventional techniques by avoiding thermodegradation and hydrolysis reactions. Furthermore, volatile oil is 15 times richer in thymoquinone than the essential oil (HD). This compound is of great importance due to its antioxidant, neuroprotective, and anti-cancer activities. The combination of carvacrol + thymol + thymoquinone in volatile oil may be responsible for the increase in the antioxidant activity when compared to HD, which demonstrates that, in this case, SFE improves value to the final product.

The planting date for organic corn (Zea mays L.) is delayed in the spring to avoid cold and wet soils. Conventional farmers can use fungicide seed treatments to protect the emerging seedlings, but few organic fungicides are available. The objective of this research was to determine whether essential oils can be used as a contact fungicide seed treatment for organic corn. The essential oils of 18 plants were screened for their fungicidal properties against three common corn pathogens: Penicillium, Fusarium, and Pythium. Five oils—cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume), clove (Eugenia caryophyllata Thunb.), oregano (Origanum minutifl orum O. Schwarz and P.H. Davis), savory (Satureja montana L.), and thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.)—completely controlled all three pathogens in vitro. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for all pathogens was 800 μL L −1 and seedlings presented no phytotoxicity symptoms in the germination test at rates up to 64 μL kg −1 active ingredient (MIC × 20). Field emergence of inbred and hybrid seeds treated with the essential oils were signifi cantly lower than seeds treated with the commercial fungicides Maxim XL {fl udioxonil [4-(2,2-difl uoro-1,3-benzodioxol-4-yl)1H-pyrrole-3-carbonitrile] 21.4%; mefenoxam [(R)-2-[(2,6-dimethylphenyl) methoxyacetylamino] propionic acid methyl ester] 8.4%}, which is a conventional fungicide; and Natural 2 (proprietary ingredients), which is an organic fungicide, but were not different from the organic fungicide Yield Shield (Bacillus pumilus GB34 0.28%) or an untreated control.

Studies have shown that the fatty acid composition of oils consumed can affect the risk of cardiovascular heart disease, and many consumers are therefore looking for sources of ω-3 fatty acids. Three herbs of the family Lamiaceae, chia (Salvia hispanica L.), golden chia (Salvia columbariae Benth.) and winter savory (Satureja montana L.), all of which produce seeds rich in ω-3 fatty acid, were planted in northwestern Argentina to determine their production potential in terms of seed yield, oil content and fatty acid composition. Chia seed had the highest oil content (29.9%), followed by golden chia (21.0%) and winter savory (8.0%). All three crops exhibited similar fatty acid profiles, with α-linolenic ω-3 fatty acid being the largest component. Golden chia had the highest α-linolenic fatty acid content: 17% and 11% more than chia and winter savory, respectively. Golden chia's shattering, however, is a major disadvantage for commercial production, making this the least attractive crop of the three. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

Dried flowers and leaves of Satureja fruticosa Beguinot were submitted to supercritical CO2 extraction (SFE), followed by a two-stage fractional separation. The extraction was carried out at 40 °C in a flow apparatus, provided with a 1 l extraction vessel and two separators of 0.27 l each. Conditions of extraction, such as pressure, particle size of plant material and CO2 flow rate, were studied in order to assess their influence on the yield and composition of the volatiles. The best conditions of extraction were 90 bar pressure at 1.32 kg/h CO2 flow rate and a plant material particle size of 0.5 mm. The SFE volatiles obtained and the essential oil isolated by hydrodistillation (HD) were analysed and compared by GC and GC–MS. The oxygen-containing monoterpenes, pulegone (33–36% for SFE and 40–41% for HD), isomenthone (14–18% for SFE and 21% for HD), piperitenone (11–12% for SFE and 9–11% for HD) and piperitenone oxide (11–13% for SFE and 7–9% for HD) were the dominant components in all samples. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The genus Satureja presents 14 aromatic species in Iran, eight of them are endemic. In this research, the essential oil content and composition of two endemic species were investigated. Essential oils from aerial parts of Satureja edmondi Briquet and Satureja isophylla Rech. f. were obtained by hydrodistillation. The oils were analysed by capillary gas chromatography, using flame ionization and mass spectrometric detection. Thirty components were identified in the oil of S. edmondi, with p-cymene (61.1%), γ-terpinene (9.6%), thymol (5.0%) and α-terpineol (4.8%) as the main constituents. Fifty-five compounds were identified in the oil of S. isophylla, with α-eudesmol (11.3%), β-eudesmol (9.6%), camphor (7.1%), β-caryophyllene (6.1%), γ-eudesmol (5.8%) and geranial (5.5%) as the main components. The results showed different composition of the essential oils of these Satureja species. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Azaz, Ayşe Dilek (Balıkesir Author), Aerial parts of Satureja hortensis (1 and 2), Satureja macrantha, Satureja cuneifolia, Satureja thymbra and Satureja aintabensis collected from different parts of Turkey were subjected to hydrodistillation to yield essential oils and analysed by GC and GC-MS. The antibacterial and antifungal activity of six essential oils and their major constituents in the gaseous state was evaluated against Escherichia coli ATCC 25292, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Enterobacter aerogenes NRRL 3567, Candida albicans (OGU), Penicillium clavigerum (BUB. Czp. 181), Mucor hiemalis (BUB. Malt. 163) and Absidia glauca ATCC 22752. All tested microorganisms were inhibited by the essential oils of S. hortensis 1 and 2, S. macrantha, S. cuneifolia, S. thymbra and S. aintabensis. Carvacrol was the main component in the oils of S. macrantha, S. cuneifolia and S. thymbra, respectively (64.4%, 48.7%, 39.0%). The oil of S. hortensis (2) contained (43.4%) thymol and the oils of S. hortensis (1) 40.6% thymol; S. aintabensis contained 59.0% p-cymene as the main constituent. Copyright (c) 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

An in vitro assay measuring the antimicrobial activity of essential oils of Coridothymus capitatus (Spanish origanum), Satureja montana, Thymus mastichina (Spanish Origanum majorana), Thymus zygis (Spanish variety of Thymus vulgaris) and Origanum vulgare has been carried out against poultry origin strains of Escherichia coli, Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella essen, and pig origin strains of enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), Salmonella choleraesuis and Salmonella typhimurium. Using the broth microdilution method, all the essential oils showed an MIC > or = 2% (v/v) for the two strains of E. coli. The essential oil that showed the highest antimicrobial activity against the four strains of Salmonella was Origanum vulgare (MIC < or = 1% v/v), followed by Thymus zygis (MIC < or =2% v/v). Thymus mastichina inhibited all the microorganisms at the highest concentration, 4% (v/v), while the rest of the essential oils showed highly variable results. By chemotyping, higher inhibitory capacity was observed in the oils with a higher percentage of phenolic components (carvacrol and thymol) in comparison with oils containing the monoterpenic alcohol linalool. The results of this work confirm the antimicrobial activity of some essential oils, as well as their potential application in the treatment and prevention of poultry and pig diseases caused by salmonella.

The composition of the essential oils from leaves of Lepechinia mutica , Satureja glabrata , Mintho-stachys mollis and Myrcianthes rhopaloides , four species used in traditional medicine in Loja (Ecuador), was inves-tigated by GC–FID and GC–MS. Monoterpene hydrocarbons were the main group of constituents in the essentialoil of L. mutica , especially β-phellandrene (30%), whereas oxygenated monoterpenes predominated in the oils of M. mollis and M. rhopaloides , menthone (16%) and geranial (34%), respectively, being the major components.Although the oxygenated monoterpenes dominated the essential oil from S. glabrata (44%), the main constituent ofthis oil was isocaryophyllene (15%), followed by citronellol (14%) and citronellyl acetate (12%). Copyright © 2003John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.KEY WORDS: Lepechinia mutica ; Satureja glabrata ; Minthostachys mollis ; Myrcianthes rhopaloides ; Lamiaceae;Myrtaceae; geranial; β-phellandrene * Correspondence to: R. Vila, Unitat de Farmacologia i Farmacognosia,Facultat de Farmacia, Avda. Diagonal 643, E-08028-Barcelona, Spain.E-mail: vila@farmacia.far.ub.esContract/grant sponsor: CYTED.

Essential oils of Origanum onites, Satureja thymbra, Salvia fruticosa (Greek sage), and Salvia pomifera subsp. calycina plants growing wild in Greece and their components carvacrol, camphor, and 1,8-cineole, were assayed for antifungal activity against 13 fungal species. Among the fungi tested were food poisoning, plant, animals and human pathogenic species. The oils presented various degrees of inhibition against all the fungi investigated. The highest and broadest activity was shown by the carvacrol content oils (O. onites and S. thymbra), while the oil of sage was the least effective. Carvacrol exhibited the highest and 1,8-cineole the lowest level of antifungal activity among the components tested.

The aim of this work is to chemically characterize and evaluate the antioxidant capacities of the essential oils and their resulting solid residues of four aromatic plants from the industrial distillation, including hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.), lavandin (Lavandula x intermedia var. Super), cotton lavender (Santolina chamaecyparissus L.), and winter savory (Satureja montana L.). In general, the different in vitro antioxidant assays showed that both the oil and the industrial residue extract of S. montana followed by the residue of S. chamaecyparissus are the best antioxidants, whereas the solid residue extracts of S. chamaecyparissus and H. officinalis show the highest copper and iron chelating capacities, respectively. Therefore, distilled solid residues might well constitute a viable and profitable source of natural antioxidants with a potential application in food and non-food products. Practical Applications: Solid residues from the industrial steam distillation of aromatic plants constitute an available and affordable source of phenolic compounds that can be used as natural and safe antioxidants, among others, in foodstuffs. Moreover, the exploitation of distilled plants constitutes a sustainable approach to reduce the residues generated every year from this industry, which results in environmental issues when they are not correctly managed. Essential oils and their resulting solid residues from the industrial distillation of hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.), lavandin (Lavandula x intermedia var. Super), cotton lavender (Santolina chamaecyparissus L.), and winter savory (Satureja montana L.) are potential sources of phenolic compounds that can be used as natural and safe antioxidants, among others, in foodstuffs.

Morphological characters and the composition of epicuticular leaf n-alkanes of two Satureja subspicata Bartl. ex Vis. subspecies (subsp. liburnica Sili and subsp. subspicata) from nine natural populations along Dinaric Alps range were studied. Morphological characters were chosen based on Silis subspecies separation. Seventeen n-alkane homologues (C-19 - C-35) were identified using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and GC/flame ionisation detector (FID). The most abundant n-alkane in all populations was n-nonacosane (C-29), followed by n-hentriacontane (C-31), with the exception of Divaa population where these two alkanes were co-dominant. Diversity and variability of n-alkane patterns and morphological characters and their relation to different geographic and bioclimatic parameters, including exposure, were analysed by several statistical multivariate methods (PCA, HCA, Discriminant Analysis, Mantel test). These tests showed clear separation of subsp. liburnica from subsp. subspicata, even though population Velebit showed separation from other subsp. liburnica populations based on phytochemical characters. Mantel test showed high correlation with geographical distribution in both investigated data sets. High correlation between morphological and phytochemical characters was also established. However, exposure can influence n-alkane profile, suggesting precaution while taking samples from natural habitats. Supplementary material: [http://cherry.chem.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/3061]

The essential oils of Satureja montana L. and Satureja cuneifolia Ten. were subjected to detailed GC–MS analysis in order to determine possible similarities between them and also the differences in their chemical compositions, depending on the locality and the stage of development. The plant materials were collected prior to, during and after flowering from three different locations in the central part of Dalmatia (Croatia). For both plants the qualitative composition of the components appeared to be constant in three phenological stages and in three different localities. However, considerable differences were found to exist in the amounts of several compounds. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Essential oils of aerial parts of Satureja parvifolia and S. boliviana of Argentina were analysed by GC-MS and GC-FID. Fifty-six components were identified. The main compound of S. parvifolia essential oil is piperitenone oxide. The most abundant constituents identified in S. boliviana essential oil were y-terpinene, s- caryophyllene, germacrene-D, bicyclogermacrene, l ,&cineol and linalool. Copyright 0 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Shade-avoidance responses were examined for two species common to the coastal redwood forest, Sequoia sempervirens and Satureja douglasii. Sequoia seedlings demonstrated a shade-avoidance response when given end-of-day far-red light by increased hypocotyl, epicotyl, and first-node extension, and greater total number of needles and reduced anthocyanin concentration. Thus, Sequoia seedlings respond as sun-adapted plants. Satureja has several leaf monoterpene chemotypes that occur in different light environments including the redwood forest, and the types responded differently to the light treatments. The pulegone type responded to end-of-day far-red light as a sun-adapted plant with significant extension growth, increased leaf area and chlorophyll, and reduced anthocyanin. The isomenthone type responded as a shade-tolerant plant and did not exhibit extension growth nor a change in other parameters with end-of-day far-red light. However, the carvone and bicyclic types had variable responses depending on the parameter studied, which indicated genetic variation for these traits.

The essential oils from the aerial parts of Satureja boliviana Briq. and S. brevicalix Epl. (Lamiaceae) from Cusco Department, Peru, were obtained by hydrodistillation in 1.03% (v/w) and 0.96% (v/w) yields related to dry weight. By GC–MS analyses, 65 compounds were identified in both oils. Oxygenated monoterpenes constituted 81.5% and 87.0% of the oils of S. boliviana and S. brevicalix, respectively. In both oils, menthone (24.2% and 35.7%) and isomenthone (29.7% and 25.1%) were the main components. For S. boliviana, some differences were found compared with oil analysed in earlier studies, which could suggest the possible occurrence of chemical types. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The essential oils of the wild and cultivated Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad (Lamiaceae) from Iran were isolated by hydrodistillation in yields of 0.6% and 1.2% respectively. The chemical composition of the essential oils was examined by GC and GC–MS. Twelve components of the wild plants' oil, representing 98.5% of the total oil, and 21 components of the cultivated plants' oil, representing 99.2%, were identified. The main components of the wild plants' oil were carvacrol (93.9%), eugenol (1.0%), p-cymene (0.8%) and thymol (0.6%). The major constituents of the cultivated plants' oil were carvacrol (80.6%), p-cymene (4.8%), myrcene (1.5%), γ-terpinene (2.1%) and terpinene-4-ol (2.1%). In both the wild and cultivated plants the main component of the oil was carvacrol. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The essential oils of Salvia gilliessi Benth., Satureja parvifolia (Phil.) Epl., Lippia polystachya Gris. and Lippia junelliana (Mold.) Tronc. which were produced from plants collected in the central region of Argentina, were analysed by GC. The oil of S. gilliessi was found to be rich in hydrocarbons (>68%). The most abundant compounds in S. parvifolia oil were alcohols and oxides (>77%), while the oils of the L. polystachya and L. junelliana contained ketones (>56%) as major components. The effect of S. gilliessi, S. parvifolia, L. polystachya and L. junelliana oils on spore germination and mycelial growth of three phytopathogenic fungi Alternaria solani (Ell. et Mart.), Sclerotium cepivorum Berk. and Colletotrichum coccodes (Wallr.) Hughes were studied. The essential oils exhibited mycelial inhibition at .a concentration of 1%. The three fungi were identical in their sensitivity towards the four oils.

Aqueous extracts of two varieties of Satureja obovata Lag. subsp. obovata: var. valentina and var. obovata, exhibited a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on the contractions induced by acetylcholine (Ach) (3.4 × 10−8−6.8 × 10−5M) and CaCl2 (2 × 10−4−1.28 − 10−2M) in rat duodenum and by noradrenaline (NA) (10−9−5.12 × 10−7 M) and CaCl2 (2 × 10−4−1.28 × 10−2 M) in rat aorta. The extracts also produced relaxant effects in both tissue preparations precontracted with K+ (75 mM) and in rat aorta precontracted with NA (10−6 M). Vasodilatory effects of the two extracts were attenuated when the endothelium was removed. The inhibitory effects of var. valentina were stronger. These results indicated a smooth muscle relaxant effect that could account for the use of these extracts in traditional medicine.

The influence of soil water stress on plant height, fresh and dry weight and essential oil content of Iranian Satureja hortensis L. was investigated. The volatile constituents of the aerial parts of cultivated S. hortensis were isolated by steam distillation and analysed by GC–MS. The results showed that greater soil water stress decreased plant height and total fresh and dry weight. The accumulation of oil increased significantly under severe water stress at the flowering stage, when the mean leaf water potential decreased from −0.5 to −1.6 MPa. This treatment affected the quantity of the essential oils more than moderate water stress during the vegetative and flowering stages. The main oil constituents are carvacrol and γ-terpinene. The amount of carvacrol increased under moderate stress, while γ-terpinene content decreased under moderate and severe water stress treatments. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Three preparations of Satureja montana subsp. montana leaves were tested for diuretic activity in rats: an infusion, a water-alcohol extract and essential oil. In 1-day experiments, the cumulative volume of urine was collected during the first 5 h after oral administration of 5 mL/100 g body weight of plant preparation. It was established that all the preparations tested initially caused a decrease in diuresis and subsequently a mild stimulation of diuresis. 0.1 % solution of essential oil was considered to be a therapeutic dose, whereas 0.5% and 1 % solutions caused toxic symptoms in the animals. A further experiment involving treatment of rats for 3 days with a 10% drug infusion and 0.1% essential oil solution demonstrated the considerable diuretic activity of winter savory

The introduction of extensive cultivations of seven aromatic plants, Lavandula angustifolia P. Miller × L. latifolia (L. fill.) Medikus (lavandin), Satureja montana L. (winter savory), Thymus vulgaris L. (thyme), Salvia officinalis L. (sage), Mentha piperita L. (peppermint), Foeniculum vulgare Mill, (fennel) and Chamomilla recutita (L.) Raush (chamomile), was evaluated on the basis of their essential oil yield and composition. Quali-quantitative analyses were performed by GC-MS. Different climatic conditions showed considerable effects on oil composition of winter savory and thyme, whereas mineral fertilizations did not have important influences on sage and peppermint oils. The oils from three lavandin and fennel varieties and from seven chamomile types were characterized and their qualitative parameters compared.

The structure of the title diterpene, C 20 H 34 O 3 (8α,13R-epoxylabd-14-ene-1α,5α-diol), exhibits a very uncommon oxidation pattern, with two axially disposed hydroxyl substituents at C1 and C5, and five tertiary methyl groups.

Satureja coerulea Janka and Thymus aznavourii Velen. are endangered species. Thymus aznavourii is an endemic species in Turkey. Satureja coerulea has a narrow distribution in Turkey and Bulgaria. Water-distilled essential oils from the aerial parts of these species were analysed by GC–MS. The main component in the oils was identified as germacrene-D. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

WOS: 000232676200013, PubMed ID: 16075408, Essential oils from 23 species of plants comprising 14 genera and 4 plant families were obtained by Clevenger-type water distillation. The major compounds in these essential oils were identified with GC-MS and their insecticidal activity against adult turnip aphids, Lipaphis pseudobrassicae (Davis), tested with dosage-mortality bioassays. We examined mortality only for viviparous adults because sizeable aphid populations on crucifer (Brassicaceae) hosts are largely produced by these wingless, parthenogenic females. Twenty-two of the oils were directly applied to aphid females in randomized blocks at concentrations of 0.0, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 mg ml(-1). Essential oils mixed with a non-toxic emulsifying agent, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), more easily penetrated the waxy insect cuticle. Probit analysis and LC50 at three different exposures showed aphids were quickly incapacitated and killed by aliphatic aldehydes, phenols and monocyclic terpenes contained in Bifora and Satureja oils and at applied concentrations as low as 0.3 to 1.0 mg ml(-1). Only enough Pimpinella isaurica oil and its three phenylpropanoid fractions were available for testing at a single concentration of 10 mg ml(-1). We could not spare any additional P. isaurica oil for testing at other concentrations. Phenylpropanoids isolated from P. isaurica oil when recombined or left naturally blended in the oil were highly bioactive against L. pseudobrassicae at 10 mg ml(-1)

Satureja punctata (Benth.) Briq., family Lamiaceae, from Mrewa, Zimbabwe, was hydrodistilled and the essential oil produced in 0.9% v/w yield was analysed by GC and GC–MS. Neral (33.4%) and geranial (52.5%) were the major components. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The essential oil of Satureja brownei (SW.) Briq., was studied by GC and GC–MS. A yield of 0.12% of oil (v/w) was obtained. The main constituents found were pulegone (64.3%), menthone (20.2%), isomenthone (3.4%) and isopulegone (2.4%). Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.