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Livestock manure management systems can be significant sources of nitrous oxide (N 2 O), methane (CH 4 ), and ammonia (NH 3 ) emissions. Many studies have been conducted to improve our understanding of the emission processes and to identify influential variables in order to develop mitigation techniques adapted to each manure management step (animal housing, outdoor storage, and manure spreading to land). The international project DATAMAN (http://www.dataman.co.nz) aims to develop a global database on greenhouse gases (N 2 O, CH 4 ) and NH 3 emissions from the manure management chain to refine emission factors (EFs) for national greenhouse gas and NH 3 inventories. This paper describes the housing and outdoor storage components of this database. Relevant information for different animal categories, manure types, livestock buildings, outdoor storage, and climatic conditions was collated from published peer reviewed research, conference papers, and existing databases published between 1995 and 2021. In the housing database, 2024 EFs were collated (63% for NH 3 , 19.5% for CH 4 , and 17.5% for N 2 O). The storage database contains 654 NH 3 EFs from 16 countries, 243 CH 4 EFs from 13 countries, and 421 N 2 O EFs from 17 countries. Across all gases, dairy cattle and swine production in temperate climate zones are the most represented animal and climate categories. As for the housing database, the number of EFs for the tropical climate zone is under-represented. The DATAMAN database can be used for the refinement of national inventories and better assessment of the cost-effectiveness of a range of mitigation strategies., (© 2022 The Authors. Journal of Environmental Quality published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America.)

Introduction: Catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSIs) remain the commonest complication associated with home parenteral nutrition (HPN). Although the management outcomes of CRBSIs have been extensively reported by specialized intestinal failure (IF) centers, there are minimal data reporting CRBSI outcomes for HPN-dependent patients admitted to nonspecialized hospitals., Method: This was an observational study from a prospectively maintained database of CRBSIs in HPN-dependent patients managed outside of a specialized IF center., Results: Three hundred and six patients from a total cohort of 1066 HPN-dependent patients suffered from 489 CRBSI events from 2003 to 2021; after 2017, 71 of these events were managed at the patient's local, nonspecialized hospital and the remainder at the specialized IF center. From 2017 to 2021, salvage of the central venous catheter (CVC) with antimicrobial therapy was attempted in 32 out of 71 (45.1%) patients admitted to the nonspecialized hospital, with successful salvage recorded in 23 (71.8%) cases. Notably, CVC salvage was attempted more commonly (77 out of 103 [74.8%]; P = 0.004 vs nonspecialized hospital), with a better salvage success rate (64 out of 77 [83.1%] P = 0.01 vs nonspecialized hospital) in patients who were admitted to the specialized IF center., Conclusion: In some instances, CRBSIs can be effectively managed when patients presenting to a nonspecialized hospital; however, overall salvage is more likely to be successful in the specialized setting. Further development of clinical and educational networks between IF centers and patients' local hospitals aimed at standardizing care may lead to improved CRBSI outcomes., (© 2022 American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition.)

Manure application to land and deposition of urine and dung by grazing animals are major sources of ammonia (NH 3 ) and nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emissions. Using data on NH 3 and N 2 O emissions following land-applied manures and excreta deposited during grazing, emission factors (EFs) disaggregated by climate zone were developed, and the effects of mitigation strategies were evaluated. The NH 3 data represent emissions from cattle and swine manures in temperate wet climates, and the N 2 O data include cattle, sheep, and swine manure emissions in temperate wet/dry and tropical wet/dry climates. The NH 3 EFs for broadcast cattle solid manure and slurry were 0.03 and 0.24 kg NH 3 -N kg -1 total N (TN), respectively, whereas the NH 3 EF of broadcast swine slurry was 0.29. Emissions from both cattle and swine slurry were reduced between 46 and 62% with low-emissions application methods. Land application of cattle and swine manure in wet climates had EFs of 0.005 and 0.011 kg N 2 O-N kg -1 TN, respectively, whereas in dry climates the EF for cattle manure was 0.0031. The N 2 O EFs for cattle urine and dung in wet climates were 0.0095 and 0.002 kg N 2 O-N kg -1 TN, respectively, which were three times greater than for dry climates. The N 2 O EFs for sheep urine and dung in wet climates were 0.0043 and 0.0005, respectively. The use of nitrification inhibitors reduced emissions in swine manure, cattle urine/dung, and sheep urine by 45-63%. These enhanced EFs can improve national inventories; however, more data from poorly represented regions (e.g., Asia, Africa, South America) are needed., (© 2021 The Authors. Journal of Environmental Quality published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America.)

Nitrous oxide (N 2 O), ammonia (NH 3 ), and methane (CH 4 ) emissions from the manure management chain of livestock production systems are important contributors to greenhouse gases (GHGs) and NH 3 emitted by human activities. Several studies have evaluated manure-related emissions and associated key variables at regional, national, or continental scales. However, there have been few studies focusing on the drivers of these emissions using a global dataset. An international project was created (DATAMAN) to develop a global database on GHG and NH 3 emissions from the manure management chain (housing, storage, and field) to identify key variables influencing emissions and ultimately to refine emission factors (EFs) for future national GHG inventories and NH 3 emission reporting. This paper describes the "field" database that focuses on N 2 O and NH 3 EFs from land-applied manure and excreta deposited by grazing livestock. We collated relevant information (EFs, manure characteristics, soil properties, and climatic conditions) from published peer-reviewed research, conference papers, and existing databases. The database, containing 5,632 observations compiled from 184 studies, was relatively evenly split between N 2 O and NH 3 (56 and 44% of the EF values, respectively). The N 2 O data were derived from studies conducted in 21 countries on five continents, with New Zealand, the United Kingdom, Kenya, and Brazil representing 86% of the data. The NH 3 data originated from studies conducted in 17 countries on four continents, with the United Kingdom, Denmark, Canada, and The Netherlands representing 79% of the data. Wet temperate climates represented 90% of the total database. The DATAMAN field database is available at http://www.dataman.co.nz., (© 2020 The Authors. Journal of Environmental Quality published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America.)

Recently, the need of improvement of energy storage has led to the development of Lithium batteries with porous materials as electrodes. Porous Germanium (pGe) has shown promise for the development of new generation Li-ion batteries due to its excellent electronic, and chemical properties, however, the effect of lithium in its properties has not been studied extensively. In this contribution, the effect of surface and interstitial Li on the electronic properties of pGe was studied using a first-principles density functional theory scheme. The porous structures were modeled by removing columns of atoms in the [001] direction and the surface dangling bonds were passivated with H atoms, and then replaced with Li atoms. Also, the effect of a single interstitial Li in the Ge was analyzed. The transition state and the diffusion barrier of the Li in the Ge structure were studied using a quadratic synchronous transit scheme., (© 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Background: To analyze the clinical and sonographic variables that affect the success of labor induction., Methods: Bishop score, cervical length, and parity were studied in 196 pregnant women in the prediction of successful vaginal delivery within 24 hr of induction. Logistic regression and segmentation analysis were performed., Results: Cervical length [odds ratio (OR) 1.089, P<0.001], Bishop score (OR 0.751, P=0.001), and parity (OR 6.85, P<0.001) predict the success of labor induction. The best cut-off points for cervical length were <16.5, 16.5--27, and >27 mm (P=0.0016). In the analysis of the Bishop score, we also obtained three discriminatory points, 0, 1--4, and >4 (P=0.0006), that best predict the labor induction. Finally, in a global analysis of the variables studied, the best statistic sequence that predicts the labor induction was found when we introduced parity in the first place. The success of labor induction in nulliparous was 50.77 and 83.33% in multiparous (P=0.0001)., Conclusions: Cervical length, Bishop score, and parity predict the success of labor induction.

1. Changes in the release of nitric oxide (NO) in vivo were studied in rats following the administration of endothelium-dependent and -independent vasodilators as well as the NO synthesis inhibitor, NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME). NO production was assessed by measuring variations of nitrate in plasma by capillary ion analysis. 2. Intravenous administration of the endothelium-dependent vasodilators, bradykinin (2 and 10 micrograms kg-1 min-1) or substance P (0.3-3 micrograms kg-1 min-1) caused a transient dose-dependent hypotension followed by an increase in plasma nitrate concentration (maximal increments: 33 +/- 5% and 38 +/- 6%, for bradykinin and substance P, respectively). Prior administration of L-NAME (10 mg kg-1 min-1) inhibited the hypotension and increase in plasma nitrate caused by these substances. Intravenous administration of sodium nitrate (200 micrograms kg-1) also produced a transitory elevation in plasma nitrate which was similar in magnitude as that caused by the vasodilators. A rapid and transitory increment in plasma nitrate was observed after i.v. administration of authentic NO (400 micrograms kg-1). 3. Rats receiving the endothelium-dependent vasodilators, prostacyclin (0.6 micrograms kg-1 min-1) or adenosine (3 mg kg-1 min-1) intravenously showed a drop in blood pressure paralleled by a decrease in plasma nitrate (maximal decreases: 34 +/- 5% and 24 +/- 4%, for prostacyclin and adenosine, respectively). A similar effect on the plasmatic concentration of nitrate was observed when L-NAME (10 mg kg-1 min-1, i.v.) was administered to the animals. 4. This study demonstrates that (i) changes in plasma nitrate can be detected in vivo after stimulation or inhibition of NO synthase, (ii) an increased production of NO, measured as plasma nitrate, is related to the hypotension caused by bradykinin and substance P and (iii) a diminished concentration of plasmatic nitrate is associated to the hypotension induced by adenosine or prostacyclin (endothelium-independent vasodilators), suggesting that the L-arginine: NO pathway is capable of rapid down-regulation in response to a fall in blood pressure.

1. Full length clones of the human 5-HT2B receptor were isolated from human liver, kidney and pancreas. The cloned human 5-HT2B receptors had a high degree of homology (approximately 80%) with the rat and mouse 5-HT2B receptors. 2. PCR amplification was used to determine the tissue distribution of human 5-HT2B receptor mRNA. mRNA encoding the 5-HT2B receptor was expressed with greatest abundance in human liver and kidney. Lower levels of expression were detected in cerebral cortex, whole brain, pancreas and spleen. Expression was not detected in heart. 3. Northern blot analysis confirmed the presence of 5-HT2B receptor mRNA (a 2.4 kB sized band) in pancreas, liver and kidney. An additional 3.2 kB sized band of hybridization was detected in liver and kidney. This raises the possibility of a splice variant of the receptor or the presence of an additional homologous receptor. 4. The human 5-HT2B receptor was expressed in Cos-7 cells and its ligand binding characteristics were compared to similarly expressed human 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors. The ligand specificity of the human 5-HT2B receptor (5-HT > ritanserin > SB 204741 > spiperone) was distinct from that of the human 5-HT2A (ritanserin > spiperone > 5-HT > SB 204741) and 5-HT2C (ritanserin > 5-HT > spiperone = SB 204741) receptors. On the basis of a higher affinity for ketanserin and a lower affinity for yohimbine the human 5-HT2B receptor also appeared to differ from the rat 5-HT2B receptor. 5. These findings confirm the sequence of the human 5-HT2B receptor and they demonstrate that the receptor has a widespread tissue distribution. In addition, these data suggest that there are differences in ligand affinities between different species homologues of the receptor. Finally, the finding of two distinct bands on the Northern blots of liver and kidney raises the possibility of splice variants or subtypes of 5-HT2B receptors, within these tissues.

The results of radiologic and endoscopic examinations and endoscopic biopsies of the stomach and duodenum in the staging of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) were assessed in 147 patients. Radiologic results were positive for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in 36 of 147 patients, with diagnosis of NHL from biopsy specimens of 16 of these 36 patients. Results of endoscopic studies were abnormal in 35 of 147 patients and 20 of these 35 patients also had biopsy specimens positive for NHL. Twenty-four patients (16.3%) had NHL involvement of the gastric and/or duodenal mucosa demonstrated by biopsy material. More than 15% of the patients whose primary tumors were nodal, and 19% of those patients with extranodal involvement also had lymphoma involvement of the stomach and/or duodenum. According to the results of the endoscopic biopsies, 15.1% (10 of 66 patients) had Stages I and II, and 17.2% (14 of 81 patients) had Stages II and IV of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.