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Summary Introduction The addition of hydrophobically modified polymers (HMPs) to cleansers that contain surfactants can create polymer–surfactant complexes that are less irritating to the skin than commercially available mild cleansers. Our objective was to compare the tolerability and efficacy of a test foaming liquid facial cleanser containing HMPs with a commercial liquid nonfoaming facial cleanser in women with sensitive skin. Methods In this randomized, prospective, double-blind, comparative study, women (n = 20 per group) with mild-to-moderate atopic dermatitis (AD), eczema, acne, or rosacea used a test gentle foaming liquid facial cleanser containing HMPs or a commercial gentle liquid nonfoaming facial cleanser daily for 3 weeks. Investigators assessed irritation and skin condition. Study subjects also assessed their skin properties and the performance of each cleanser. Results Clinicians as well as study subjects consistently rated the test cleanser as effective or slightly more effective at improving symptoms than the commercial cleanser, although no significant differences between groups were observed. At weeks 1 and 3, respectively, more users of the commercial cleanser reported irritation (20% and 10%) than users of the test cleanser (5% and 5%). In addition, subject self-assessments of skin condition and cleansing properties were slightly more improved with the test cleanser than with the commercial cleanser. Conclusions Both the test foaming cleanser containing HMPs and the commercial nonfoaming cleanser were effective and well accepted by most women in the study. Improvements were observed by both clinicians and subjects in the group using the test cleanser containing HMPs in all evaluated skin categories.

The barrier function of skin is primarily provided by the lamellar lipid matrix of the stratum corneum (SC), which has been shown in previous infrared (IR) and related studies to consist predominantly of ordered lipids packed in orthorhombic and hexagonal domains. In the current work, we investigate the effects of the anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), on SC lipid packing and phase behaviour, using FT-IR spectroscopy. The use of acyl chain perdeuterated SDS allows unequivocal spectroscopic detection of both endogenous lipid and exogenous material in intact tissue. IR spectra were acquired as a function of temperature from isolated human SC exposed to SDS for various incubation periods at 34� C. SDS is found to enter the SC and is observed to be in a more ordered state in the SC than in solution, indicating that the SDS interacts with the ordered SC lipids. The results reveal that SDS reduces the amount of orthorhombic phase in the SC and increases the amount of hexagonally packed lipid at physiologically relevant temperatures. In addition, a small decrease in the lipid Tm (acyl chain melting temperature) is observed. Furthermore, these SDS-induced changes were found to be strongly dependent on the time of exposure.

The local environment of unneutralized carboxylic acid groups in poly(ethylene-ran-methacrylic acid) (E/MAA) ionomers neutralized with monovalent (Li and Na) and divalent (Ca and Zn) ions has been investigated with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. These unneutralized acid groups interact with one another to form acid dimers, and they associate with existing neutralized complexes. At room temperature, no free acids can be detected for any system, not even for pure E/MAA. With the acid dimer peak (1700 cm−1) and a known unneutralized acid concentration, the concentration of acids associated with a neutralized complex can be determined. This concentration of associated acids increases with increasing neutralization, reaches a maximum below 50% neutralization, and then decreases toward zero near 80% neutralization. This behavior is perhaps due to the increased driving force for aggregation of the neutralization acids. Although Li, Na, and Ca contain similar concentrations of associated acids over the range of neutralizations, the Zn system contains far fewer associated acids (i.e., more acid dimers) at any particular neutralization level. These results are confirmed by an analysis of the absorbance in the neutralized region (1650–1500 cm−1). © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 41: 2833–2841, 2002

The title binaphthyls 19 and 26, which are the positional isomers of 2-methoxy-2'-(diphenylphosphino)-1,1'-binaphthyl (MOP, 19) and 2-amino-2'-hydroxy-1,1'-binaphthyl (NOBIN, 26), have been synthesized by Suzuki coupling as the key step (10 + 15→18), followed by functional group transformations, involving C-P and C-N bond formation (18→19 and 18→23). Racemic intermediate 22 was resolved by cocrystallization with N-benzylcinchonidinium chloride and the absolute configuration determined by X-ray crystallography. These novel binaphthyls are configurationally stable and, as such, potentially usable as chiral ligands in asymmetric reactions. Michael addition of the glycine-derived enolate 40 to methyl acrylate, carried out in the presence of (R)-(-)-27 as the chiral phase-transfer catalyst, afforded L-glutamic acid (S)-(+)-43 of 92% ee (after hydrolysis of the primary product).

The Personal Styles Inventory (PSI), a self-report instrument designed to measure enduring, commonplace personality characteristics in each of three domains—ways of expressing emotions, activities, and thinking—is reviewed. The development and structure of the inventory are described. Counseling applications discussed include the following: enhancing self-awareness, identifying sources of stress, counseling about careers, understanding interpersonal relations, providing consultation, and individualizing interventions. PSI research relative to personality test correlates, learning styles, behavior disorders, counseling implications, and alcohol abuse and dependence is presented.